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Scharf I, Radai A, Goldshtein D, Hanna K. Flour beetles prefer corners over walls and are slowed down with increasing habitat complexity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231667. [PMID: 38234433 PMCID: PMC10791520 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Movement affects all key behaviours in which animals engage, including dispersal and habitat use. The red flour beetle, known as a cosmopolitan pest of stored products, was the subject of our study. We examined whether the beetles preferred corners, walls or open areas, and how turns or obstacles in corridors delayed the beetles' arrival at a target cell. Beetles spent significantly more time in corners than expected by chance, while they spent considerably less time in open areas than expected. However, no significant difference was observed between areas with two or three surrounding walls. This could be attributed to the beetles' stronger attraction to corners than crevices or the insufficient proximity of the third wall to the other two. Movement through the corridor was delayed by turns or obstacles, expressed in arrival probabilities, arrival times, time in the corridor or movement speed. Obstacles on the corridor's perimeter had a stronger effect on the beetle movement than those in the corridor's centre owing to the beetles' tendency to follow walls. The research is important also for applied purposes, such as better understanding beetle movement, how to delay their arrival to new patches, and where to place traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inon Scharf
- School of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Amit Radai
- School of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dar Goldshtein
- School of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Kimberley Hanna
- School of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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2
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Cronin JT, Goddard J, Krivchenia A, Shivaji R. Density-dependent within-patch movement behavior of two competing species. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10753. [PMID: 38020706 PMCID: PMC10659955 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement behavior is central to understanding species distributions, population dynamics and coexistence with other species. Although the relationship between conspecific density and emigration has been well studied, little attention has been paid to how interspecific competitor density affects another species' movement behavior. We conducted releases of two species of competing Tribolium flour beetles at different densities, alone and together in homogeneous microcosms, and tested whether their recaptures-with-distance were well described by a random-diffusion model. We also determined whether mean displacement distances varied with the release density of conspecific and heterospecific beetles. A diffusion model provided a good fit to the redistribution of T. castaneum and T. confusum at all release densities, explaining an average of >60% of the variation in recaptures. For both species, mean displacement (directly proportional to the diffusion rate) exhibited a humped-shaped relationship with conspecific density. Finally, we found that both species of beetle impacted the within-patch movement rates of the other species, but the effect depended on density. For T. castaneum in the highest density treatment, the addition of equal numbers of T. castaneum or T. confusum had the same effect, with mean displacements reduced by approximately one half. The same result occurred for T. confusum released at an intermediate density. In both cases, it was total beetle abundance, not species identity that mattered to mean displacement. We suggest that displacement or diffusion rates that exhibit a nonlinear relationship with density or depend on the presence or abundance of interacting species should be considered when attempting to predict the spatial spread of populations or scaling up to heterogeneous landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Cronin
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Jerome Goddard
- Department of Mathematics and Computer ScienceAuburn University MontgomeryMontgomeryAlabamaUSA
| | - Aaron Krivchenia
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Ratnasingham Shivaji
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of North Carolina GreensboroGreensboroNorth CarolinaUSA
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3
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Pointer MD, Spurgin LG, Gage MJG, McMullan M, Richardson DS. Genetic architecture of dispersal behaviour in the post-harvest pest and model organism Tribolium castaneum. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 131:253-262. [PMID: 37516814 PMCID: PMC10539327 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersal behaviour is an important aspect of the life-history of animals. However, the genetic architecture of dispersal-related traits is often obscure or unknown, even in well studied species. Tribolium castaneum is a globally significant post-harvest pest and established model organism, yet studies of its dispersal have shown ambiguous results and the genetic basis of this behaviour remains unresolved. We combine experimental evolution and agent-based modelling to investigate the number of loci underlying dispersal in T. castaneum, and whether the trait is sex-linked. Our findings demonstrate rapid evolution of dispersal behaviour under selection. We find no evidence of sex-biases in the dispersal behaviour of the offspring of crosses, supporting an autosomal genetic basis of the trait. Moreover, simulated data approximates experimental data under simulated scenarios where the dispersal trait is controlled by one or few loci, but not many loci. Levels of dispersal in experimentally inbred lines, compared with simulations, indicate that a single locus model is not well supported. Taken together, these lines of evidence support an oligogenic architecture underlying dispersal in Tribolium castaneum. These results have implications for applied pest management and for our understanding of the evolution of dispersal in the coleoptera, the world's most species-rich order.
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Ruckman SN, Blackmon H. The March of the Beetles: Epistatic Components Dominate Divergence in Dispersal Tendency in Tribolium castaneum. J Hered 2020; 111:498-505. [PMID: 32798223 PMCID: PMC7525825 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic underpinnings of traits are rarely simple. Most traits of interest are instead the product of multiple genes acting in concert to determine the phenotype. This is particularly true for behavioral traits, like dispersal. Our investigation focuses on the genetic architecture of dispersal tendency in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. We used artificial selection to generate lines with either high or low dispersal tendency. Our populations responded quickly in the first generations of selection and almost all replicates had higher dispersal tendency in males than in females. These selection lines were used to create a total of 6 additional lines: F1 and reciprocal F1, as well as 4 types of backcrosses. We estimated the composite genetic effects that contribute to divergence in dispersal tendency among lines using line cross-analysis. We found variation in the dispersal tendency of our lines was best explained by autosomal additive and 3 epistatic components. Our results indicate that dispersal tendency is heritable, but much of the divergence in our selection lines was due to epistatic effects. These results are consistent with other life-history traits that are predicted to maintain more epistatic variance than additive variance and highlight the potential for epistatic variation to act as an adaptive reserve that may become visible to selection when a population is subdivided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Ruckman
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX
| | - Heath Blackmon
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX
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5
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Dallas T, Melbourne B, Hastings A. Community context and dispersal stochasticity drive variation in spatial spread. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2657-2664. [PMID: 32890416 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is a key process in shaping species spatial distributions. Species interactions and variation in dispersal probabilities may jointly influence species spatial dynamics. However, many studies examine dispersal as a neutral process, independent of community context or intraspecific variation in dispersal behaviour. Here, we use controlled, replicated communities of two Tribolium species (T. castaneum and T. confusum) to examine how intraspecific variation in dispersal behaviour and community context influence dispersal dynamics in simple experimental landscapes composed of homogeneous habitat patches. We found considerable individual-level variation in dispersal probability that was unrelated to body size variation. Further, the context of dispersal mattered, as T. castaneum dispersal was reduced in two-species communities, while T. confusum dispersal was unaffected by community composition. Incorporating individual-level variation into a two-species stochastic spatial Ricker model, we provide evidence that individual-level variability in dispersal behaviour results in more variable spatial spread than assuming individuals have the same dispersal probability. Further, interspecific competition resulted in more variable spatial spread. The variability in spatial spread observed in our tightly controlled and replicated experimental system and in our stochastic model simulations points to potential fundamental limitations in forecasting species shifting ranges without considering potential interspecific interactions and demographic variability in dispersal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brett Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alan Hastings
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Renault D. A Review of the Phenotypic Traits Associated with Insect Dispersal Polymorphism, and Experimental Designs for Sorting out Resident and Disperser Phenotypes. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040214. [PMID: 32235446 PMCID: PMC7240479 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal represents a key life-history trait with several implications for the fitness of organisms, population dynamics and resilience, local adaptation, meta-population dynamics, range shifting, and biological invasions. Plastic and evolutionary changes of dispersal traits have been intensively studied over the past decades in entomology, in particular in wing-dimorphic insects for which literature reviews are available. Importantly, dispersal polymorphism also exists in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects, and except for butterflies, fewer syntheses are available. In this perspective, by integrating the very latest research in the fast moving field of insect dispersal ecology, this review article provides an overview of our current knowledge of dispersal polymorphism in insects. In a first part, some of the most often used experimental methodologies for the separation of dispersers and residents in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects are presented. Then, the existing knowledge on the morphological and life-history trait differences between resident and disperser phenotypes is synthetized. In a last part, the effects of range expansion on dispersal traits and performance is examined, in particular for insects from range edges and invasion fronts. Finally, some research perspectives are proposed in the last part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France; ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-2323-6627
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France
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7
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Gerken AR, Scully ED, Campbell JF. Red Flour Beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Response to Volatile Cues Varies With Strain and Behavioral Assay. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1252-1265. [PMID: 30010815 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a major pest of facilities where grain is processed because of its ability to find and colonize food resource patches. Traps baited with pheromone and kairomone lures are commonly used to monitor for the presence of insects in warehouses or flour mills, for example. However, two nonmutually exclusive components, environment and genetics, could influence insect responsiveness to volatiles, impacting the efficacy of monitoring. Intraspecific variation in attraction behavior to food and mates is largely unexplored in stored-product insects, but tapping into natural genetic variation could provide a baseline for identifying genetic mechanisms associated with finding resources. Here, we assess eight strains of T. castaneum for variation in response to kairomone- and pheromone-based lures using three behavioral assays: paired choice with no forced air flow, upwind attraction with forced air flow, and movement pattern in an arena with a single odor source. We find strain-specific responses to kairomones and pheromones and evidence for heritability in behavioral responses. However, environmental coefficients for behavioral responses to both lures are high, suggesting that environment, and its potential interaction with genotype, strongly influences behavioral outcomes in these assays. Furthermore, despite the different environmental conditions among the different behavioral assays, we find a correlation for volatile preference among the assays. Our results provide a baseline assessment of natural variation for preference to kairomone and pheromone lures and suggest that careful consideration of behavioral assay is key to understanding the mechanisms of attraction in these stored-product pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Gerken
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS
| | - Erin D Scully
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS
| | - James F Campbell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS
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Palmer JO, Dingle H. DIRECT AND CORRELATED RESPONSES TO SELECTION AMONG LIFE‐HISTORY TRAITS IN MILKWEED BUGS (
ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS
). Evolution 2017; 40:767-777. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/1985] [Accepted: 04/11/1986] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James O. Palmer
- Department of Biology, Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior University of Iowa Iowa City IA 52242
| | - Hugh Dingle
- Department of Entomology University of California at Davis Davis CA 95616
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Malekpour R, Rafter MA, Daglish GJ, Walter GH. Influence of phosphine resistance genes on flight propensity and resource location inTribolium castaneum(Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): the landscape for selection. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rokhsareh Malekpour
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Michelle A. Rafter
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Gregory J. Daglish
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries; Queensland; EcoSciences Precinct; GPO Box 267 Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Gimme H. Walter
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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Khan I, Prakash A, Agashe D. Immunosenescence and the ability to survive bacterial infection in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. J Anim Ecol 2015; 85:291-301. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imroze Khan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Bangalore India
| | - Arun Prakash
- National Centre for Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Bangalore India
| | - Deepa Agashe
- National Centre for Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Bangalore India
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11
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Perez-Mendoza J, Campbell JF, Throne JE. Effects of rearing density, age, sex, and food deprivation on flight initiation of the red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:443-451. [PMID: 21510191 DOI: 10.1603/ec10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Effects of rearing density, adult density and sex ratio in the flight chamber, adult age, sex, presence or absence of food, and duration of food deprivation on rate of and time to flight initiation of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), were studied in the laboratory. Rates of flight initiation were slightly lower at lower rearing densities, but they did not differ with age or sex of adults, presence or absence of food in the flight chamber, or duration of food deprivation. Focal adults were less likely to fly when individuals of the opposite sex were present in flight chambers. Presence of the same sex or mixed sexes and numbers of individuals in flight chambers did not affect tendency to fly of focal individuals. Mean time to flight of older beetles (7-20 d old) was less than that of younger beetles (1-4 d old). No young beetles flew during the first 24 h of flight tests. Mean time to flight did not differ with rearing density, sex, presence or absence of food, or duration of food deprivation. Our results indicate that this species is highly dispersive during the adult stage and that flight does not seem to be associated with just prereproductive or postreproductive dispersal phases, high rearing density, or short to medium periods of food deprivation. Therefore, T. castaneum level of flight activity does not seem to be associated with factors that have been shown in the literature to increase dispersal by walking for this species and to increase flight initiation in other stored-product species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Perez-Mendoza
- USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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12
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Stein W. Periodizität und Individualität beim Kornkäfer,Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Ein Beitrag zum Ausbreitungsverhalten von Vorratsschädlingen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01905540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Gu H, Danthanarayana W. Quantitative genetic analysis of dispersal in Epiphyas postvittana. II. Genetic covariations between flight capacity and life-history traits. Heredity (Edinb) 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1992.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Kaufman B, Wool D. Gene flow by immigrants into isolated recipient populations: a laboratory model using flour beetles. Genetica 1992; 85:163-71. [PMID: 1624138 DOI: 10.1007/bf00120323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of immigrants as agents of gene flow was investigated in a laboratory model, using mutant marker strains of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). We show that immigrants had an advantage over residents. The proportion of hybrid offspring (PHO), resulting from immigrant mating with residents, was higher than expected from their frequency in the parental population. This advantage was observed regardless of immigrant sex and immigrant strain. The advantage seems to result from immigrant mating advantage (although not a rare-male phenomenon) and not from better survival of hybrid offspring. However, hybrid offspring seem to be more resistant to sporozoan infection, resulting in higher PHO in sporozoan-infected cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kaufman
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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15
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Korona R. Evolutionarily stable strategies in competition for resource intake rate maximization. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00302919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Riddle RA, Dawson PS. Genetic control of emigration behavior in Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum. Behav Genet 1983; 13:421-34. [PMID: 6639566 DOI: 10.1007/bf01065779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Competitive ability as a function of sensitivity to the environment I. Competition between
Tribolium castaneum
and
Tribolium confusum
in a deteriorating environment. POPUL ECOL 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02530846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Correlated effects of the response to conditioned medium in the flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02513623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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