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Dogon G, Rigal E, Potel E, Josse M, Rochette L, Bejot Y, Vergely C. Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) expression in the heart after myocardial infarction and cardioprotective effect of pre-ischemic rGDF15 administration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12949. [PMID: 38839839 PMCID: PMC11153639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) is considered an unfavourable prognostic biomarker for cardiovascular disease in clinical data, while experimental studies suggest it has cardioprotective potential. This study focuses on the direct cardiac effects of GDF15 during ischemia-reperfusion injury in Wistar male rats, employing concentrations relevant to patients at high cardiovascular risk. Initially, we examined circulating levels and heart tissue expression of GDF15 in rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion and sham operations in vivo. We then evaluated the cardiac effects of GDF15 both in vivo and ex vivo, administering recombinant GDF15 either before 30 min of ischemia (preconditioning) or at the onset of reperfusion (postconditioning). We compared infarct size and cardiac contractile recovery between control and rGDF15-treated rats. Contrary to our expectations, ischemia-reperfusion did not increase GDF15 plasma levels compared to sham-operated rats. However, cardiac protein and mRNA expression increased in the infarcted zone of the ischemic heart after 24 h of reperfusion. Notably, preconditioning with rGDF15 had a cardioprotective effect, reducing infarct size both in vivo (65 ± 5% in control vs. 42 ± 6% in rGDF15 groups) and ex vivo (60 ± 4% in control vs. 45 ± 4% in rGDF15 groups), while enhancing cardiac contractile recovery ex vivo. However, postconditioning with rGDF15 did not alter infarct size or the recovery of contractile parameters in vivo or ex vivo. These novel findings reveal that the short-term exogenous administration of rGDF15 before ischemia, at physiologically relevant levels, protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury in both in vivo and ex vivo settings. The ex vivo results indicate that rGDF15 operates independently of the inflammatory, endocrine and nervous systems, suggesting direct and potent cardioprotective properties against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Dogon
- Research Team: Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Eve Rigal
- Research Team: Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Eliot Potel
- Research Team: Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Marie Josse
- Research Team: Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Luc Rochette
- Research Team: Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Bejot
- Research Team: Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
- Department of Neurology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Research Team: Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France.
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2
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Xu H, Yu S, Lin C, Dong D, Xiao J, Ye Y, Wang M. Roles of flavonoids in ischemic heart disease: Cardioprotective effects and mechanisms against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155409. [PMID: 38342018 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are extensively present in fruits, vegetables, grains, and medicinal plants. Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MI/R) comprise a sequence of detrimental incidents following myocardial ischemia. Research indicates that flavonoids have the potential to act as cardioprotective agents against MI/R injuries. Several specific flavonoids, e.g., luteolin, hesperidin, quercetin, kaempferol, and puerarin, have demonstrated cardioprotective activities in animal models. PURPOSE The objective of this review is to identify the cardioprotective flavonoids, investigate their mechanisms of action, and explore their application in myocardial ischemia. METHODS A search of PubMed database and Google Scholar was conducted using keywords "myocardial ischemia" and "flavonoids". Studies published within the last 10 years reporting on the cardioprotective effects of natural flavonoids on animal models were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 55 natural flavonoids were identified and discussed within this review. It can be summarized that flavonoids regulate the following main strategies: antioxidation, anti-inflammation, calcium modulation, mitochondrial protection, ER stress inhibition, anti-apoptosis, ferroptosis inhibition, autophagy modulation, and inhibition of adverse cardiac remodeling. Additionally, the number and position of OH, 3'4'-catechol, C2=C3, and C4=O may play a significant role in the cardioprotective activity of flavonoids. CONCLUSION This review serves as a reference for designing a daily diet to prevent or reduce damages following ischemia and screening of flavonoids for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 508060, PR China
| | - Shenglong Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, PR China
| | - Chunxi Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Dingjun Dong
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, PR China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense, Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Yanbin Ye
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 508060, PR China.
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Ye R, Jneid H, Alam M, Uretsky BF, Atar D, Kitakaze M, Davidson SM, Yellon DM, Birnbaum Y. Do We Really Need Aspirin Loading for STEMI? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2022; 36:1221-1238. [PMID: 35171384 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin loading (chewable or intravenous) as soon as possible after presentation is a class I recommendation by current ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) guidelines. Earlier achievement of therapeutic antiplatelet effects by aspirin loading has long been considered the standard of care. However, the effects of the loading dose of aspirin (alone or in addition to a chronic maintenance oral dose) have not been studied. A large proportion of myocardial cell death occurs upon and after reperfusion (reperfusion injury). Numerous agents and interventions have been shown to limit infarct size in animal models when administered before or immediately after reperfusion. However, these interventions have predominantly failed to show significant protection in clinical studies. In the current review, we raise the hypothesis that aspirin loading may be the culprit. Data obtained from animal models consistently show that statins, ticagrelor, opiates, and ischemic postconditioning limit myocardial infarct size. In most of these studies, aspirin was not administered. However, when aspirin was administered before reperfusion (as is the case in the majority of studies enrolling STEMI patients), the protective effects of statin, ticagrelor, morphine, and ischemic postconditioning were attenuated, which can be plausibly attributable to aspirin loading. We therefore suggest studying the effects of aspirin loading before reperfusion on the infarct size limiting effects of statins, ticagrelor, morphine, and/ or postconditioning in large animal models using long reperfusion periods (at least 24 h). If indeed aspirin attenuates the protective effects, clinical trials should be conducted comparing aspirin loading to alternative antiplatelet regimens without aspirin loading in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Ye
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hani Jneid
- Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Street Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Street Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Barry F Uretsky
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Central Arkansas Veterans Health System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Dan Atar
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, Oslo, Norway, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Department of Medical Data Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Yochai Birnbaum
- Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Street Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
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Nutritional Preconditioning of Apigenin Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via the Mitochondrial Pathway Mediated by Notch1/Hes1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7973098. [PMID: 31015891 PMCID: PMC6446095 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7973098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apigenin (Api), a natural flavone found in high amounts in several herbs, has shown potent cardioprotective effects in clinical studies, although the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We hypothesized that Api protects the myocardium from simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R) injury via nutritional preconditioning (NPC). Rats fed with Api-containing food showed improvement in cardiac functions; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities; infarct size; apoptosis rates; malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; caspase-3, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities; and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) compared to those fed standard chow following SI/R injury. In addition, Api pretreatment significantly improved the viability, decreased the LDH activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, alleviated the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), prevented the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and decreased the caspase-3 activity, cytochrome c (Cyt C) release, and apoptosis induced by SI/R in primary cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, Api upregulated Hes1 expression and was functionally neutralized by the Notch1 γ-secretase inhibitor GSI, as well as the mPTP opener atractyloside (Atr). Taken together, Api protected the myocardium against SI/R injury via the mitochondrial pathway mediated by the Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway.
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Hentia C, Rizzato A, Camporesi E, Yang Z, Muntean DM, Săndesc D, Bosco G. An overview of protective strategies against ischemia/reperfusion injury: The role of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00959. [PMID: 29761012 PMCID: PMC5943756 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, has been recognized as the most frequent causes of devastating disorders and death currently. Protective effect of various preconditioning stimuli, including hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), has been proposed in the management of I/R. METHODS In this study, we searched and reviewed up-to-date published papers to explore the pathophysiology of I/R injury and to understand the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of HBO as conditioning strategy. RESULTS Animal study and clinic observation support the notion that HBO therapy and conditioning provide beneficial effect against the deleterious effects of postischemic reperfusion. Several explanations have been proposed. The first likely mechanism may be that HBO counteracts hypoxia and reduces I/R injury by improving oxygen delivery to an area with diminished blood flow. Secondly, by reducing hypoxia-ischemia, HBO reduces all the pathological events as a consequence of hypoxia, including tissue edema, increased affective area permeability, postischemia derangement of tissue metabolism, and inflammation. Thirdly, HBO may directly affect cell apoptosis, signal transduction, and gene expression in those that are sensitive to oxygen or hypoxia. HBO provides a reservoir of oxygen at cellular level not only carried by blood, but also by diffusion from the interstitial tissue where it reaches high concentration that may last for several hours, improves endothelial function and rheology, and decreases local inflammation and edema. CONCLUSION Evidence suggests the benefits of HBO when used as a preconditioning stimulus in the setting of I/R injury. Translating the beneficial effects of HBO into current practice requires, as for the "conditioning strategies", a thorough consideration of risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications that could interfere with HBO-related protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Hentia
- Master II level in Hyperbaric Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy.,Faculty of Medicine "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara Romania
| | - Alex Rizzato
- Master II level in Hyperbaric Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | - Zhongjin Yang
- The Institute for Human Performance SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse NY USA
| | - Danina M Muntean
- Faculty of Medicine "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara Romania.,Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara Romania
| | - Dorel Săndesc
- Faculty of Medicine "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara Romania
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Master II level in Hyperbaric Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
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Hu F, Wang Y, Gong K, Ge G, Cao M, Zhao P, Sun X, Zhang Z. Protective effects of drag-reducing polymers on ischemic reperfusion injury of isolated rat heart. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 62:1-11. [PMID: 25633566 DOI: 10.3233/ch-151925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) are blood-soluble macromolecules that can increase blood flow and reduce vascular resistance. The purpose of the present study was to observe the effect of DRPs on ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury of isolated rat hearts. Experiments were performed on isolated rat hearts subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion in Langendorff preparations. Adult Wistar rats were divided into the following five groups: control group, I/R group, group III (I/R and 2×10(-7) g/ml PEO reperfusion), group IV (I/R and 1×10(-6) g/ml PEO reperfusion), and group V (I/R and 5×10(-6) g/ml PEO reperfusion). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), maximum rate of ventricular pressure increase and decrease ( ± dp/dtmax), heart rate (HR) and coronary flow were measured. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activity and coronary flow, myocardial infarction size and cardiomyocytes apoptosis were also assayed. Our results showed that PEO decreased LVEDP and increased LVSP, ± dP/dtmax in group IV and group V compared with the I/R group (all P < 0.05). The coronary flow significantly increased and the activities of LDH and CK in the coronary flow significantly decreased in group IV and group V compared with those in the I/R group (all P < 0.05). Cell apoptosis and myocardial infarction size were reduced in group IV and group V compared with the I/R group (all P < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggested that DRPs had a protective effect on cardiac I/R injury of isolated rat hearts and it may offer a new potential approach for the treatment of acute ischemic heart diseases.
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The Role of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiovascular Injury and Protective Strategies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8254942. [PMID: 27200148 PMCID: PMC4856919 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8254942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the heart represents a major health burden mainly associated with acute coronary syndromes. While timely coronary reperfusion has become the established routine therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, the restoration of blood flow into the previously ischaemic area is always accompanied by myocardial injury. The central mechanism involved in this phenomenon is represented by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides their harmful role when highly generated during early reperfusion, minimal ROS formation during ischaemia and/or at reperfusion is critical for the redox signaling of cardioprotection. In the past decades, mitochondria have emerged as the major source of ROS as well as a critical target for cardioprotective strategies at reperfusion. Mitochondria dysfunction associated with I/R myocardial injury is further described and ultimately analyzed with respect to its role as source of both deleterious and beneficial ROS. Furthermore, the contribution of ROS in the highly investigated field of conditioning strategies is analyzed. In the end, the vascular sources of mitochondria-derived ROS are briefly reviewed.
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Evans CW, Iyer KS, Hool LC. The potential for nanotechnology to improve delivery of therapy to the acute ischemic heart. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:817-32. [PMID: 26980180 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute cardiac ischemia remains an area in which there are opportunities for therapeutic improvement. Despite significant advances, many patients still progress to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Timely reperfusion is critical in rescuing vulnerable ischemic tissue and is directly related to patient outcome, but reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium also contributes to damage. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species, initiation of an inflammatory response and deregulation of calcium homeostasis all contribute to injury, and difficulties in delivering a sufficient quantity of drug to the affected tissue in a controlled manner is a limitation of current therapies. Nanotechnology may offer significant improvements in this respect. Here, we review recent examples of how nanoparticles can be used to improve delivery to the ischemic myocardium, and suggest some approaches that may lead to improved therapies for acute cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron W Evans
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Livia C Hool
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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Tang Y, Li S, Zhang P, Zhu J, Meng G, Xie L, Yu Y, Ji Y, Han Y. Soy Isoflavone Protects Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Increasing Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Decreasing Oxidative Stress in Ovariectomized Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5057405. [PMID: 27057277 PMCID: PMC4753344 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5057405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a special role for estrogens in preventing and curing cardiovascular disease in women. Soy isoflavone (SI), a soy-derived phytoestrogen, has similar chemical structure to endogenous estrogen-estradiol. We investigate to elucidate the protective mechanism of SI on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Female SD rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy. One week later, rats were randomly divided into several groups, sham ovariectomy (control group), ovariectomy with MI/R, or ovariectomy with sham MI/R. Other ovariectomy rats were given different doses of SI or 17β-estradiol (E2). Four weeks later, they were exposed to 30 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion followed by 6 or 24 hours of reperfusion. SI administration significantly reduced myocardial infarct size and improved left ventricle function and restored endothelium-dependent relaxation function of thoracic aortas after MI/R in ovariectomized rats. SI also decreased serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, reduced plasma malonaldehyde, and attenuated oxidative stress in the myocardium. Meanwhile, SI increased phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signal pathway. SI failed to decrease infarct size of hearts with I/R in ovariectomized rats if PI3K was inhibited. Overall, these results indicated that SI protects myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in ovariectomized rats through increasing PI3K/Akt/eNOS signal pathway and decreasing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuangyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Public Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Zhangjiagang 215699, China
| | | | - Guoliang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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