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Sánchez-Rodríguez J, Raufaste C, Argentina M. Scaling the tail beat frequency and swimming speed in underwater undulatory swimming. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5569. [PMID: 37689714 PMCID: PMC10492801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Undulatory swimming is the predominant form of locomotion in aquatic vertebrates. A myriad of animals of different species and sizes oscillate their bodies to propel themselves in aquatic environments with swimming speed scaling as the product of the animal length by the oscillation frequency. Although frequency tuning is the primary means by which a swimmer selects its speed, there is no consensus on the mechanisms involved. In this article, we propose scaling laws for undulatory swimmers that relate oscillation frequency to length by taking into account both the biological characteristics of the muscles and the interaction of the moving swimmer with its environment. Results are supported by an extensive literature review including approximately 1200 individuals of different species, sizes and swimming environments. We highlight a crossover in size around 0.5-1 m. Below this value, the frequency can be tuned between 2-20 Hz due to biological constraints and the interplay between slow and fast muscles. Above this value, the fluid-swimmer interaction must be taken into account and the frequency is inversely proportional to the length of the animal. This approach predicts a maximum swimming speed around 5-10 m.s-1 for large swimmers, consistent with the threshold to prevent bubble cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INPHYNI, 17 Rue Julien Lauprêtre, Nice, 06200, France
- Departamento de Física Fundamental, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Instabilities, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Raufaste
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INPHYNI, 17 Rue Julien Lauprêtre, Nice, 06200, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Médéric Argentina
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INPHYNI, 17 Rue Julien Lauprêtre, Nice, 06200, France.
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2
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Lennox RJ, Eldøy SH, Dahlmo LS, Matley JK, Vollset KW. Acoustic accelerometer transmitters and their growing relevance to aquatic science. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:45. [PMID: 37501158 PMCID: PMC10375738 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
There has recently been great interest in the use of accelerometers onboard electronic transmitters to characterise various aspects of the ecology of wild animals. We review use cases and outline how these tools can provide opportunities for studying activity and survival, exercise physiology of wild animals, the response to stressors, energy landscapes and conservation planning tools, and the means with which to identify behaviours remotely from transmitted data. Accelerometer transmitters typically send data summaries to receivers at fixed intervals after filtering out static acceleration and calculating root-mean square error or overall dynamic body action of 2- or 3-axis acceleration values (often at 5-12.5 Hz) from dynamic acceleration onboard the tag. Despite the popularity of these transmitters among aquatic ecologists, we note that there is wide variation in the sampling frequencies and windows used among studies that will potentially affect the ability to make comparisons in the future. Accelerometer transmitters will likely become increasingly popular tools for studying finer scale details about cryptic species that are difficult to recapture and hence not suitable for studies using data loggers. We anticipate that there will continue to be opportunities to adopt methods used for analysing data from loggers to datasets generated from acceleration transmitters, to generate new knowledge about the ecology of aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lennox
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Høgskoleringen 9, 7034, Norway.
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Nygaardsgaten 112, 5008, Bergen, Norway.
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, 1335 Oxford St, B3H 3Z1, Halifax, Canada.
| | - Sindre H Eldøy
- NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet, Erling Skakkes gate 47B, 7012, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lotte S Dahlmo
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Nygaardsgaten 112, 5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jordan K Matley
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Knut Wiik Vollset
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Nygaardsgaten 112, 5008, Bergen, Norway
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3
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Fuchs NT, Caudill CC. Classifying and inferring behaviors using real-time acceleration biotelemetry in reproductive steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11329-11343. [PMID: 31641476 PMCID: PMC6802063 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement behaviors are central to ecology and conservation. Movement sensing technologies can monitor behaviors that are otherwise difficult to observe under field conditions and may enhance the ability to quantify behaviors at the population scale. We monitored steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spawning behaviors in a seminatural enclosure using accelerometer telemetry tags while simultaneously observing behaviors with underwater cameras. Behavioral assignments from visual observations were compared to acceleration histories to develop assignment criteria for acceleration data, including for a key behavior (oviposition). Behavioral events independently classified using acceleration data prior to reviewing video were compared to video scoring and 97% of holding behaviors, 93% of digging behaviors, and 86% of oviposition/covering behaviors were correctly assigned using acceleration data alone. We applied the method to at-liberty steelhead in spawning tributaries. Acceleration records revealed putative spawning and oviposition in at-liberty female steelhead, and time budgets for at-liberty steelhead were similar to those monitored within enclosures. The use of similar movement sensing tags and classification approaches offers a method for monitoring movement behavior, activity budgets, and habitat use in a broad array of aquatic and terrestrial taxa, and may be especially useful when behaviors are cryptic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel T. Fuchs
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
- Present address:
Washington Department of Fish and WildlifeTwispWAUSA
| | - Christopher C. Caudill
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
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Garwood RJ, Behnsen J, Haysom HK, Hunt JN, Dalby LJ, Quilter SK, Maclaine JS, Cox JPL. Olfactory flow in the sturgeon is externally driven. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 235:211-225. [PMID: 31229600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluid dynamics plays an important part in olfaction. Using the complementary techniques of dye visualisation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), we investigated the hydrodynamics of the nasal region of the sturgeon Huso dauricus. H. dauricus offers several experimental advantages, including a well-developed, well-supported, radial array (rosette) of visible-by-eye olfactory sensory channels. We represented these features in an anatomically accurate rigid model derived from an X-ray scan of the head of a preserved museum specimen. We validated the results from the CFD simulation by comparing them with data from the dye visualisation experiments. We found that flow through both the nasal chamber and, crucially, the sensory channels could be induced by an external flow (caused by swimming in vivo) at a physiologically relevant Reynolds number. Flow through the nasal chamber arises from the anatomical arrangement of the incurrent and excurrent nostrils, and is assisted by the broad, cartilage-supported, inner wall of the incurrent nostril. Flow through the sensory channels arises when relatively high speed flow passing through the incurrent nostril encounters the circular central support of the olfactory rosette, decelerates, and is dispersed amongst the sensory channels. Vortices within the olfactory flow may assist odorant transport to the sensory surfaces. We conclude that swimming alone is sufficient to drive olfactory flow in H. dauricus, and consider the implications of our results for the three other extant genera of sturgeons (Acipenser, Pseudoscaphirhynchus and Scaphirhynchus), and for other fishes with olfactory rosettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Garwood
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Julia Behnsen
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PY, UK
| | | | - Jeremy N Hunt
- Jeremy Hunt Design, Unit A6, 66 Norlington Road, London E10 6LA, UK
| | - Luke J Dalby
- TotalSim, Top Station Road, Brackley NN13 7UG, UK
| | | | - James S Maclaine
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Brownscombe JW, Lennox RJ, Danylchuk AJ, Cooke SJ. Estimating fish swimming metrics and metabolic rates with accelerometers: the influence of sampling frequency. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:207-214. [PMID: 29931782 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accelerometry is growing in popularity for remotely measuring fish swimming metrics, but appropriate sampling frequencies for accurately measuring these metrics are not well studied. This research examined the influence of sampling frequency (1-25 Hz) with tri-axial accelerometer biologgers on estimates of overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), tail-beat frequency, swimming speed and metabolic rate of bonefish Albula vulpes in a swim-tunnel respirometer and free-swimming in a wetland mesocosm. In the swim tunnel, sampling frequencies of ≥ 5 Hz were sufficient to establish strong relationships between ODBA, swimming speed and metabolic rate. However, in free-swimming bonefish, estimates of metabolic rate were more variable below 10 Hz. Sampling frequencies should be at least twice the maximum tail-beat frequency to estimate this metric effectively, which is generally higher than those required to estimate ODBA, swimming speed and metabolic rate. While optimal sampling frequency probably varies among species due to tail-beat frequency and swimming style, this study provides a reference point with a medium body-sized sub-carangiform teleost fish, enabling researchers to measure these metrics effectively and maximize study duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Brownscombe
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert J Lennox
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Holmquist L, Kappenman K, Blank MD, Schultz M. Sprint Swimming Performance of Shovelnose Sturgeon in an Open-Channel Flume. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3955/046.092.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Holmquist
- Montana State University, Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 173560, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Kevin Kappenman
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Bozeman Fish Technology Center, 4050 Bridger Canyon Road, Bozeman, Montana 59715
| | - Matt D. Blank
- Western Transportation Institute - Montana State University, P.O. Box 174250, Bozeman, Montana 59715
| | - Matt Schultz
- Thyssen Mining Construction of Canada Ltd., Albert St. N., Regina, SK S4P 3E1
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Cathcart K, Shin SY, Milton J, Ellerby D. Field swimming performance of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus: implications for field activity cost estimates and laboratory measures of swimming performance. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8657-8666. [PMID: 29075479 PMCID: PMC5648661 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobility is essential to the fitness of many animals, and the costs of locomotion can dominate daily energy budgets. Locomotor costs are determined by the physiological demands of sustaining mechanical performance, yet performance is poorly understood for most animals in the field, particularly aquatic organisms. We have used 3‐D underwater videography to quantify the swimming trajectories and propulsive modes of bluegills sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus, Rafinesque) in the field with high spatial (1–3 mm per pixel) and temporal (60 Hz frame rate) resolution. Although field swimming trajectories were variable and nonlinear in comparison to quasi steady‐state swimming in recirculating flumes, they were much less unsteady than the volitional swimming behaviors that underlie existing predictive models of field swimming cost. Performance analyses suggested that speed and path curvature data could be used to derive reasonable estimates of locomotor cost that fit within measured capacities for sustainable activity. The distinct differences between field swimming behavior and performance measures obtained under steady‐state laboratory conditions suggest that field observations are essential for informing approaches to quantifying locomotor performance in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Cathcart
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
| | - Seo Yim Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
| | - Joanna Milton
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
| | - David Ellerby
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
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Han AX, Berlin C, Ellerby DJ. Field swimming behavior in largemouth bass deviates from predictions based on economy and propulsive efficiency. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3204-3208. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.158345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Locomotion is energetically expensive. This may create selection pressures that favor economical locomotor strategies, such as the adoption of low-cost speeds and efficient propulsive movements. For swimming fish, the energy expended to travel a unit distance, or cost of transport (COT), has a U-shaped relationship to speed. The relationship between propulsive kinematics and speed, summarized by the Strouhal number (St=fA/U, where f is tail beat frequency, A is tail tip amplitude in m and U is swimming speed in m s−1), allows for maximal propulsive efficiency where 0.2<St<0.4. Largemouth bass adopted field speeds that were generally below the range predicted to minimize their COT. This may reflect speed modulation to meet competing functional demands such as enabling effective prey detection and capture. St exceeded the optimal range for the lowest observed swimming speeds. Mechanical and physiological constraints may prevent adoption of efficient St during low-speed swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela X. Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Caroline Berlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - David J. Ellerby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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Thiem JD, Dawson JW, Hatin D, Danylchuk AJ, Dumont P, Gleiss AC, Wilson RP, Cooke SJ. Swimming activity and energetic costs of adult lake sturgeon during fishway passage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:2534-44. [PMID: 27535988 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish migrations through riverine systems can be energetically demanding, and the presence of fishways to facilitate upstream passage can add an additional energetic cost that may directly affect fitness. Successful fishway passage is a function of the ability of fish to select appropriate paths and swimming strategies that do not exceed their swimming capacity. Triaxial accelerometers were used to estimate the energetic expenditure of adult lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) swimming through a vertical slot fishway, to determine whether individual behaviour or path selection, resulting in differences in cumulative energy use, explain fishway passage success. Most individuals attempted to pass the fishway (n=30/44; 68%), although successful passage only occurred for a subset of those attempting (n=7/30; 23%). High-speed swimming was rarely observed during upstream passage through fishway basins, and was of short duration. Two turning basins delayed passage, subsequently resulting in a higher energetic cost. The rate at which energy was expended did not differ among successful and unsuccessful individuals, although successful sturgeon exhibited higher costs of transport (42.75 versus 25.85 J kg(-1) m(-1)). Energy expenditure metrics were not predictive of successful fishway passage, leading us to conclude that other endogenous or exogenous factors influence passage success. In a practical application of field measurements of energy expenditure, we demonstrate that fishway passage through a structure designed to facilitate migration does result in an energetic loss for lake sturgeon (3249-16,331 J kg(-1)), equivalent to individuals travelling 5.8-28.2 km in a lentic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Thiem
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jeff W Dawson
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Daniel Hatin
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, 201 Place Charles Le Moyne, 4e étage, bureau 4.05, Longueuil, Québec, Canada J4K 2T5
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9285, USA
| | - Pierre Dumont
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, 201 Place Charles Le Moyne, 4e étage, bureau 4.05, Longueuil, Québec, Canada J4K 2T5
| | - Adrian C Gleiss
- Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Rory P Wilson
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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Van Deurs M, Andersson A, Vinterstare J, Didenko A, Persson A, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA. Using accelerometry to quantify prey attack and handling behaviours in piscivorous pike Esox lucius. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2462-2469. [PMID: 28393360 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accelerometer technology was used to evaluate behaviours in the teleost ambush predator pike Esox lucius foraging on crucian carp Carassius carassius. Automated rule-based estimates of prey-size determined handling time were obtained and are compared with video-recorded behaviours. Solutions to tag attachment and the limitations imposed by battery-time and data-logging capacities are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van Deurs
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Section for Marine Living Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborgs Alle 1, DK-2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - A Andersson
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Vinterstare
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Didenko
- Institute of Fisheries of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Obukhivka St. 135, 03164, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - A Persson
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - P A Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences-Biology, Karlstad University, SE-651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
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