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Skrzyniarz K, Kuc-Ciepluch D, Lasak M, Arabski M, Sanchez-Nieves J, Ciepluch K. Dendritic systems for bacterial outer membrane disruption as a method of overcoming bacterial multidrug resistance. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6421-6435. [PMID: 37605901 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01255g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The alarming rise of multi-drug resistant microorganisms has increased the need for new approaches through the development of innovative agents that are capable of attaching to the outer layers of bacteria and causing permanent damage by penetrating the bacterial outer membrane. The permeability (disruption) of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is now considered to be one of the main ways to overcome multidrug resistance in bacteria. Natural and synthetic permeabilizers such as AMPs and dendritic systems seem promising. However, due to their advantages in terms of biocompatibility, antimicrobial capacity, and wide possibilities for modification and synthesis, highly branched polymers and dendritic systems have gained much more interest in recent years. Various forms of arrangement, and structure of the skeleton, give dendritic systems versatile applications, especially the possibility of attaching other ligands to their surface. This review will focus on the mechanisms used by different types of dendritic polymers, and their complexes with macromolecules to enhance their antimicrobial effect, and to permeabilize the bacterial outer membrane. In addition, future challenges and potential prospects are illustrated in the hope of accelerating the advancement of nanomedicine in the fight against resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Skrzyniarz
- Division of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.
| | | | - Magdalena Lasak
- Division of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.
| | - Michał Arabski
- Division of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.
| | - Javier Sanchez-Nieves
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Campus Universitario, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR, UAH), Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karol Ciepluch
- Division of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.
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2
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Skrzyniarz K, Sanchez-Nieves J, de la Mata FJ, Łysek-Gładysińska M, Lach K, Ciepluch K. Mechanistic insight of lysozyme transport through the outer bacteria membrane with dendronized silver nanoparticles for peptidoglycan degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124239. [PMID: 36996956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance has become a global problem, prompting the entire scientific world to seek alternative methods of dealing with resistant pathogens. Among the many alternatives to antibiotics, two appear to be the most promising: membrane permeabilizers and enzymes that destroy bacterial cell walls. Therefore, in this study, we provide insight into the mechanism of lysozyme transport strategies using two types of carbosilane dendronized silver nanoparticles (DendAgNPs), non-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified (DendAgNPs) and PEGylated (PEG-DendAgNPs), for outer membrane permeabilization and peptidoglycan degradation. Remarkably, studies have shown that DendAgNPs can build up on the surface of a bacterial cell, destroying the outer membrane, and thereby allowing lysozymes to penetrate inside the bacteria and destroy the cell wall. PEG-DendAgNPs, on the other hand, have a completely different mechanism of action. PEG chains containing a complex lysozyme resulted in bacterial aggregation and an increase in the local enzyme concentration near the bacterial membrane, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth. This is due to the accumulation of the enzyme in one place on the surface of the bacteria and penetration into it through slight damage of the membrane due to interactions of NPs with the membrane. The results of this study will help propel more effective antimicrobial protein nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Skrzyniarz
- Division of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Javier Sanchez-Nieves
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Karolina Lach
- Division of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Karol Ciepluch
- Division of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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3
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Cruz-Hernández C, García-Espinosa DA, Guadarrama P. Click synthesis of novel dendronized curcumin and analogs. Strengthening of physicochemical properties toward biological applications. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2643-2650. [PMID: 35285845 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin and its analogs, chalcones, and C5-monocarbonyl are molecules of great therapeutic potential, but their poor stability and hydrophobicity have hampered their extensive use in clinical trials. Therefore, significant efforts have been made in materials science to improve their physicochemical properties. In this study, we propose dendronization as a synthetic strategy to strengthen some physicochemical properties such as solubility and stability of curcumin and analogs, taking advantage of the click chemistry (CuAAC) to attach second-generation polyester dendrons to the unsaturated cores. The dendronization, with the subsequent formation of aromatic triazole groups as linkers, not only modified the solubility and stability of the molecular systems but also favored the diketo tautomeric form of curcumin, as demonstrated spectroscopically. This result is significant since the diketo tautomer, which preserves the antioxidant properties of curcumin, is the most biologically active form. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, achieved after dendronization, allowed the solubilization of the chromophoric molecules in buffered solutions at relevant pH values (7.4 and 6.4). Furthermore, the stability of all molecules was also upgraded since UV-vis absorption spectra did not exhibit modified profiles after 7 days at physiologic pH. From photochemical stability experiments irradiating at 415 nm, the dendritic derivatives containing triazole linkers were more susceptible to being degraded. All derivatives exhibited emission properties according to the length of each conjugate fragment. Fluorescence experiments evidenced the role of dendrons in preventing emission quenching by aggregation and exhibited differentiated emission behavior depending on the linker type (triazole or ester) between the chromophoric core and the polyester dendrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | | | - Patricia Guadarrama
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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4
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Cruz-Hernández C, López-Méndez LJ, Guadarrama P. Dendronization: A practical strategy to improve the performance of molecular systems used in biomedical applications. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:113988. [PMID: 34801269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is an emerging area that largely influences the efficacy of various therapies through the rational design of new materials exhibiting more targeted behavior. The synthetic effort, the amount of used material, and the cost are critical parameters to bear in mind if the production of the designed material is intended to be scaled for their widespread use. Even though materials science offers diverse options for different types of therapies, it is a difficult task to meet all the parameters mentioned above. The dendronization appears as an insightful approach to incorporate all the known benefits of the dendritic architecture by the attachment of dendrons to therapeutic agents, but in a much more affordable manner in terms of synthetic effort, amount of material, and cost. As will be presented, the most common dendrons used for biomedical applications are polyamide, polyester, carbosilane, polyether, and glycol-type, which are bonded to biological active molecules (BAMs), or molecular nanoplatforms (MPs) by hydrolysable bonds. Also relevant is the fact that the incorporation of dendrons not larger than third generation (G3) is sufficient to improve essential properties of these molecular systems, such as aqueous solubility, stability, and cellular internalization, among others. The type of dendron and its location on the BAMs or MPs, similar to placing a Lego piece on a model, will be decisive for obtaining the desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Luis José López-Méndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Patricia Guadarrama
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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Zhang Z, Jones MM, Sabatini C, Vanyo ST, Yang M, Kumar A, Jiang Y, Swihart MT, Visser MB, Cheng C. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of polymer-antibiotic conjugates incorporated into a resin-based dental adhesive. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2043-2052. [PMID: 33464241 PMCID: PMC7990707 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01910k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on polymer-antibiotic conjugates (PACs) as additives to resin-based restorative dental materials as a new strategy to convey sustained antibacterial character to these materials. Such antibacterial performance is expected to improve their longevity in the oral cavity. Using the previously reported ciprofloxacin (Cip)-based PAC as a control, a penicillin V (PV)-based PAC was investigated. The monomer-antibiotic conjugate (MAC) containing a methacrylate monomer group and a PV moiety was prepared via nucleophilic substitution between 2-chloroethyl methacrylate (CEMA) and penicillin V potassium (PVK). The PV-based PAC was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of the MAC with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and further characterized by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. Antibiotic resistance was investigated by passaging bacteria in low concentrations of the antibiotic for 19 days, followed by a 48 h challenge at higher concentrations. Our results suggest that the development of antibiotic resistance is unlikely. Zone of inhibition (ZOI) assays revealed no clearing zones around PV-containing resins indicating minimal antibiotic leakage from the material. Similarly, MTT assay demonstrated that the antibiotic-containing specimens did not release cytotoxic byproducts that may inhibit human gingival fibroblast growth. Counting of colony-forming units in an S. mutans biofilm model was used to assess bacterial survival at baseline and after subjecting the antibiotic-containing resin specimens to an enzymatic challenge for 30 days. Significantly reduced bacterial counts were observed as the biofilm aged from 24 to 72 h, and salivary enzymatic exposure did not reduce the antibacterial efficacy of the discs, suggesting that PV-resin will be effective in reducing the re-incidence of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA.
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Maroto-Diaz M, Sanz del Olmo N, Garcia-Gallego S, Gómez R, Ortega P, de la Mata FJ. Synthesis and structural characterization of carbosilane ruthenium(II) metallodendrons containing cymene units. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Martín-Pérez T, Lozano-Cruz T, Criado-Fornelio A, Ortega P, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Pérez-Serrano J. Synthesis and in vitro activity of new biguanide-containing dendrimers on pathogenic isolates of Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Acanthamoeba griffini. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1953-1961. [PMID: 31069536 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genus Acanthamoeba can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The treatment of these illnesses is hampered by the existence of a resistance stage that many times causes infection relapses. In an attempt to add new agents to our chemotherapeutic arsenal against acanthamebiasis, two Acanthamoeba isolates were treated in vitro with newly synthesized biguanide dendrimers. Trophozoite viability analysis and ultrastructural studies showed that dendrimers prevent encystment by lysing the cellular membrane of the amoeba. Moreover, one of the dendrimers showed low toxicity when tested on mammalian cell cultures, which suggest that it might be eventually used as an amoebicidal drug or as a disinfection compound in contact lens solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Martín-Pérez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Grupo ECOMYP, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - T Lozano-Cruz
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Málaga, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Criado-Fornelio
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Grupo ECOMYP, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Ortega
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Málaga, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Málaga, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - F J de la Mata
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Málaga, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Grupo ECOMYP, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Fernandez J, Acosta G, Pulido D, Malý M, Copa-Patiño JL, Soliveri J, Royo M, Gómez R, Albericio F, Ortega P, de la Mata FJ. Carbosilane Dendron-Peptide Nanoconjugates as Antimicrobial Agents. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2661-2674. [PMID: 31009225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, multidrug-resistant bacteria have emerged and spread, increasing the number of bacteria, against which commonly used antibiotics are no longer effective. It has become a serious public health problem whose solution requires medical research in order to explore novel effective antimicrobial molecules. On the one hand, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as good alternatives because of their generally broad-spectrum activities, but sometimes they can be easily degraded by the organism or be toxic to animal cells. On the other hand, cationic carbosilane dendrons, whose focal point can be functionalized in many different ways, have also shown good antimicrobial activity. In this work, we synthetized first- and second-generation cationic carbosilane dendrons with a maleimide molecule on their focal point, enabling their functionalization with three different AMPs. After different microbiology studies, we found an additive effect between first-generation dendron and AMP3 whose study reveals three interesting effects: (i) bacteria aggregation due to AMP3, which could facilitate bacteria detection or even contribute to antibacterial activity by preventing host cell attack, (ii) bacteria disaggregation capability of second-generation cationic dendrons, and (iii) a higher AMP3 aggregation ability when dendrons were added previously to peptide treatment. These compounds and their different effects observed over bacteria constitute an interesting system for further mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jael Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) , UAH , 28801 Alcalá de Henares , Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Gerardo Acosta
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain.,Deparment of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry , University of Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC , 08034 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Daniel Pulido
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain.,Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC , 08034 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Marek Malý
- Faculty of Science , J. E. Purkinje University , České mládeže 8 , 400 96 Ústí nad Labem , Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Miriam Royo
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain.,Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC , 08034 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) , UAH , 28801 Alcalá de Henares , Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain.,Deparment of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry , University of Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC , 08034 Barcelona , Spain.,School of Chemistry and Physics , University of KwaZulu-Natal , 4001 Durban , South Africa
| | - Paula Ortega
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) , UAH , 28801 Alcalá de Henares , Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) , UAH , 28801 Alcalá de Henares , Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Hernández-Ros JM, Sánchez-García L, Maly M, Verdú-Expósito C, Soliveri J, Javier de la Mata F, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J, Sánchez-Nieves J, Gómez R. Ammonium and guanidine carbosilane dendrimers and dendrons as microbicides. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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