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Jaroni D, Litt PK, Bule P, Rumbaugh K. Effectiveness of Bacteriophages against Biofilm-Forming Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli In Vitro and on Food-Contact Surfaces. Foods 2023; 12:2787. [PMID: 37509879 PMCID: PMC10378794 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Formation of biofilms on food-contact surfaces by Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) can pose a significant challenge to the food industry, making conventional control methods insufficient. Targeted use of bacteriophages to disrupt these biofilms could reduce this problem. Previously isolated and characterized bacteriophages (n = 52) were evaluated against STEC biofilms in vitro and on food-contact surfaces. (2) Methods: Phage treatments (9 logs PFU/mL) in phosphate-buffered saline were used individually or as cocktails. Biofilms of STEC (O157, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) were formed in 96-well micro-titer plates (7 logs CFU/mL; 24 h) or on stainless steel (SS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) coupons (9 logs CFU/cm2; 7 h), followed by phage treatment. Biofilm disruption was measured in vitro at 0, 3, and 6 h as a change in optical density (A595). Coupons were treated with STEC serotype-specific phage-cocktails or a 21-phage cocktail (3 phages/serotype) for 0, 3, 6, and 16 h, and surviving STEC populations were enumerated. (3) Results: Of the 52 phages, 77% showed STEC biofilm disruption in vitro. Serotype-specific phage treatments reduced pathogen population within the biofilms by 1.9-4.1 and 2.3-5.6 logs CFU/cm2, while the 21-phage cocktail reduced it by 4.0 and 4.8 logs CFU/cm2 on SS and HDPE, respectively. (4) Conclusions: Bacteriophages can be used to reduce STEC and their biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Jaroni
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, N. Monroe Street, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Pushpinder Kaur Litt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, N. Monroe Street, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Punya Bule
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, N. Monroe Street, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kaylee Rumbaugh
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, N. Monroe Street, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Tang F, Pang DW, Chen Z, Shao JB, Xiong LH, Xiang YP, Xiong Y, Wu K, Ai HW, Zhang H, Zheng XL, Lv JR, Liu WY, Hu HB, Mei H, Zhang Z, Sun H, Xiang Y, Sun ZY. Visual and efficient immunosensor technique for advancing biomedical applications of quantum dots on Salmonella detection and isolation. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4688-4698. [PMID: 26853517 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07424j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge in nanotechnology for fluorescent nanobioprobes to be applied to visually detect and directly isolate pathogens in situ. A novel and visual immunosensor technique for efficient detection and isolation of Salmonella was established here by applying fluorescent nanobioprobes on a specially-designed cellulose-based swab (a solid-phase enrichment system). The selective and chromogenic medium used on this swab can achieve the ultrasensitive amplification of target bacteria and form chromogenic colonies in situ based on a simple biochemical reaction. More importantly, because this swab can serve as an attachment site for the targeted pathogens to immobilize and immunologically capture nanobioprobes, our mAb-conjugated QD bioprobes were successfully applied on the solid-phase enrichment system to capture the fluorescence of targeted colonies under a designed excitation light instrument based on blue light-emitting diodes combined with stereomicroscopy or laser scanning confocal microscopy. Compared with the traditional methods using 4-7 days to isolate Salmonella from the bacterial mixture, this method took only 2 days to do this, and the process of initial screening and preliminary diagnosis can be completed in only one and a half days. Furthermore, the limit of detection can reach as low as 10(1) cells per mL Salmonella on the background of 10(5) cells per mL non-Salmonella (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis or Citrobacter freundii, respectively) in experimental samples, and even in human anal ones. The visual and efficient immunosensor technique may be proved to be a favorable alternative for screening and isolating Salmonella in a large number of samples related to public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China. and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Microbiological Laboratory, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Shao
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Hong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China and Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Microbiological Laboratory, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wu
- Jiangan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430017, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wu Ai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Microbiological Laboratory, Qiaokou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Zheng
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Rui Lv
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Bing Hu
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Mei
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zi-Yong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Visual detection technique for efficient screening and isolation of Salmonella based on a novel enrichment assay using chromatography membrane. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:353-61. [PMID: 26796551 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To detect Salmonella more efficiently and isolate strains more easily, a novel and simple detection method that uses an enrichment assay and two chromogenic reactions on a chromatography membrane was developed. Grade 3 chromatography paper is used as functionalized solid phase support (SPS), which contains specially optimized medium. One reaction for screening is based on the sulfate-reducing capacity of Salmonella. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generated by Salmonella reacts with ammonium ferric citrate to produce black colored ferrous sulfide. Another reaction is based on Salmonella C8 esterase that is unique for Enterobacteriaceae except Serratia and interacts with 4-methylumbelliferyl caprylate (MUCAP) to produce fluorescent umbelliferone, which is visible under ultraviolet light. A very low detection limit (10(1) CFU ml(-1)) for Salmonella was achieved on the background of 10(5) CFU ml(-1) Escherichia coli. More importantly, testing with more than 1,000 anal samples indicated that our method has a high positive detection rate and is relatively low cost, compared with the traditional culture-based method. It took only 1 day for the preliminary screening and 2 days to efficiently isolate the Salmonella cells, indicating that the new assay is specific, rapid, and simple for Salmonella detection. In contrast to the traditional culture-based method, this method can be easily used to screen and isolate targeted strains with the naked eye. The results of quantitative and comparative experiments showed that the visual detection technique is an efficient alternative method for the screening of Salmonella spp. in many applications of large-sized samples related to public health surveillance.
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Gong C, Jiang X. Application of bacteriophages to reduce biofilms formed by hydrogen sulfide producing bacteria on surfaces in a rendering plant. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:539-44. [PMID: 26102989 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide producing bacteria (SPB) in raw animal by-products are likely to grow and form biofilms in the rendering processing environments, resulting in the release of harmful hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas. The objective of this study was to reduce SPB biofilms formed on different surfaces typically found in rendering plants by applying a bacteriophage cocktail. Using a 96-well microplate method, we determined that 3 SPB strains of Citrobacter freundii and Hafnia alvei are strong biofilm formers. Application of 9 bacteriophages (10(7) PFU/mL) from families of Siphoviridae and Myoviridae resulted in a 33%-70% reduction of biofilm formation by each SPB strain. On stainless steel and plastic templates, phage treatment (10(8) PFU/mL) reduced the attached cells of a mixed SPB culture (no biofilm) by 2.3 and 2.7 log CFU/cm(2) within 6 h at 30 °C, respectively, as compared with 2 and 1.5 log CFU/cm(2) reductions of SPB biofilms within 6 h at 30 °C. Phage treatment was also applied to indigenous SPB biofilms formed on the environmental surface, stainless steel, high-density polyethylene plastic, and rubber templates in a rendering plant. With phage treatment (10(9) PFU/mL), SPB biofilms were reduced by 0.7-1.4, 0.3-0.6, and 0.2-0.6 log CFU/cm(2) in spring, summer, and fall trials, respectively. Our study demonstrated that bacteriophages could effectively reduce the selected SPB strains either attached to or in formed biofilms on various surfaces and could to some extent reduce the indigenous SPB biofilms on the surfaces in the rendering environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gong
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 222 Life Science Facility, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- b Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, 228A Life Science Facility, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Li M, Lin H, Khan MN, Wang J, Kong L. Effects of bacteriophage on the quality and shelf life of Paralichthys olivaceus during chilled storage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1657-1662. [PMID: 24214837 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiological spoilage of fishery foods is mainly due to specific spoilage organisms (SSOs), with Shewanella putrefaciens being the SSO of most chilled marine fish. Bacteriophages have shown excellent capability to control micro-organisms. The aim of this study was to determine a specific bacteriophage to prevent spoilage by reducing SSO (S. putrefaciens) levels in the marine fish Paralichthys olivaceus (olive flounder) under chilled storage. RESULTS Chilled flounder fillets were inoculated with S. putrefaciens and treated with different concentrations of bacteriophage Spp001 ranging from 10(4) to 10(8) plaque-forming units (pfu) mL(-1) . Bacterial growth (including total viable count and SSO) of the bacteriophage-treated groups was significantly inhibited compared with that of the negative control group (P < 0.05). Sensory evaluation and biochemical parameters revealed that the bacteriophage could extend the shelf life of chilled flounder fillets (from <4 to 14 days) with good esthetic quality, even at low temperature (4 °C). Furthermore, bacteriophage concentrations of 10(6) and 10(8) pfu mL(-1) were more effective than the chemical preservative potassium sorbate (5 g L(-1) ). CONCLUSION The bacteriophage Spp001 offered effective biocontrol of S. putrefaciens under chilled conditions, retaining the quality characteristics of spiked fish fillets, and thus could be a potential candidate for use in chilled fish fillet biopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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