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Kan M, Huang T, Zhao P. Artificial chromosome technology and its potential application in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:970943. [PMID: 36186059 PMCID: PMC9519882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.970943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant genetic engineering and transgenic technology are powerful ways to study the function of genes and improve crop yield and quality in the past few years. However, only a few genes could be transformed by most available genetic engineering and transgenic technologies, so changes still need to be made to meet the demands for high throughput studies, such as investigating the whole genetic pathway of crop traits and avoiding undesirable genes simultaneously in the next generation. Plant artificial chromosome (PAC) technology provides a carrier which allows us to assemble multiple and specific genes to produce a variety of products by minichromosome. However, PAC technology also have limitations that may hinder its further development and application. In this review, we will introduce the current state of PACs technology from PACs formation, factors on PACs formation, problems and potential solutions of PACs and exogenous gene(s) integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Kan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tengbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Douglas RN, Yang H, Zhang B, Chen C, Han F, Cheng J, Birchler JA. De novo centromere formation on chromosome fragments with an inactive centromere in maize (Zea mays). Chromosome Res 2021; 29:313-325. [PMID: 34406545 PMCID: PMC8710440 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-021-09670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The B chromosome of maize undergoes nondisjunction at the second pollen mitosis as part of its accumulation mechanism. Previous work identified 9-Bic-1 (9-B inactivated centromere-1), which comprises an epigenetically silenced B chromosome centromere that was translocated to the short arm of chromosome 9(9S). This chromosome is stable in isolation, but when normal B chromosomes are added to the genotype, it will attempt to undergo nondisjunction during the second pollen mitosis and usually fractures the chromosome in 9S. These broken chromosomes allow a test of whether the inactive centromere is reactivated or whether a de novo centromere is formed elsewhere on the chromosome to allow recovery of fragments. Breakpoint determination on the B chromosome and chromosome 9 showed that mini chromosome B1104 has the same breakpoint as 9-Bic-1 in the B centromere region and includes a portion of 9S. CENH3 binding was found on the B centromere region and on 9S, suggesting both centromere reactivation and de novo centromere formation. Another mini chromosome, B496, showed evidence of rearrangement, but it also only showed evidence for a de novo centromere. Other mini chromosome fragments recovered were directly derived from the B chromosome with breakpoints concentrated near the centromeric knob region, which suggests that the B chromosome is broken at a low frequency due to the failure of the sister chromatids to separate at the second pollen mitosis. Our results indicate that both reactivation and de novo centromere formation could occur on fragments derived from the progenitor possessing an inactive centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Douglas
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Fangpu Han
- State Key Lab of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Yan X, Li C, Yang J, Wang L, Jiang C, Wei W. Induction of telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation and behavior of truncated chromosomes in Brassica napus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:700-713. [PMID: 28500683 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineered minichromosomes could be stably inherited and serve as a platform for simultaneously transferring and stably expressing multiple genes. Chromosomal truncation mediated by repeats of telomeric sequences is a promising approach for the generation of minichromosomes. In the present work, direct repetitive sequences of Arabidopsis telomere were used to study telomere-mediated truncation of chromosomes in Brassica napus. Transgenes containing alien Arabidopsis telomere were successfully obtained, and Southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results show that the transgenes resulted in successful chromosomal truncation in B. napus. In addition, truncated chromosomes were inherited at rates lower than that predicted by Mendelian rules. To determine the potential manipulations and applications of the engineered chromosomes, such as the stacking of multiple transgenes and the Cre/lox and FRT/FLP recombination systems, both amenable to genetic manipulations through site-specific recombination in somatic cells, were tested for their ability to undergo recombination in B. napus. These results demonstrate that alien Arabidopsis telomere is able to mediate chromosomal truncation in B. napus. This technology would be feasible for chromosomal engineering and for studies on chromosome structure and function in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chen Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chenghong Jiang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wenhui Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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McCaw M, Graham N, Cody J, Swyers N, Zhao C, Birchler J. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization to Maize (Zea mays) Chromosomes. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 1:530-545. [PMID: 31725962 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) is the annealing of fluorescent DNA probes to their complementary sequences on prepared chromosomes and subsequent visualization with a fluorescent microscope. In maize, FISH is useful for distinguishing each of the ten chromosomes in different accessions (karyotyping), roughly mapping single genes, transposable elements, transgene insertions, and identifying various chromosomal alterations. FISH can also be used to distinguish chromosomes between different Zea species in interspecific hybrids by use of retroelement painting. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan McCaw
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nathaniel Graham
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jon Cody
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nathan Swyers
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Changzeng Zhao
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James Birchler
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, Missouri
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Swyers NC, Cody JP, McCaw ME, Graham ND, Zhao C, Gaeta RT, Birchler JA. Telomere-Mediated Chromosomal Truncation for Generating Engineered Minichromosomes in Maize. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 1:488-500. [PMID: 31725959 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Minichromosomes have been generated in maize using telomere-mediated truncation. Telomere DNA, because of its repetitive nature, can be difficult to manipulate. The protocols in this unit describe two methods for generating the telomere DNA required for the initiation of telomere-mediated truncation. The resulting DNA can then be used with truncation cassettes for introduction into maize via transformation. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Swyers
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jon P Cody
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Morgan E McCaw
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nathaniel D Graham
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Changzeng Zhao
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert T Gaeta
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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In vivo modification of a maize engineered minichromosome. Chromosoma 2013; 122:221-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-013-0403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gaeta RT, Masonbrink RE, Krishnaswamy L, Zhao C, Birchler JA. Synthetic chromosome platforms in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 63:307-330. [PMID: 22136564 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chromosomes provide the means to stack transgenes independently of the remainder of the genome. Combining them with haploid breeding could provide the means to transfer many transgenes more easily among varieties of the same species. The epigenetic nature of centromere formation complicates the production of synthetic chromosomes. However, telomere-mediated truncation coupled with the introduction of site-specific recombination cassettes has been used to produce minichromosomes consisting of little more than a centromere. Methods that have been developed to modify genes in vivo could be applied to minichromosomes to improve their utility and to continue to increase their length and genic content. Synthetic chromosomes establish the means to add or subtract multiple transgenes, multigene complexes, or whole biochemical pathways to plants to change their properties for agricultural applications or to use plants as factories for the production of foreign proteins or metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Gaeta
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Kapusi E, Ma L, Teo CH, Hensel G, Himmelbach A, Schubert I, Mette MF, Kumlehn J, Houben A. Telomere-mediated truncation of barley chromosomes. Chromosoma 2011; 121:181-90. [PMID: 22080935 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-011-0351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Engineered minichromosomes offer an enormous opportunity to plant biotechnology as they have the potential to simultaneously transfer and stably express multiple genes. Following a top-down approach, we truncated endogenous chromosomes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) by Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of T-DNA constructs containing telomere sequences. Blocks of Arabidopsis-like telomeric repeats were inserted into a binary vector suitable for stable transformation. After transfer of these constructs into immature embryos of diploid and tetraploid barley, chromosome truncation by T-DNA-induced de novo formation of telomeres could be confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation, primer extension telomere repeat amplification and DNA gel blot analysis in regenerated plants. Telomere seeding connected to chromosome truncation was found in tetraploid plants only, indicating that genetic redundancy facilitates recovery of shortened chromosomes. Truncated chromosomes were transmissible in sexual reproduction, but were inherited at rates lower than expected according to Mendelian rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kapusi
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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Teo CH, Ma L, Kapusi E, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Schubert I, Houben A, Mette MF. Induction of telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation and stability of truncated chromosomes in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:28-39. [PMID: 21745249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Minichromosomes possess functional centromeres and telomeres and thus should be stably inherited. They offer an enormous opportunity to plant biotechnology as they have the potential to simultaneously transfer and stably express multiple genes. Segregating independently of host chromosomes, they provide a platform for accelerating plant breeding. Following a top-down approach, we truncated endogenous chromosomes in Arabidopsis thaliana by Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of T-DNA constructs containing telomere sequences. Blocks of A. thaliana telomeric repeats were inserted into a binary vector suitable for stable transformation. After transfer of these constructs into the natural tetraploid A. thaliana accession Wa-1, chromosome truncation by T-DNA-induced de novo formation of telomeres could be confirmed by DNA gel blot analysis, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and fluorescence in situ hybridisation. The addition of new telomere repeats in this process could start alternatively from within the T-DNA-derived telomere repeats or from adjacent sequences close to the right border of the T-DNA. Truncated chromosomes were transmissible in sexual reproduction, but were inherited at rates lower than expected according to Mendelian rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee How Teo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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