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Ren Z, Ji X, Jiao Z, Luo Y, Zhang GQ, Tao S, Lei Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu ZJ, Wei G. Functional analysis of a novel C-glycosyltransferase in the orchid Dendrobium catenatum. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:111. [PMID: 32637139 PMCID: PMC7326982 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, which are a diverse class of phytonutrients, are used by organisms to respond to nearly all abiotic stresses and are beneficial for human health. Glycosyltransferase, used during the last step of flavonoid biosynthesis, is important in flavonoid enrichment. However, little is known about glycosyltransferase in the orchid Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale). In this study, we isolated a novel C-glycosyltransferase (designated DcaCGT) from the orchid D. catenatum by identifying and analyzing 82 putative genes in the GT1 family. DcaCGT could specifically catalyze not only di-C-glycosylation but also O-glycosylation. Apart from the normal function of catalyzing 2-hydroxynaringenin and phloretin to the respective di-C-glycosides, DcaCGT also catalyzes apigenin to cosmosiin. Targeted metabolic profiling of the substrates (2-hydroxynaringenin, phloretin, and apigenin) and products (vitexin, isovitexin, vicenin-2, nothofagin, 3',5'-di-C-glucosylphloretin, and cosmosiin) in different tissues showed that vicenin-2 was the most abundant product of this novel enzyme. Cosmosiin was detected in flowers and flower buds. We also established that DcaCGT functions expanded throughout the evolution of D. catenatum. Residual OGT activity may help D. catenatum resist drought stress. Our study illustrates the function, origin, and differentiation of DcaCGT and provides insights into glycosylation and molecular propagation processes, which can be used to improve the production of flavonoids by the cultivated medicinal plant D. catenatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Zhenbin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114 China
| | - Yingyi Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120 Guangdong China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114 China
| | - Shengchang Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Shaoguan Institute of Danxia Dendrobium Officinale, Shaoguan, 512005 China
| | - Zhouxi Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005 China
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
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Wyganowska-Swiatkowska M, Nohawica M, Grocholewicz K, Nowak G. Influence of Herbal Medicines on HMGB1 Release, SARS-CoV-2 Viral Attachment, Acute Respiratory Failure, and Sepsis. A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4639. [PMID: 32629817 PMCID: PMC7370028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By attaching to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein on lung and intestinal cells, Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) can cause respiratory and homeostatic difficulties leading to sepsis. The progression from acute respiratory failure to sepsis has been correlated with the release of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). Lack of effective conventional treatment of this septic state has spiked an interest in alternative medicine. This review of herbal extracts has identified multiple candidates which can target the release of HMGB1 and potentially reduce mortality by preventing progression from respiratory distress to sepsis. Some of the identified mixtures have also been shown to interfere with viral attachment. Due to the wide variability in chemical superstructure of the components of assorted herbal extracts, common motifs have been identified. Looking at the most active compounds in each extract it becomes evident that as a group, phenolic compounds have a broad enzyme inhibiting function. They have been shown to act against the priming of SARS-CoV-2 attachment proteins by host and viral enzymes, and the release of HMGB1 by host immune cells. An argument for the value in a nonspecific inhibitory action has been drawn. Hopefully these findings can drive future drug development and clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Wyganowska-Swiatkowska
- Chair of Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Michal Nohawica
- Chair of Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Grocholewicz
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Gerard Nowak
- Department of Medicinal and Cosmetic Natural Products, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland;
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Lee IC, Bae JS. Hepatoprotective effects of vicenin-2 and scolymoside through the modulation of inflammatory pathways. J Nat Med 2019; 74:90-97. [PMID: 31350693 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two structurally related flavonoids found in Cyclopia subternata, vicenin-2 (VCN) and scolymoside (SCL) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver failure in mice and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Mice were treated intravenously with VCN or SCL at 12 h after LPS treatment. LPS significantly increased mortality, serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and inflammatory cytokines, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein expression; these effects of LPS were inhibited by VCN or SCL. It also attenuated the LPS-induced activation of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 and TLR-associated activator of interferon-dependent signaling pathways of the TLR system. Our results suggest that VCN or SCL protects against LPS-induced liver damage by inhibiting the TLR-mediated inflammatory pathway, indicating its potential to treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Chul Lee
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Seowon University, Cheongju, 28674, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, 80 Dahak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Structure Identification of ViceninII Extracted from Dendrobium officinale and the Reversal of TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial⁻Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells through TGF-β/Smad and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010144. [PMID: 30609689 PMCID: PMC6337427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ViceninII is a naturally flavonoid glycoside extracted from Dendrobium officinale, a precious Chinese traditional herb, has been proven to be valuable for cancer treatment. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), promotes the induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process involved in the metastasis of cells that leads to enhanced migration and invasion. However, there is no previously evidence that ViceninII has an inhibitory effect on cancer metastasis, specifically on the TGF-β1-induced EMT process in lung adenocarcinoma cells. In this experiment, we used UV, ESIMS, and NMR to identify the structure of ViceninII.A549 and H1299 cells were treated with TGF-β1 in the absence and presence of ViceninII, and subsequent migration and invasion were measured by wound-healing and transwell assays. The protein localization and expressions were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The results indicated that TGF-β1 induced spindle-shaped changes, increased migration and invasion, and upregulated or downregulated the relative expression of EMT biomarkers. Meanwhile, these alterations were significantly inhibited when co-treated with ViceninII and inhibitors LY294002 and SB431542. In conclusion, ViceninII inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT via the deactivation of TGF-β/Smad and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.This is the first time that the anti-metastatic effects of ViceninII have been demonstrated, and their molecular mechanisms provided.
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Park EJ, Kim YM, Kim HJ, Chang KC. Luteolin activates ERK1/2- and Ca 2+-dependent HO-1 induction that reduces LPS-induced HMGB1, iNOS/NO, and COX-2 expression in RAW264.7 cells and mitigates acute lung injury of endotoxin mice. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:445-453. [PMID: 29497773 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although luteolin has shown to have anti-inflammatory action, no report is available whether luteolin inhibits HMGB1 and protects acute lung injury (ALI) in endotoxin rodents. We hypothesized that HO-1 induction by luteolin might play a crucial role for inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators including HMGB1 through MAPK signaling in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and it ameliorates ALI of endotoxin mice. METHODS The effects of luteolin on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells and LPS-injected mice were evaluated. The mechanisms were investigated using various signal inhibitors. RESULTS Luteolin significantly increased HO-1 expression through ERK1/2 signaling in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Indeed, luteolin inhibited pro-inflammatory mediators (HMGB1, iNOS/NO, COX-2, and NF-κB activity) in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, PD98059, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, treatment failed to inhibit production of these pro-inflammatory mediators by luteolin. Interestingly, luteolin augmented HO-1 induction through Ca2+ influx in RAW264.7 cells. Administration of luteolin significantly inhibited plasma HMGB1 level, and iNOS expression in the lung that resulted in a significant reduction of ALI in endotoxin mice that was reversed by a HO-1 inhibitor, ZnPPIX. CONCLUSION Therefore, we conclude that luteolin has a great potential for treatment of ALI and related diseases, where HMGB1 is a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52527, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52527, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52527, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Churl Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52527, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang K, Song W, Li D, Jin X. Apigenin in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and protection of blood vessels. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1719-1724. [PMID: 28565758 PMCID: PMC5443212 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a major independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Seeking natural compounds in medicinal plants capable of reducing blood fat and studying their mechanisms of action has been the focus of research in recent years. The aim of the present study was to analyze the mechanisms of apigenin in regulating cholesterol metabolism and protecting blood vessels, and to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of apigenin. The mouse model of hyperlipidemia was established to verify the efficacy of apigenin in improving hyperlipidemia and to observe the mechanism of action of apigenin in reducing cholesterol content. In vitro cell experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of apigenin in mediating reverse cholesterol transport. Additionally, H2O2-injured human umbilical venous endothelial cells (EA.hy926 cells) were used for further study on the roles of apigenin in resisting oxidization and protecting vascular endothelial cells. Apigenin significantly regulated blood fat, reduced animal weight, and reduced total cholesterol (P=0.024), triglyceride (P=0.031) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.014) in the serum of the high-fat diet mice. Apigenin improved the blood lipid metabolism of the hyper-lipidemia model mice. Body weight and serum cholesterol content increased abnormally (P=0.003) as a consequence of high-fat diet. Apigenin increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in EA.hy926 cells (P=0.043) and increased the amount of nitric oxide secreted by the cells (P=0.038). Apigenin also inhibited the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner (P=0.036). In conclusion, apigenin can regulate cholesterol metabolism in vivo and plays a role in reducing the level of blood fat by promoting cholesterol absorption and conversion, and accelerating reverse cholesterol transport. Apigenin also has a role in resisting oxidization and protecting blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Dalin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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