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Svorc P, Svorc P. General anesthesia and electrocardiographic parameters in in vivo experiments involving rats. Physiol Res 2022; 71:177-192. [PMID: 35275702 PMCID: PMC9150551 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In in vivo cardiovascular or toxicological studies involving rat models, changes in selected electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters are monitored after various interventions to assess the origin and development of heart rhythm disorders. Each ECG parameter has diagnostic significance; as such, commonly evaluated ECG parameters, including heart rate, PR interval, P wave duration, P wave amplitude, QRS complex, QT and QTc interval duration, R wave and T wave amplitude, of rats under various types of general anesthesia were the focus of this study. Studies that performed in vivo cardiovascular or toxicological experiments in rats were retrieved from a search of the Web of Science database for articles published mainly between 2000 and 2021. In total, the search retrieved 123 articles. ECG parameters that were reported as baseline or control values were summarized and averages with ranges were calculated. It is important to be cautious when interpreting results and, in discussions addressing the mechanisms underlying a given type of arrhythmia, acknowledge that initial ECG parameters may already be affected to some extent by the general anesthesia as well as by sex and the time of day the experiments were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Svorc
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Physiology and Patophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ostrava University, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Svorc
- Department of Physiology and Patophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ostrava University, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Ahmad A. Physiological, Pathological and Pharmacological Interactions of Hydrogen Sulphide and Nitric Oxide in the Myocardium of Rats with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:433-448. [PMID: 35723409 PMCID: PMC8929131 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is characterized by increased myocardium thickness due to increased oxidative stress and downregulation of cystathione γ lyase (CSE) endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Upregulation of CSE by hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ENOS by L-arginine can arrest the progression of LVH individually. The present study explored the combined treatment of H2S and NO in the progression of LVH, and demonstrated that the response is due to H2S, NO or formation of either new molecule in physiological, pathological, and pharmacological in vivo settings of LVH. Exogenous administration H2S+NO in LVH significantly reduced (all p < 0.05) systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), LV index, heart index and oxidative stress when compared to the LVH group. There was downregulation of CSE mRNA and eNOS in the heart, and exogenous administration of H2S+NO groups upregulated eNOS MRNA while CSE MRNA remained downregulated in the hearts of the LVH group. Similar trends were observed with concentrations of H2S and NO in the plasma and tissue. It can be concluded that combined treatment of LVH with H2S and NO significantly ameliorate the progression of LVH by attenuating systemic hemodynamic and physical indices, and by decreasing oxidative stress. Molecular expression data in the myocardium of LVH depicts that combined treatment upregulated eNOS/NO while it downregulated CSE/H2S pathways in in vivo settings, and it is always eNOS/NO pathways which play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmad A, Riaz Z, Sattar MA, Khan SA, John EJ, Rashid S, Shah STA, Rafiq MA, Azam M, Qamar R. Effect of gasotransmitters treatment on expression of hypertension, vascular and cardiac remodeling and hypertensive nephropathy genes in left ventricular hypertrophy. Gene 2020; 737:144479. [PMID: 32068124 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac and renal dysfunction are often co-morbid pathologies leading to worsening prognosis resulting in difficulty in therapy of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The aim of the current study was to determine the changes in expression of human ortholog genes of hypertension, vascular and cardiac remodeling and hypertensive nephropathy phenotypes under normal, disease and upon treatment with gasotransmitter including H2S (hydrogen sulphide), NO (nitric oxide) and combined (H2S + NO). METHODS A total of 72 Wistar Kyoto rats (with equivalent male and female animals) were recruited in the present study where LVH rat models were treated with H2S and NO individually as well as with both combined. Cardiac and renal physical indices were recorded and relative gene expression were quantified. RESULTS Both cardiac and renal physical indices were significantly modified with individual as well as combined H2S + NO treatment in control and LVH rats. Expression analysis revealed, hypertension, vascular remodeling genes ACE, TNFα and IGF1, mRNAs to be significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in the myocardia and renal tissues of LVH rats, while individual and combined H2S + NO treatment resulted in lowering the gene expression to normal/near to normal levels. The cardiac remodeling genes MYH7, TGFβ, SMAD4 and BRG1 expression were significantly up-regulated (P ≤ 0.05) in the myocardia of LVH where the combined H2S + NO treatment resulted in normal/near to normal expression more effectively as compared to individual treatments. In addition individual as well as combined H2S and NO treatment significantly decreased PKD1 expression in renal tissue, which was up-regulated in LVH rats (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The reduction in hemodynamic parameters and cardiac indices as well as alteration in gene expression on treatment of LVH rat model indicates important therapeutic potential of combined treatment with H2S + NO gasotransmitters in hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy when present as co-morbidity with renal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaq Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zainab Riaz
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Safia Akhtar Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Sumbal Rashid
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Tahir Abbas Shah
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad Rafiq
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Raheel Qamar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Role of Nitric Oxide in the Cardiovascular and Renal Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092605. [PMID: 30177600 PMCID: PMC6164974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gasotransmitters are a family of gaseous signaling molecules which are produced endogenously and act at specific receptors to play imperative roles in physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. As a well-known gasotransmitter along with hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide, nitric oxide (NO) has earned repute as a potent vasodilator also known as endothelium-derived vasorelaxant factor (EDRF). NO has been studied in greater detail, from its synthesis and mechanism of action to its physiologic, pathologic, and pharmacologic roles in different disease states. Different animal models have been applied to investigate the beneficial effects of NO as an antihypertensive, renoprotective, and antihypertrophic agent. NO and its interaction with different systems like the renin–angiotensin system, sympathetic nervous system, and other gaseous transmitters like hydrogen sulfide are also well studied. However, links that appear to exist between the endocannabinoid (EC) and NO systems remain to be fully explored. Experimental approaches using modulators of its synthesis including substrate, donors, and inhibitors of the synthesis of NO will be useful for establishing the relationship between the NO and EC systems in the cardiovascular and renal systems. Being a potent vasodilator, NO may be unique among therapeutic options for management of hypertension and resulting renal disease and left ventricular hypertrophy. Inclusion of NO modulators in clinical practice may be useful not only as curatives for particular diseases but also for arresting disease prognoses through its interactions with other systems.
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Iannuzzi GL, Maniscalco M, Elia A, Scognamiglio A, Furgi G, Rengo F. Left ventricular hypertrophy as protective factor after bypass grafting. Med Hypotheses 2018; 114:35-39. [PMID: 29602461 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a well established cardiovascular risk factor, accounting for an increase in cardiovascular morbid-mortality, although how much the magnitude and the kind of LVH could affect cardiovascular outcomes is in large part unknown. We speculate that mild LVH in absence of left ventricular (LV) chamber dilation, could play a protective role towards functional capacity, clinical outcome, cardiovascular and total morbi-mortality in conditions in which LV systolic function is generally reduced. Accordingly to many epidemiological observations, the availability of extra-quote of systolic function could lead to a significative improvement in the final outcome of some kinds of heart patients, as those undergoing bypass-grafting, where the stress for heart and cardiovascular system is always high. We suppose that the functional reserve available for patients with LVH could make the difference with respect to other patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. Similarly, the availability of a contractile reserve warranted by LVH could ensure a little gain in the outcome for patients after other major cardiovascular events (such as myocardial infarction or other heart surgery as surgical valve replacement). However, our hypothesis only involves mild LVH without LV chamber dilation, that is the initial stage of "non-dilated concentric" LVH and "non-dilated eccentric" LVH according to the new four-tiered classification of LVH based on relative wall thickness and LV dilation. Support for our hypothesis derives from the well-known protective role of systolic function that is a major factor in almost all cardiovascular diseases, where LV ejection fraction (LVEF) has shown to significantly improve quality of life, as well as morbidity and mortality. The knowledge that mild LVH in absence of LV chamber dilation is not as harmful in such conditions as believed at present could make avoidable some drugs prescription in some stages of the disease. Furthermore, it may allow a better evaluation of the risk profile of patients with LVH undergoing some cardiovascular major events like bypass grafting, myocardial infarction or surgical heart valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Iannuzzi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, "Maugeri Clinical and Scientific Institutes" ICSR, 82037 Telese, BN, Italy
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, "Maugeri Clinical and Scientific Institutes" ICSR, 82037 Telese, BN, Italy.
| | - Andrea Elia
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, "Maugeri Clinical and Scientific Institutes" ICSR, 82037 Telese, BN, Italy
| | - Anna Scognamiglio
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, "Maugeri Clinical and Scientific Institutes" ICSR, 82037 Telese, BN, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Furgi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, "Maugeri Clinical and Scientific Institutes" ICSR, 82037 Telese, BN, Italy
| | - Franco Rengo
- Scientific Direction, "Maugeri Clinical and Scientific Institutes" ICSR, 82037 Telese, BN, Italy
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Interaction between nitric oxide and renal α1-adrenoreceptors mediated vasoconstriction in rats with left ventricular hypertrophyin Wistar Kyoto rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189386. [PMID: 29447158 PMCID: PMC5844246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with decreased responsiveness of
renal α1-adrenoreceptors subtypes to adrenergic agonists. Nitric
oxide donors are known to have antihypertrophic effects however their impact on
responsiveness of renal α1-adrenoreceptors subtypes is unknown. This
study investigated the impact of nitric oxide (NO) and its potential interaction
with the responsiveness of renal α1-adrenoreceptors subtypes to
adrenergic stimulation in rats with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). This
study also explored the impact of NO donor on CSE expression in normal and LVH
kidney. LVH was induced using isoprenaline and caffeine in drinking water for 2
weeks while NO donor (L-arginine, 1.25g/Lin drinking water) was given for 5
weeks. Intrarenal noradrenaline, phenylephrine and methoxamine responses were
determined in the absence and presence of selective α1-adrenoceptor
antagonists, 5- methylurapidil (5-MeU), chloroethylclonidine (CeC) and BMY 7378.
Renal cortical endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA was upregulated 7 fold
while that of cystathione γ lyase was unaltered in the NO treated LVH rats
(LVH-NO) group compared to LVH group. The responsiveness of renal
α1A, α1B and α1D-adrenoceptors in the low dose
and high dose phases of 5-MeU, CEC and BMY7378 to adrenergic agonists was
increased along with cGMP in the kidney of LVH-NO group. These findings suggest
that exogenous NO precursor up-regulated the renal eNOS/NO/cGMP pathway in LVH
rats and resulted in augmented α1A, α1B and α1D
adrenoreceptors responsiveness to the adrenergic agonists. There is a positive
interaction between H2S and NO production in normal animals but this
interaction appears absent in LVH animals.
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Effect of electroacpuncture of Neiguan (PC 6) and Tianquan (PC 2) on skin temperature, blood perfusion, and adrenoceptor response in rats with acute myocardial ischemia. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(18)30043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cystathione gamma lyase/Hydrogen Sulphide Pathway Up Regulation Enhances the Responsiveness of α1A and α1B-Adrenoreceptors in the Kidney of Rats with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154995. [PMID: 27191852 PMCID: PMC4871510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interaction between H2S and NO (nitric oxide) in the kidney and to evaluate its impact on the functional contribution of α1A and α1B-adrenoreceptors subtypes mediating the renal vasoconstriction in the kidney of rats with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). In rats the LVH induction was by isoprenaline administration and caffeine in the drinking water together with intraperitoneal administration of H2S. The responsiveness of α1A and α1B to exogenous noradrenaline, phenylephrine and methoxaminein the absence and presence of 5-methylurapidil (5-MeU) and chloroethylclonidine (CEC) was studied. Cystathione gamma lyase (CSE), cystathione β synthase (CBS), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphar transferase (3-MST) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were quantified. There was significant up regulation of CSE and eNOS in the LVH-H2S compared to the LVH group (P<0.05). Baseline renal cortical blood perfusion (RCBP) was increased (P<0.05) in the LVH-H2S compared to the LVH group. The responsiveness of α1A-adrenergic receptors to adrenergic agonists was increased (P<0.05) after administration of low dose 5-Methylurapidil in the LVH-H2S group while α1B-adrenergic receptors responsiveness to adrenergic agonists were increased (P<0.05) by both low and high dose chloroethylclonidine in the LVH-H2S group. Treatment of LVH with H2S resulted in up-regulation of CSE/H2S, CBS, and 3-MST and eNOS/NO/cGMP pathways in the kidney. These up regulation of CSE/H2S, CBS, and 3-MST and eNOS/NO/cGMP pathways enhanced the responsiveness of α1A and α1B-adrenoreceptors subtypes to adrenergic agonists in LVH-H2S. These findings indicate an important role for H2S in modulating deranged signalling in the renal vasculature resulting from LVH development.
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Ahmad A, Sattar MA, Rathore HA, Abdulla MH, Khan SA, Azam M, Abdullah NA, Johns EJ. Up Regulation of cystathione γ lyase and Hydrogen Sulphide in the Myocardium Inhibits the Progression of Isoproterenol-Caffeine Induced Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Wistar Kyoto Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150137. [PMID: 26963622 PMCID: PMC4786159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is an emerging molecule in many cardiovascular complications but its role in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is unknown. The present study explored the effect of exogenous H2S administration in the regression of LVH by modulating oxidative stress, arterial stiffness and expression of cystathione γ lyase (CSE) in the myocardium. Animals were divided into four groups: Control, LVH, Control-H2S and LVH-H2S. LVH was induced by administering isoprenaline (5mg/kg, every 72 hours, S/C) and caffeine in drinking water (62mg/L) for 2 weeks. Intraperitoneal NaHS, 56μM/kg/day for 5 weeks, was given as an H2S donor. Myocardial expression of Cystathione γ lyase (CSE) mRNA was quantified using real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).There was a 3 fold reduction in the expression of myocardial CSE mRNA in LVH but it was up regulated by 7 and 4 fold in the Control-H2S and LVH-H2S myocardium, respectively. Systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse wave velocity were reduced (all P<0.05) in LVH-H2S when compared to the LVH group. Heart, LV weight, myocardial thickness were reduced while LV internal diameter was increased (all P<0.05) in the LVH-H2S when compared to the LVH group. Exogenous administration of H2S in LVH increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione and total antioxidant capacity but significantly reduced (all P<0.05) plasma malanodialdehyde in the LVH-H2S compared to the LVH group. The renal cortical blood perfusion increased by 40% in LVH-H2S as compared to the LVH group. Exogenous administration of H2S suppressed the progression of LVH which was associated with an up regulation of myocardial CSE mRNA/ H2S and a reduction in pulse wave velocity with a blunting of systemic hemodynamic. This CSE/H2S pathway exhibits an antihypertrophic role by antagonizing the hypertrophic actions of angiotensin II(Ang II) and noradrenaline (NA) but attenuates oxidative stress and improves pulse wave velocity which helps to suppress LVH. Exogenous administration of H2S augmented the reduced renal cortical blood perfusion in the LVH state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaq Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Munavvar A. Sattar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hassaan A. Rathore
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Safia A. Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nor A. Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Edward J. Johns
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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AHMAD A, SATTAR MA, RATHORE HA, KHAN SA, ABDULLAH NA, JOHNS EJ. Downregulation of cystathionine γ lyase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase and reduced responsiveness of α1A adrenergic receptors in the kidneys of left ventricular hypertrophied Wistar Kyoto rats. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1506-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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