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An J, Yang L, Hu Y, Lu W, Wu J, Yang G, Jian S, Wen C, Hu B. Analysis of the immune function of Caspase-3 in Cristaria plicata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109184. [PMID: 37884104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-3 is generally considered to be the most important terminal shear enzyme in the process of apoptosis, as well as an important part of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) killing mechanism, which is confirmed to play an important role in vertebrate cell apoptosis and immune system, and is poorly reported in invertebrates. In this paper, we used bioinformatics to perform amino acid multiple sequence alignment and protein structural domain analysis, and constructed a phylogenetic tree to identify the full-length cDNA of the cloned caspase-3 of Cristaria plicata (Named CpCaspase-3). The expression of caspase-1, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9 was found to be down-regulated by double-stranded RNA interference of CpCaspase-3 in C. plicata. Some degree of disruption of the caspase signaling pathway occurs. The expression of CpCaspase-3 was affected after injection of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), and Aeromonas hydrophila. These results were suggested that CpCaspase-3 was involved in the immune response of C. plicata. The wound recovery process of C. plicata was simulated and CpCaspase-3 was found to promote wound recovery. An autophagy inhibition and autophagy activation model of mussels was constructed, where apoptosis and autophagy undergo crosstalk, and inhibition of autophagy induces the onset of apoptosis, and similarly autophagy activation inhibits the process of apoptosis instead. In addition, a recombinant CpCaspase-3-pEGFP-C1 plasmid was constructed for subcellular localization experiments and found that CpCaspase-3 was distributed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This paper aims to unveil the immune mechanism of C. plicata and provide a theoretical basis for the healthy culture of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua An
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Lang Yang
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yile Hu
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Wuting Lu
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jielian Wu
- Science&Technology Normal University of Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shaoqing Jian
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Baoqing Hu
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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2
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Li W, Shi C, Wu X, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang X, Huang C, Liang L, Liu Y. Light activation of iridium(III) complexes driving ROS production and DNA damage enhances anticancer activity in A549 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111977. [PMID: 36030672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The work aimed to synthesize and characterize two iridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(IPPH)](PF6) (Ir1, IPPH = (2S,3R,5S,6R)-2-(2-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(piq)2(IPPH)](PF6) (Ir2, piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline). The cytotoxicity of the complexes against BEL-7402, A549, HCT-116, B16 cancer cells and normal LO2 was evaluated through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The complexes show no cytotoxic activity (IC50 > 100 μM) against these cancer cells, while their cytotoxicity can significantly be elevated upon illumination. The IC50 values range from 0.2 ± 0.05 to 35.5 ± 3.5 μM. The cellular uptake, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria localization, reactive oxygen species, the change of mitochondrial membrane potential, γ-H2AX levels, cycle arrest, apoptosis and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 were investigated. The calreticulin (CRT), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were explored. This study demonstrates that photoactivatable complexes induce cell death in A549 through ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial pathway, DNA damage pathways, immunogenic cell death (ICD), activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibit the cell growth at S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuanling Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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3
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Yuan Y, Shi C, Wu X, Li W, Huang C, Liang L, Chen J, Wang Y, Liu Y. Synthesis and anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo evaluation of iridium(III) complexes on mouse melanoma B16 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 232:111820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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4
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Ji Y, Lv J, Sun D, Huang Y. Therapeutic strategies targeting Wnt/β‑catenin signaling for colorectal cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:1. [PMID: 34713301 PMCID: PMC8589460 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common carcinomas. Although great progress has been made in recent years, CRC survival remains unsatisfactory due to high metastasis and recurrence. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis has become increasingly important. Recently, aberrant Wnt/β‑catenin signaling has been reported to be strongly associated with CRC tumorigenesis, metastasis and recurrence. Therefore, the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway has potential value as a therapeutic target for CRC. In the present review, the dysregulation of this pathway in CRC and the promoting or suppressing function of therapeutic targets on CRC were explored. In addition, the interaction between this pathway and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell stemness, mutations, metastasis‑related genes and tumor angiogenesis in CRC cells were also investigated. Numerous studies on this pathway may help identify the potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Department of Oncology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
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Luo F, Wen Y, Zhao L, Su S, Zhao Y, Lei W, Li Z. Chlamydia trachomatis induces lncRNA MIAT upregulation to regulate mitochondria-mediated host cell apoptosis and chlamydial development. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:163-177. [PMID: 34859581 PMCID: PMC8742237 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis persistent infection is the leading cause of male prostatitis and female genital tract diseases. Inhibition of host cell apoptosis is the key to maintaining Chlamydia survival in vivo, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in its developmental cycle and pathogenesis. However, it is not clear how lncRNAs regulate persistent Chlamydia infection. Here, using a microarray method, we identified 1718 lncRNAs and 1741 mRNAs differentially expressed in IFN-γ-induced persistent C. trachomatis infection. Subsequently, 10 upregulated and 5 downregulated differentially expressed lncRNAs were verified by qRT-PCR to confirm the reliability of the chip data. The GO and KEGG analyses revealed that differentially regulated transcripts were predominantly involved in various signalling pathways related to host immunity and apoptosis response. Targeted silencing of three lncRNAs (MIAT, ZEB1-AS1 and IRF1) resulted in increased apoptosis rates. Furthermore, interference with lncRNA MIAT caused not only an obvious downregulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio but also a marked release of cytochrome c, resulting in a significantly elevated level of caspase-3 activation. Meanwhile, MIAT was involved in the regulation of chlamydial development during the persistent infection. Collectively, these observations shed light on the enormous complex lncRNA regulatory networks involved in mitochondria-mediated host cell apoptosis and the growth and development of C. trachomatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhen Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang, China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lanhua Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shengmei Su
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wenbo Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Loterio RK, Zamboni DS, Newton HJ. Keeping the host alive - lessons from obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6424899. [PMID: 34755855 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals have evolved sophisticated host cell death signaling pathways as an important immune mechanism to recognize and eliminate cell intruders before they establish their replicative niche. However, intracellular bacterial pathogens that have co-evolved with their host have developed a multitude of tactics to counteract this defense strategy to facilitate their survival and replication. This requires manipulation of pro-death and pro-survival host signaling pathways during infection. Obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens are organisms that absolutely require an eukaryotic host to survive and replicate, and therefore they have developed virulence factors to prevent diverse forms of host cell death and conserve their replicative niche. This review encapsulates our current understanding of these host-pathogen interactions by exploring the most relevant findings of Anaplasma spp., Chlamydia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Coxiella burnetii modulating host cell death pathways. A detailed comprehension of the molecular mechanisms through which these obligate intracellular pathogens manipulate regulated host cell death will not only increase the current understanding of these difficult-to-study pathogens but also provide insights into new tools to study regulated cell death and the development of new therapeutic approaches to control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Kriiger Loterio
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, FMRP/USP. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, FMRP/USP. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
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Inhibitory Effect of Gualou Guizhi Decoction on Microglial Inflammation and Neuron Injury by Promoting Anti-Inflammation via Targeting mmu-miR-155. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2549076. [PMID: 34457020 PMCID: PMC8387184 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2549076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gualou Guizhi decoction (GLGZD) treatment exerts neuroprotective effects and promotes spasticity following ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanism of GLGZD treatment on ischemic stroke remains unclear. Our previous study indicated that GLGZD ameliorates neuronal damage caused by secondary inflammatory injury induced by microglia. In the present study, we investigate the potential mechanism of GLGZD treatment on neuron damage induced by neuroinflammation via mmu-miR-155 in vitro. The HT22 cell line and the BV2 cell line were exposed to oxygen/glucose-deprive (OGD) conditions; the conditioned medium was prepared using the supernatants from OGD-stimulated BV2 cells after pretreating with GLGZD. Cell viability was determined by MTT assays; levels of released inflammatory cytokines were assessed using the BioPlex system. mmu-miR-155 and its targeting genes were detected using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of anti-inflammatory proteins was evaluated by Western blotting. DAPI staining was used to test the apoptotic cells. Our results showed that GLGZD pretreatment significantly induced IL10 release and decreased the production of TNF-α, IL6, and IFN-γ. In addition, GLGZD markedly attenuated mmu-miR-155 expression and its downstream SOCS1, SMAD2, SHIP1, and TAB2 expression levels. The DAPI-stained apoptotic cell death and caspase-3 activation in HT22 cells exposed to the conditioned medium were reversed by GLGZD treatment. Our findings suggested that GLGZD pretreatment downregulates the mmu-miR-155 signaling, which inhibits microglial inflammation, thereby resulting in the suppression of neuron apoptosis after OGD stress. The underlying mechanisms may provide the support for GLGZD treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
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Huo X, Hou D, Wang H, He B, Fang J, Meng Y, Liu L, Wei Z, Wang Z, Liu FW. Design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity of novel oxizine fused benzimidazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113684. [PMID: 34256126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes serious lower respiratory tract infections. Currently, the only clinical anti-RSV drug is ribavirin, but ribavirin has serious toxic side effect and can only be used by critically ill patients. A series of benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized starting from 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-fructose and a variety of o-phenylenediamines. Evaluation of their antiviral activity showed that compound a27 had the highest antiviral activity with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 9.49 μM. Investigation of the antiviral mechanism of compound a27 indicated that it can inhibit the replication of RSV by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I, TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-3, TANK binding kinase (TBK)-1, interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3, nuclear factor Kappa-B (NF-κB), interferon (IFN)-β, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, interleukin (IL)-6 were suppressed at the cellular level. Mouse lung tissue was subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry, which showed that RSV antigen and M gene expression could be reduced by compound a27. Decreased expression of RIG-I, IRF-3, IFN-β, TLR-3, IL-6, interleukin (IL)-8, interleukin (IL)-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was also found in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Huo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Duoduo Hou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bin He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jieyu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Luyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhenya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Feng-Wu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Ambroxol Treatment Suppresses the Proliferation of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Murine Lungs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040880. [PMID: 33924075 PMCID: PMC8074272 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambroxol (Ax) is used as a mucolytics in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Ax, at a general dose for humans, does not alter Chlamydia pneumoniae growth in mice. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential anti-chlamydial effect of Ax at a concentration four timed higher than that used in human medicine. Mice were infected with C. pneumoniae and 5-mg/kg Ax was administered orally. The number of recoverable C. pneumoniae inclusion-forming units (IFUs) in Ax-treated mice was significantly lower than that in untreated mice. mRNA expression levels of several cytokines, including interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-23, IL-17F, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and surfactant protein (SP)-A, increased in infected mice treated with Ax. The IFN-γ protein expression levels were also significantly higher in infected and Ax-treated mice. Furthermore, the in vitro results suggested that the ERK 1/2 activity was decreased, which is essential for the C. pneumoniae replication. SP-A and SP-D treatments significantly decreased the number of viable C. pneumoniae IFUs and significantly increased the attachment of C. pneumoniae to macrophage cells. Based on our results, a dose of 5 mg/kg of Ax exhibited an anti-chlamydial effect in mice, probably an immunomodulating effect, and may be used as supporting drug in respiratory infections caused by C. pneumoniae.
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Qian X, Xiao Q, Li Z. Tectorigenin regulates migration, invasion, and apoptosis in dexamethasone-induced human airway epithelial cells through up-regulating miR-222-3p. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:959-968. [PMID: 33543488 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) can effectively control airway inflammation, but can also cause airway epithelial injury. Tectorigenin, a type of isoflavone isolated from various medicinal plants, has hypolipidemic activity, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects. We aimed to investigate whether Tectorigenin can repair GCs-induced airway epithelial injury. Airway epithelial cell line (9HTE cells) were treated with dexamethasone (Dex), Tectorigenin, or further transfected, then cell viability, migration, and invasion were examined by Cell Counting Kit (CCK-8), wound healing, and Transwell assays. The expressions of potential miRNAs related to the effect of Tectorigenin were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Expressions of poptosis-related proteins Bcl-2-associated protein-X (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Cleaved Caspase-3, and related to Mitorgen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway serine/threonine kinase (Raf1), extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were detected by Western blot. Dex inhibited the cell viability, migration and invasion by promoting Bax and Cleaved Caspase-3 expressions (p <.001) and by inhibiting the expressions of Bcl-2 and miR-222-3p (p <.001). Then, 10 μmol/L Tectorigenin itself did not affect cell viability but could inhibit the effect of Dex on cell viability, migration, and invasion. Tectorigenin up-regulated the expressions of miR-222-3p, Bcl-2, p-Raf1, p-MEK1/2, and p-ERK1/2 (p <.01), but down-regulated the expressions of Bax and Cleaved Caspase-3 (p <.05) in Dex-induced cells. MiR-222-3p inhibitor reversed the antagonistic effect of Tectorigenin on Dex. The study demonstrates that Tectorigenin inhibits apoptosis of Dex-induced 9HTE cells by up-regulating the expression of miR-222-3p, which involves with the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Qian
- Pediatric Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Pediatric Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zongqi Li
- Pediatric Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
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11
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Koch RD, Hörner EM, Münch N, Maier E, Kozjak-Pavlovic V. Modulation of Host Cell Death and Lysis Are Required for the Release of Simkania negevensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:594932. [PMID: 33194844 PMCID: PMC7658264 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simkania negevensis is a Chlamydia-like bacterium and emerging pathogen of the respiratory tract. It is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a biphasic developmental cycle, which replicates in a wide range of host cells. The life cycle of S. negevensis has been shown to proceed for more than 12 days, but little is known about the mechanisms that mediate the cellular release of these bacteria. This study focuses on the investigation of host cell exit by S. negevensis and its connection to host cell death modulation. We show that Simkania-infected epithelial HeLa as well as macrophage-like THP-1 cells reduce in number during the course of infection. At the same time, the infectivity of the cell culture supernatant increases, starting at the day 3 for HeLa and day 4 for THP-1 cells and reaching maximum at day 5 post infection. This correlates with the ability of S. negevensis to block TNFα-, but not staurosporin-induced cell death up to 3 days post infection, after which cell death is boosted by the presence of bacteria. Mitochondrial permeabilization through Bax and Bak is not essential for host cell lysis and release of S. negevensis. The inhibition of caspases by Z-VAD-FMK, caspase 1 by Ac-YVAD-CMK, and proteases significantly reduces the number of released infectious particles. In addition, the inhibition of myosin II by blebbistatin also strongly affects Simkania release, pointing to a possible double mechanism of exit through host cell lysis and potentially extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca-Diana Koch
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hörner
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Münch
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elke Maier
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Chlamydia Lipooligosaccharide Has Varied Direct and Indirect Roles in Evading both Innate and Adaptive Host Immune Responses. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00198-20. [PMID: 32423914 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00198-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens which can cause a variety of disease in humans and other vertebrate animals. To successfully complete its life cycle, Chlamydia must evade both intracellular innate immune responses and adaptive cytotoxic T cell responses. Here, we report on the role of the chlamydial lipooligosaccharide (LOS) in evading the immune response. Chlamydia infection is known to block the induction of apoptosis. However, when LOS synthesis was inhibited during Chlamydia trachomatis infection, HeLa cells regained susceptibility to apoptosis induction following staurosporine treatment. Additionally, the delivery of purified LOS to the cytosol of cells increased the levels of the antiapoptotic protein survivin. An increase in survivin levels was also detected following C. trachomatis infection, which was reversed by blocking LOS synthesis. Interestingly, while intracellular delivery of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli was toxic to cells, LOS from C. trachomatis did not induce any appreciable cell death, suggesting that it does not activate pyroptosis. Chlamydial LOS was also a poor stimulator of maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells compared to E. coli LPS. Previous work from our group indicated that LOS synthesis during infection was necessary to alter host cell antigen presentation. However, direct delivery of LOS to cells in the absence of infection did not alter antigenic peptide presentation. Taken together, these data suggest that chlamydial LOS, which is remarkably conserved across the genus Chlamydia, may act both directly and indirectly to allow the pathogen to evade the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host.
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Zhang W, Ma K, Han N. Probucol recovers pathological damage in viral Myocarditis through improvement of myocardium-related proteins. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104257. [PMID: 32464304 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the effects of probucol on myocardial injury, oxidative stress, and Cav-3 and Smad3 expression in myocardial tissues by establishing VMC rat models, in order to provide a basis for exploring the mechanism of probucol in treatment of VMC. Sixty rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, probucollowdose group, andprobucol highdose group, with 15 in each group. Except for the control group, rats in each group were intraperitoneally injected coxsackievirus B3 diluent (0.2 ml) to replicate VMC models every 4 days. The results showed that Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, myocardial enzymes, cTn I, and MDA levels in the model group significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the SOD level significantly decreased (P < 0.05); and after probucol treatment, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, myocardial enzymes, cTn I and MDA levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the SOD level significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, there was an increase in myocardial fibers with significant lesions in the model group, and the pathological scores and the mRNA and protein expression levels of Cav-3 and Smad3 in myocardial cells significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the myocardial tissue lesions were improved in the probucol low dose group and highdose group, and the pathological scores and the mRNA and protein expression levels of Cav-3 and Smad3 in myocardial cells were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). In conclusion, probucol can significantly improve the pathological damage of myocardial tissue in VMC rats, and its mechanism may be related to improving the expression of myocardium-related proteins Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, inhibiting oxidative stress response, and down-regulating Cav-3 and Smad3 gene expression in myocardial tissue of VMC rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, shandong, 257091, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, shandong, 257091, China
| | - Naihua Han
- Department of Functional Division, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, shandong, 250013, China.
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Chen H, Wen Y, Li Z. Clear Victory for Chlamydia: The Subversion of Host Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1412. [PMID: 31333596 PMCID: PMC6619438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, members of the Chlamydia genera are the pivotal triggers for a wide range of infections, which can lead to blinding trachoma, pelvic inflammation, and respiratory diseases. Because of their restricted parasitism inside eukaryotic cells, the pathogens have to develop multiple strategies for adaptation with the hostile intracellular environment—intrinsically present in all host cells—to survive. The strategies that are brought into play at different stages of chlamydial development mainly involve interfering with diverse innate immune responses, such as innate immune recognition, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, as well as the manipulation of innate immune cells to serve as potential niches for chlamydial replication. This review will focus on the innate immune responses against chlamydial infection, highlighting the underlying molecular mechanisms used by the Chlamydia spp. to counteract host innate immune defenses. Insights into these subtle pathogenic mechanisms not only provide a rationale for the augmentation of immune responses against chlamydial infection but also open avenues for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms driving the survival of these clinically important pathogens in host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Foschi C, Bortolotti M, Marziali G, Polito L, Marangoni A, Bolognesi A. Survival and death of intestinal cells infected by Chlamydia trachomatis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215956. [PMID: 31026281 PMCID: PMC6485707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sexually transmitted pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is able to replicate and survive in human intestinal epithelial cells, being the gastro-intestinal tract a suitable site of residence for this microorganism. In this context, no detailed information about the mechanisms of cell death in intestinal cell lines after a chlamydial infection is available. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two different CT serovars (D and L2) on the survival/death of different intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and COLO-205), using endocervical cells (HeLa) as a reference model of genital infection. Seventy two hours after chlamydial infection at different multiplicity of infection (MOI) levels, the viability of HeLa, Caco-2 and COLO 205 cells was evaluated through dose-response experiments by means of a MTS-based assay. To get deeper insights in the mechanisms of cell death induced by CT, cell viability was assessed in presence of different inhibitors (i.e. pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD, necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1, hydrogen peroxide scavenger catalase, caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk). Moreover, the activation of effector caspases and the presence of cellular apoptotic/necrotic changes were evaluated at different time points after CT infection. Our results demonstrated that, for both chlamydial serovars, intestinal cell lines are more resistant to CT-induced cell death compared to HeLa, thus representing a suitable ‘niche’ for chlamydial residence and replication. In literature, apoptosis has been widely described to be the main cell death mechanism elicited by chlamydia infection. However, our data demonstrate that necroptosis plays a relevant role, proceeding in parallel with apoptosis. The protective effect of catalase suggests the involvement of oxidative stress in triggering both cell death pathways. Moreover, we demonstrated that caspase-1 is involved in CT-induced cell death, potentially contributing to host inflammatory response and tissue damage. Cells infected by L2 serovar displayed a higher activation of effector caspases compared to cells infected with serovar D, suggesting a serovar-specific activation of apoptotic pathways and potentially explaining the greater virulence of L serovars. Finally, we found that Chlamydia elicits the early externalization of phosphatidylserine on the external leaflet of plasma membrane independently of caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Foschi
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Microbiology Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Marziali
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Microbiology Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Letizia Polito
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Marangoni
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Microbiology Unit, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Unit, Bologna, Italy
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