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Liu H, Lai Y, Xu Z, Yang Z, Yu Y, Yan P. Expression Characteristics and Sequence Variation Analysis of Rice Starch Regulator 1 Gene in Japonica Rice With Transgressive Variation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.4018/ijaeis.317417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The parents and transgressive variation lines of hybrids with significant difference in amylose content were selected to compare and analyze the accumulation characteristics of amylose and the change of OsRSR1 expression in grains in the process of grain filling, and the PCR technology was used to clone the OsRSR1 gene base sequence of four varieties. The results showed that the amylose content in grains increased gradually with grain filling process, the amylose content of offspring and parents with high amylose content were higher than the offspring and parents with low amylose content, hybrids could obtain the transgressive variation lines through the continuous directional selection of amylose content in grain, and the accumulation of amylose content in grain was closely related to genotypes. The expression quantity of OsRSR1 gene in grain was increasing during the grain filling process, the amylose content of grain was closely related to the activity of OsRSR1 gene, and the expression of grain OsRSR1 gene could also produce transgressive variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yongcai Lai
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Biotechnogogy Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Zhonliang Yang
- Biotechnogogy Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yanmin Yu
- Biotechnogogy Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Biotechnogogy Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
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2
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Jiang H, Li X, Ma L, Ren Y, Bi Y, Prusky D. Transcriptome sequencing and differential expression analysis of natural and BTH-treated wound healing in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:263. [PMID: 35382736 PMCID: PMC8981635 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wound healing is a representative phenomenon of potato tubers subjected to mechanical injuries. Our previous results found that benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) promoted the wound healing of potato tubers. However, the molecular mechanism related to inducible wound healing remains unknown. Results Transcriptomic evaluation of healing tissues from potato tubers at three stages, namely, 0 d (nonhealing), 5 d (wounded tubers healed for 5 d) and 5 d (BTH-treated tubers healed for 5 d) using RNA-Seq and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis showed that more than 515 million high-quality reads were generated and a total of 7665 DEGs were enriched, and 16 of these DEGs were selected by qRT-PCR analysis to further confirm the RNA sequencing data. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that the most highly DEGs were involved in metabolic and cellular processes, and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that a large number of DEGs were associated with plant hormones, starch and sugar metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and terpenoid skeleton biosynthesis. Furthermore, a few candidate transcription factors, including MYB, NAC and WRKY, and genes related to Ca2+-mediated signal transduction were also found to be differentially expressed during wound healing. Most of these enriched DEGs were upregulated after BTH treatment. Conclusion This comparative expression profile provided useful resources for studies of the molecular mechanism via these promising candidates involved in natural or elicitor-induced wound healing in potato tubers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08480-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyue Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.,Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Zheng B, Jiang J, Wang L, Huang M, Zhou Q, Cai J, Wang X, Dai T, Jiang D. Reducing Nitrogen Rate and Increasing Plant Density Accomplished High Yields with Satisfied Grain Quality of Soft Wheat via Modifying the Free Amino Acid Supply and Storage Protein Gene Expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2146-2159. [PMID: 35142500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In a 2 yr field experiment, we investigated the combined effects of reduced nitrogen (N) rate and increased plant density on the trade-off between the grain protein content (GPC) and the grain yield (GY) in soft wheat cultivars. Reducing N application significantly decreased both GPC and GY; however, to some extent, increasing the top-dressed N ratio and plant density compensated for the GY loss. Optimizing the combination of these three factors (150 kg N ha-1 with 50% top-dressed N and 360 × 104 plants ha-1) achieved both the required lower GPC for soft wheat and relatively higher GY compared with the conventional cultivation strategy. In addition, this optimized combination downregulated 11 high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits, 8 low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits, 5 α/β-gliadins, and 2 γ-gliadins in mature grains as identified by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. Further analysis indicated that the relatively lower free amino acid content and downregulated expressions of the seed storage protein (SSP) synthesis-related genes in filling grains contributed to the reduction of SSP and GPC. Furthermore, the dilution effect induced by a relatively higher accumulation of starch than proteins also partially explained the reduced GPC. Unlike proteins, grain starch accumulation and content depended more on the soluble sugar availability, rather than on the starch synthesis capacity. These findings provide novel insights on simultaneous improvement in the grain quality and yield of soft wheat through synchronized manipulations of N fertilization and plant density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Zheng
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Jiang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Mei Huang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cai
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
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Song T, Yu Y, Zhang M, Zhou H, Zhang S, Yu M, Zhou J, Cheng J, Xiang J, Yang S, Zhang X. A Wheat TaTOE1-B1 Transcript TaTOE1-B1-3 Can Delay the Flowering Time of Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12645. [PMID: 34884449 PMCID: PMC8657464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering time is one of the most important agronomic traits in wheat production. A proper flowering time might contribute to the reduction or avoidance of biotic and abiotic stresses, adjust plant architecture, and affect the yield and quality of grain. In this study, TaTOE1-B1 in wheat produced three transcripts (TaTOE1-B1-1, TaTOE1-B1-2, and TaTOE1-B1-3) by alternative splicing. Compared to the longest transcript, TaTOE1-B1-1, TaTOE1-B1-3 has a deletion in the sixth exon (1219-1264 bp). Under long-day conditions, the heterologous overexpression of the TaTOE1-B1-3 gene delayed flowering, prolonged the vegetative growth time, and enlarged the vegetative body of Arabidopsis, but that of TaTOE1-B1-1 did not. As typical AP2 family members, TaTOE1-B1-1 and TaTOE1-B1-3 are mainly located in the nucleus and have transcriptional activation activities; the transcriptional activation region of TaTOE1-B1-3 is located in the C-terminal. In TaTOE1-B1-3 overexpression lines, the expression of flowering-related AtFT and AtSOC1 genes is significantly downregulated. In addition, this study confirms the protein-protein interaction between TaTOE1-B1-3 and TaPIFI, which may play an important role in flowering inhibition. These results provide a theoretical basis for the precise regulation of wheat flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Protection & Exploitation and Utilization of Animal and Plant Resources in Eastern Inner Mongolia, Chifeng University, Chifeng 024000, China;
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Shuangxing Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Ming Yu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianfei Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jishan Xiang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Protection & Exploitation and Utilization of Animal and Plant Resources in Eastern Inner Mongolia, Chifeng University, Chifeng 024000, China;
| | - Songjie Yang
- School of Modern Agriculture & Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China;
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
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Huang L, Tan H, Zhang C, Li Q, Liu Q. Starch biosynthesis in cereal endosperms: An updated review over the last decade. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100237. [PMID: 34746765 PMCID: PMC8554040 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a vital energy source for living organisms and is a key raw material and additive in the food and non-food industries. Starch has received continuous attention in multiple research fields. The endosperm of cereals (e.g., rice, corn, wheat, and barley) is the most important site for the synthesis of storage starch. Around 2010, several excellent reviews summarized key progress in various fields of starch research, serving as important references for subsequent research. In the past 10 years, many achievements have been made in the study of starch synthesis and regulation in cereals. The present review provides an update on research progress in starch synthesis of cereal endosperms over the past decade, focusing on new enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins involved in starch synthesis, regulatory networks of starch synthesis, and the use of elite alleles of starch synthesis-related genes in cereal breeding programs. We also provide perspectives on future research directions that will further our understanding of cereal starch biosynthesis and regulation to support the rational design of ideal quality grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongyan Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Chunduri V, Kaur A, Kaur S, Kumar A, Sharma S, Sharma N, Singh P, Kapoor P, Kaur S, Kumari A, Roy J, Kaur J, Garg M. Gene Expression and Proteomics Studies Suggest an Involvement of Multiple Pathways Under Day and Day-Night Combined Heat Stresses During Grain Filling in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660446. [PMID: 34135923 PMCID: PMC8200777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent weather fluctuations imposing heat stress at the time of wheat grain filling cause frequent losses in grain yield and quality. Field-based studies for understanding the effect of terminal heat stress on wheat are complicated by the effect of multiple confounding variables. In the present study, the effect of day and day-night combined heat stresses during the grain-filling stage was studied using gene expression and proteomics approaches. The gene expression analysis was performed by using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The expression of genes related to the starch biosynthetic pathway, starch transporters, transcription factors, and stress-responsive and storage proteins, at four different grain developmental stages, indicated the involvement of multiple pathways. Under the controlled conditions, their expression was observed until 28 days after anthesis (DAA). However, under the day stress and day-night stress, the expression of genes was initiated earlier and was observed until 14 DAA and 7 DAA, respectively. The protein profiles generated using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS/MS) showed a differential expression of the proteins belonging to multiple pathways that included the upregulation of proteins related to the translation, gliadins, and low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenins and the downregulation of proteins related to the glycolysis, photosynthesis, defense, and high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenins. Overall, the defense response to the day heat stress caused early gene expression and day-night heat stress caused suppression of gene expression by activating multiple pathways, which ultimately led to the reduction in grain-filling duration, grain weight, yield, and processing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Chunduri
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Shubhpreet Kaur
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical and Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Natasha Sharma
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Pargat Singh
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Satveer Kaur
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Joy Roy
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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Gao Y, An K, Guo W, Chen Y, Zhang R, Zhang X, Chang S, Rossi V, Jin F, Cao X, Xin M, Peng H, Hu Z, Guo W, Du J, Ni Z, Sun Q, Yao Y. The endosperm-specific transcription factor TaNAC019 regulates glutenin and starch accumulation and its elite allele improves wheat grain quality. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:603-622. [PMID: 33955492 PMCID: PMC8136912 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), breeding efforts have focused intensively on improving grain yield and quality. For quality, the content and composition of seed storage proteins (SSPs) determine the elasticity of wheat dough and flour processing quality. Moreover, starch levels in seeds are associated with yield. However, little is known about the mechanisms that coordinate SSP and starch accumulation in wheat. In this study, we explored the role of the endosperm-specific NAC transcription factor TaNAC019 in coordinating SSP and starch accumulation. TaNAC019 binds to the promoters of TaGlu-1 loci, encoding high molecular weight glutenin (HMW-GS), and of starch metabolism genes. Triple knock-out mutants of all three TaNAC019 homoeologs exhibited reduced transcript levels for all SSP types and genes involved in starch metabolism, leading to lower gluten and starch contents, and in flour processing quality parameters. TaNAC019 directly activated the expression of HMW-GS genes by binding to a specific motif in their promoters and interacting with the TaGlu-1 regulator TaGAMyb. TaNAC019 also indirectly regulated the expression of TaSPA, an ortholog of maize Opaque2 that activates SSP accumulation. Therefore, TaNAC019 regulation of starch- and SSP-related genes has key roles in wheat grain quality. Finally, we identified an elite allele (TaNAC019-BI) associated with flour processing quality, providing a candidate gene for breeding wheat with improved quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin An
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Siyuan Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Vincenzo Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, I-24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Fangming Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyou Cao
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinkun Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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8
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Ding J, Karim H, Li Y, Harwood W, Guzmán C, Lin N, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Tang H, Jiang Y, Qi P, Deng M, Ma J, Wang J, Chen G, Lan X, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Jiang Q. Re-examination of the APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive Factor Gene Family in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Indicates a Role in the Regulation of Starch Synthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:791584. [PMID: 34925430 PMCID: PMC8672199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.791584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive factor (AP2/ERF) gene family is a large plant-specific transcription factor family, which plays important roles in regulating plant growth and development. A role in starch synthesis is among the multiple functions of this family of transcription factors. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals for starch production. However, there are limited data on the contribution of AP2 transcription factors in barley. In this study, we used the recently published barley genome database (Morex) to identify 185 genes of the HvAP2/ERF family. Compared with previous work, we identified 64 new genes in the HvAP2/ERF gene family and corrected some previously misannotated and duplicated genes. After phylogenetic analysis, HvAP2/ERF genes were classified into four subfamilies and 18 subgroups. Expression profiling showed different patterns of spatial and temporal expression for HvAP2/ERF genes. Most of the 12 HvAP2/ERF genes analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction had similar expression patterns when compared with those of starch synthase genes in barley, except for HvAP2-18 and HvERF-73. HvAP2-18 is homologous to OsRSR1, which negatively regulates the synthesis of rice starch. Luciferase reporter gene, and yeast one-hybrid assays showed that HvAP2-18 bound the promoter of AGP-S and SBE1 in vitro. Thus, HvAP2-18 might be an interesting candidate gene to further explore the mechanisms involved in the regulation of starch synthesis in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hassan Karim
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wendy Harwood
- John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Guzmán
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Na Lin
- College of Sichuan Tea, Yibin University, Yibin, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiujin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qiantao Jiang,
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9
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Song Y, Luo G, Shen L, Yu K, Yang W, Li X, Sun J, Zhan K, Cui D, Liu D, Zhang A. TubZIP28, a novel bZIP family transcription factor from Triticum urartu, and TabZIP28, its homologue from Triticum aestivum, enhance starch synthesis in wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1384-1398. [PMID: 31955424 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Starch in wheat grain provides humans with carbohydrates and influences the quality of wheaten food. However, no transcriptional regulator of starch synthesis has been identified first in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) due to the complex genome. Here, a novel basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family transcription factor TubZIP28 was found to be preferentially expressed in the endosperm throughout grain-filling stages in Triticum urartu, the A genome donor of common wheat. When TubZIP28 was overexpressed in common wheat, the total starch content increased by c. 4%, which contributed to c. 5% increase in the thousand kernel weight. The grain weight per plant of overexpression wheat was also elevated by c. 9%. Both in vitro and in vivo assays showed that TubZIP28 bound to the promoter of cytosolic AGPase and enhanced both the transcription and activity of the latter. Knockout of the homologue TabZIP28 in common wheat resulted in declines of both the transcription and activity of cytosolic AGPase in developing endosperms and c. 4% reduction of the total starch in mature grains. To the best of our knowledge, TubZIP28 and TabZIP28 are transcriptional activators of starch synthesis first identified in wheat, and they could be superior targets to improve the starch content and yield potential of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Song
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangbin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lisha Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiazhu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kehui Zhan
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Dangqun Cui
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Agriculture and Biology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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10
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Guo D, Hou Q, Zhang R, Lou H, Li Y, Zhang Y, You M, Xie C, Liang R, Li B. Over-Expressing TaSPA-B Reduces Prolamin and Starch Accumulation in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Grains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3257. [PMID: 32380646 PMCID: PMC7247331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch and prolamin composition and content are important indexes for determining the processing and nutritional quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. Several transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression during starch and protein biosynthesis in wheat. Storage protein activator (TaSPA), a member of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family, has been reported to activate glutenin genes and is correlated to starch synthesis related genes. In this study, we generated TaSPA-B overexpressing (OE) transgenic wheat lines. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, the starch content was slightly reduced and starch granules exhibited a more polarized distribution in the TaSPA-B OE lines. Moreover, glutenin and ω- gliadin contents were significantly reduced, with lower expression levels of related genes (e.g., By15, Dx2, and ω-1,2 gliadin gene). RNA-seq analysis identified 2023 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The low expression of some DEGs (e.g., SUSase, ADPase, Pho1, Waxy, SBE, SSI, and SS II a) might explain the reduction of starch contents. Some TFs involved in glutenin and starch synthesis might be regulated by TaSPA-B, for example, TaPBF was reduced in TaSPA-B OE-3 lines. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that both TaSPA-B and TaPBF could transactivate the promoter of ω-1,2 gliadin gene. These results suggest that TaSPA-B regulates a complex gene network and plays an important role in starch and protein biosynthesis in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Qiling Hou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Hongyao Lou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Mingshan You
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Chaojie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Rongqi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Baoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
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11
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Liu B, Lin R, Jiang Y, Jiang S, Xiong Y, Lian H, Zeng Q, Liu X, Liu ZJ, Chen S. Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Genes Associated with Starch Metabolism in Castanea henryi Seed (Fagaceae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1431. [PMID: 32093295 PMCID: PMC7073145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most important form of carbohydrate storage and is the major energy reserve in some seeds, especially Castanea henryi. Seed germination is the beginning of the plant's life cycle, and starch metabolism is important for seed germination. As a complex metabolic pathway, the regulation of starch metabolism in C. henryi is still poorly understood. To explore the mechanism of starch metabolism during the germination of C. henryi, we conducted a comparative gene expression analysis at the transcriptional level using RNA-seq across four different germination stages, and analyzed the changes in the starch and soluble sugar contents. The results showed that the starch content increased in 0-10 days and decreased in 10-35 days, while the soluble sugar content continuously decreased in 0-30 days and increased in 30-35 days. We identified 49 candidate genes that may be associated with starch and sucrose metabolism. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, two nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPS) genes and three starch synthases (SS) genes may be related to starch accumulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the expression levels of these genes. Our study combined transcriptome data with physiological and biochemical data, revealing potential candidate genes that affect starch metabolism during seed germination, and provides important data about starch metabolism and seed germination in seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Ruqiang Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yuting Jiang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Shuzhen Jiang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yuanfang Xiong
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Hui Lian
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Qinmeng Zeng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Xuedie Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Shipin Chen
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
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12
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Peng X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Cheng B, Zhao Y, Zhu S. A maize NAC transcription factor, ZmNAC34, negatively regulates starch synthesis in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1473-1484. [PMID: 31440809 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ZmNAC34 might function as an important regulator of starch synthesis by decreasing total starch accumulation and soluble sugar content and increasing amylose fractions. Starch is a major component in endosperm and directly influences seed yield and the cooking quality of cereal grains. Starch is synthesized through a series of complex biological processes. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which starch biosynthesis is regulated in maize is still unclear. In this study, ZmNAC34, a NAC transcription factor related to starch synthesis, was screened based on transcriptome sequencing data. Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis showed that ZmNAC34 is specifically expressed in maize endosperm. Transactivation and subcellular localization assays revealed that ZmNAC34 possesses two characteristics of transcription factors: nuclear localization and transactivation activity. Overexpression of ZmNAC34 in rice decreased total starch accumulation and soluble sugar content, while increased amylose fractions. Meanwhile, the transgenic seeds exhibited alterant starch structure and abnormal morphology. In addition, compared with WT seeds, most of the 17 starch biosynthesis-related genes were significantly upregulated in transgenic seeds from 6 to 15 DAP (day after pollination). These data reveal that ZmNAC34 might function as an important regulator of starch synthesis, thus providing a new perspective on controlling seed yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Horticulture of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Suwen Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Dong J, Zheng Y, Fu Y, Wang J, Yuan S, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Ou X, Li G, Kang G. PDIL1-2 can indirectly and negatively regulate expression of the AGPL1 gene in bread wheat. Biol Res 2019; 52:56. [PMID: 31699158 PMCID: PMC6839113 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), the key enzyme in plant starch biosynthesis, is a heterotetramer composed of two identical large subunits and two identical small subunits. AGPase has plastidial and cytosolic isoforms in higher plants, whereas it is mainly detected in the cytosol of grain endosperms in cereal crops. Our previous results have shown that the expression of the TaAGPL1 gene, encoding the cytosolic large subunit of wheat AGPase, temporally coincides with the rate of starch accumulation and that its overexpression dramatically increases wheat AGPase activity and the rate of starch accumulation, suggesting an important role. Methods In this study, we performed yeast one-hybrid screening using the promoter of the TaAGPL1 gene as bait and a wheat grain cDNA library as prey to screen out the upstream regulators of TaAGPL1 gene. And the barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene-silencing (BSMV-VIGS) method was used to verify the functional characterization of the identified regulators in starch biosynthesis. Results Disulfide isomerase 1-2 protein (TaPDIL1-2) was screened out, and its binding to the TaAGPL1-1D promoter was further verified using another yeast one-hybrid screen. Transiently silenced wheat plants of the TaPDIL1-2 gene were obtained by using BSMV-VIGS method under field conditions. In grains of BSMV-VIGS-TaPDIL1-2-silenced wheat plants, the TaAGPL1 gene transcription levels, grain starch contents, and 1000-kernel weight also significantly increased. Conclusions As important chaperones involved in oxidative protein folding, PDIL proteins have been reported to form hetero-dimers with some transcription factors, and thus, our results suggested that TaPDIL1-2 protein could indirectly and negatively regulate the expression of the TaAGPL1 gene and function in starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, #15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yongxing Zheng
- The National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, #63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yihan Fu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, #63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jinxi Wang
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, #15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shasha Yuan
- The National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, #63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, #63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Qidi Zhu
- The School of Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xingqi Ou
- The School of Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Gezi Li
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, #15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Guozhang Kang
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, #15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. .,The National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, #63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
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14
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Wei J, Cao H, Liu JD, Zuo JH, Fang Y, Lin CT, Sun RZ, Li WL, Liu YX. Insights into transcriptional characteristics and homoeolog expression bias of embryo and de-embryonated kernels in developing grain through RNA-Seq and Iso-Seq. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:919-932. [PMID: 31168755 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an allohexaploid, and the transcriptional characteristics of the wheat embryo and endosperm during grain development remain unclear. To analyze the transcriptome, we performed isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) for wheat grain and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) for the embryo and de-embryonated kernels. The differential regulation between the embryo and de-embryonated kernels was found to be greater than the difference between the two time points for each tissue. Exactly 2264 and 4790 tissue-specific genes were found at 14 days post-anthesis (DPA), while 5166 and 3784 genes were found at 25 DPA in the embryo and de-embryonated kernels, respectively. Genes expressed in the embryo were more likely to be related to nucleic acid and enzyme regulation. In de-embryonated kernels, genes were rich in substance metabolism and enzyme activity functions. Moreover, 4351, 4641, 4516, and 4453 genes with the A, B, and D homoeoloci were detected for each of the four tissues. Expression characteristics suggested that the D genome may be the largest contributor to the transcriptome in developing grain. Among these, 48, 66, and 38 silenced genes emerged in the A, B, and D genomes, respectively. Gene ontology analysis showed that silenced genes could be inclined to different functions in different genomes. Our study provided specific gene pools of the embryo and de-embryonated kernels and a homoeolog expression bias model on a large scale. This is helpful for providing new insights into the molecular physiology of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jing-Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jing-Hong Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chih-Ta Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Run-Ze Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Science and Technology Daily, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yong-Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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15
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Genetic Modification for Wheat Improvement: From Transgenesis to Genome Editing. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6216304. [PMID: 30956982 PMCID: PMC6431451 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6216304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To feed the growing human population, global wheat yields should increase to approximately 5 tonnes per ha from the current 3.3 tonnes by 2050. To reach this goal, existing breeding practices must be complemented with new techniques built upon recent gains from wheat genome sequencing, and the accumulated knowledge of genetic determinants underlying the agricultural traits responsible for crop yield and quality. In this review we primarily focus on the tools and techniques available for accessing gene functions which lead to clear phenotypes in wheat. We provide a view of the development of wheat transformation techniques from a historical perspective, and summarize how techniques have been adapted to obtain gain-of-function phenotypes by gene overexpression, loss-of-function phenotypes by expressing antisense RNAs (RNA interference or RNAi), and most recently the manipulation of gene structure and expression using site-specific nucleases, such as CRISPR/Cas9, for genome editing. The review summarizes recent successes in the application of wheat genetic manipulation to increase yield, improve nutritional and health-promoting qualities in wheat, and enhance the crop's resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Fahy B, Siddiqui H, David LC, Powers SJ, Borrill P, Uauy C, Smith AM. Final grain weight is not limited by the activity of key starch-synthesising enzymes during grain filling in wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5461-5475. [PMID: 30165455 PMCID: PMC6255701 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since starch is by far the major component of the mature wheat grain, it has been assumed that variation in the capacity for starch synthesis during grain filling can influence final grain weight. We investigated this assumption by studying a total of 54 wheat genotypes including elite varieties and landraces that were grown in two successive years in fields in the east of England. The weight, water content, sugars, starch, and maximum catalytic activities of two enzymes of starch biosynthesis, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase, were measured during grain filling. The relationships between these variables and the weights and starch contents of mature grains were analysed. Final grain weight showed few or no significant correlations with enzyme activities, sugar levels, or starch content during grain filling, or with starch content at maturity. We conclude that neither sugar availability nor enzymatic capacity for starch synthesis during grain filling significantly influenced final grain weight in our field conditions. We suggest that final grain weight may be largely determined by developmental processes prior to grain filling. Starch accumulation then fills the grain to a physical limit set by developmental processes. This conclusion is in accord with those from previous studies in which source or sink strength has been artificially manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Fahy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Laure C David
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Kumar R, Mukherjee S, Ayele BT. Molecular aspects of sucrose transport and its metabolism to starch during seed development in wheat: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:954-967. [PMID: 29499342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important crops globally, and its grain is mainly used for human food, accounting for 20% of the total dietary calories. It is also used as animal feed and as a raw material for a variety of non-food and non-feed industrial products such as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Starch is the major constituent of a wheat grain, as a result, it is considered as a critical determinant of wheat yield and quality. The amount and composition of starch deposited in wheat grains is controlled primarily by sucrose transport from source tissues to the grain and its conversion to starch. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating these physiological processes provides important opportunities to improve wheat starch yield and quality through biotechnological approaches. This review comprehensively discusses the current understanding of the molecular aspects of sucrose transport and sucrose-to-starch metabolism in wheat grains. It also highlights the advances and prospects of starch biotechnology in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shalini Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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18
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Geng J, Li L, Lv Q, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, Li X. TaGW2-6A allelic variation contributes to grain size possibly by regulating the expression of cytokinins and starch-related genes in wheat. PLANTA 2017; 246:1153-1163. [PMID: 28825220 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Functional allelic variants of TaGW2 - 6A produce large grains, possibly via changes in endosperm cells and dry matter by regulating the expression of cytokinins and starch-related genes via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In wheat, TaGW2-6A coding region allelic variants are closely related to the grain width and weight, but how this region affects grain development has not been fully elucidated; thus, we explored its influence on grain development based mainly on histological and grain filling analyses. We found that the insertion type (NIL31) TaGW2-6A allelic variants exhibited increases in cell numbers and cell size, thereby resulting in a larger (wider) grain size with an accelerated grain milk filling rate, and increases in grain width and weight. We also found that cytokinin (CK) synthesis genes and key starch biosynthesis enzyme AGPase genes were significantly upregulated in the TaGW2-6A allelic variants, while CK degradation genes and starch biosynthesis-negative regulators were downregulated in the TaGW2-6A allelic variants, which was consistent with the changes in cells and grain filling. Thus, we speculate that TaGW2-6A allelic variants are linked with CK signaling, but they also influence the accumulation of starch by regulating the expression of related genes via the ubiquitin-proteasome system to control the grain size and grain weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Xiao Q, Wang Y, Du J, Li H, Wei B, Wang Y, Li Y, Yu G, Liu H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Hu Y, Huang Y. ZmMYB14 is an important transcription factor involved in the regulation of the activity of theZmBT1 promoter in starch biosynthesis in maize. FEBS J 2017; 284:3079-3099. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianlin Xiao
- College of Agronomy; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
| | - Yayun Wang
- College of Agronomy; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
| | - Jia Du
- College of Life Science; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Agronomy; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Agronomy; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- College of Agronomy; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
| | - Yangping Li
- College of Agronomy; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Maize Research Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- College of Agronomy; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
| | - Yubi Huang
- College of Agronomy; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu China
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20
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Sestili F, Sparla F, Botticella E, Janni M, D'Ovidio R, Falini G, Marri L, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Moscatello S, Battistelli A, Trost P, Lafiandra D. The down-regulation of the genes encoding Isoamylase 1 alters the starch composition of the durum wheat grain. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:230-238. [PMID: 27717459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In rice, maize and barley, the lack of Isoamylase 1 activity materially affects the composition of endosperm starch. Here, the effect of this deficiency in durum wheat has been characterized, using transgenic lines in which Isa1 was knocked down via RNAi. Transcriptional profiling confirmed the partial down-regulation of Isa1 and revealed a pleiotropic effect on the level of transcription of genes encoding other isoamylases, pullulanase and sucrose synthase. The polysaccharide content of the transgenic endosperms was different from that of the wild type in a number of ways, including a reduction in the content of starch and a moderate enhancement of both phytoglycogen and β-glucan. Some alterations were also induced in the distribution of amylopectin chain length and amylopectin fine structure. The amylopectin present in the transgenic endosperms was more readily hydrolyzable after a treatment with hydrochloric acid, which disrupted its semi-crystalline structure. The conclusion was that in durum wheat, Isoamylase 1 is important for both the synthesis of amylopectin and for determining its internal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ermelinda Botticella
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Michela Janni
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Via G. Amendola, 165, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucia Marri
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen, V DK-1799, Denmark.
| | - Jose A Cuesta-Seijo
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen, V DK-1799, Denmark.
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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21
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Liu G, Wu Y, Xu M, Gao T, Wang P, Wang L, Guo T, Kang G. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Identifies an Important Role of the TaRSR1 Transcription Factor in Starch Synthesis in Bread Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1557. [PMID: 27669224 PMCID: PMC5085620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of a wheat starch regulator 1 (TaRSR1) in regulating the synthesis of grain storage starch was determined using the barley stripe mosaic virus-virus induced gene-silencing (BSMV-VIGS) method in field experiments. Chlorotic stripes appeared on the wheat spikes infected with barley stripe mosaic virus-virus induced gene-silencing- wheat starch regulator 1 (BSMV-VIGS-TaRSR1) at 15 days after anthesis, at which time the transcription levels of the TaRSR1 gene significantly decreased. Quantitative real-time PCR was also used to measure the transcription levels of 26 starch synthesis-related enzyme genes in the grains of BSMV-VIGS-TaRSR1-silenced wheat plants at 20, 27, and 31 days after anthesis. The results showed that the transcription levels of some starch synthesis-related enzyme genes were markedly induced at different sampling time points: TaSSI, TaSSIV, TaBEIII, TaISA1, TaISA3, TaPHOL, and TaDPE1 genes were induced at each of the three sampling time points and TaAGPS1-b, TaAGPL1, TaAGPL2, TaSSIIb, TaSSIIc, TaSSIIIb, TaBEI, TaBEIIa, TaBEIIb, TaISA2, TaPHOH, and TaDPE2 genes were induced at one sampling time point. Moreover, both the grain starch contents, one thousand kernel weights, grain length and width of BSMV-VIGS-TaRSR1-infected wheat plants significantly increased. These results suggest that TaRSR1 acts as a negative regulator and plays an important role in starch synthesis in wheat grains by temporally regulating the expression of specific starch synthesis-related enzyme genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yufang Wu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Mengjun Xu
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Tian Gao
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Pengfei Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Lina Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Tiancai Guo
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guozhang Kang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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22
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Botticella E, Sestili F, Ferrazzano G, Mantovani P, Cammerata A, D’Egidio MG, Lafiandra D. The impact of the SSIIa null mutations on grain traits and composition in durum wheat. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:572-579. [PMID: 27795682 PMCID: PMC5010308 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Starch represents a major nutrient in the human diet providing essentially a source of energy. More recently the modification of its composition has been associated with new functionalities both at the nutritional and technological level. Targeting the major starch biosynthetic enzymes has been shown to be a valuable strategy to manipulate the amylose-amylopectin ratio in reserve starch. In the present work a breeding strategy aiming to produce a set of SSIIa (starch synthases IIa) null durum wheat is described. We have characterized major traits such as seed weight, total starch, amylose, protein and β-glucan content in a set of mutant families derived from the introgression of the SSIIa null trait into Svevo, an elite Italian durum wheat cultivar. A large degree of variability was detected and used to select wheat lines with either improved quality traits or agronomic performances. Semolina of a set of two SSIIa null lines showed new rheological behavior and an increased content of all major dietary fiber components, namely arabinoxylans, β-glucans and resistant starch. Furthermore the investigation of gene expression highlighted important differences in some genes involved in starch and β-glucans biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Botticella
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Tuscia,
Via San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo,
Italy
| | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Tuscia,
Via San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo,
Italy
| | | | - Paola Mantovani
- Società Produttori Sementi,
Via Macero 1; 40050 Argelato (BO),
Italy
| | - Alessandro Cammerata
- Research Unit for Cereal Quality, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics,
Via Manziana 30, 00189 Roma,
Italy
| | - Maria Grazia D’Egidio
- Research Unit for Cereal Quality, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics,
Via Manziana 30, 00189 Roma,
Italy
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Tuscia,
Via San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo,
Italy
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23
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Cuesta-Seijo JA, Nielsen MM, Ruzanski C, Krucewicz K, Beeren SR, Rydhal MG, Yoshimura Y, Striebeck A, Motawia MS, Willats WGT, Palcic MM. In vitro Biochemical Characterization of All Barley Endosperm Starch Synthases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1265. [PMID: 26858729 PMCID: PMC4730117 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the main storage polysaccharide in cereals and the major source of calories in the human diet. It is synthesized by a panel of enzymes including five classes of starch synthases (SSs). While the overall starch synthase (SS) reaction is known, the functional differences between the five SS classes are poorly understood. Much of our knowledge comes from analyzing mutant plants with altered SS activities, but the resulting data are often difficult to interpret as a result of pleitropic effects, competition between enzymes, overlaps in enzyme activity and disruption of multi-enzyme complexes. Here we provide a detailed biochemical study of the activity of all five classes of SSs in barley endosperm. Each enzyme was produced recombinantly in E. coli and the properties and modes of action in vitro were studied in isolation from other SSs and other substrate modifying activities. Our results define the mode of action of each SS class in unprecedented detail; we analyze their substrate selection, temperature dependence and stability, substrate affinity and temporal abundance during barley development. Our results are at variance with some generally accepted ideas about starch biosynthesis and might lead to the reinterpretation of results obtained in planta. In particular, they indicate that granule bound SS is capable of processive action even in the absence of a starch matrix, that SSI has no elongation limit, and that SSIV, believed to be critical for the initiation of starch granules, has maltoligosaccharides and not polysaccharides as its preferred substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maja G. Rydhal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mohammed S. Motawia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Mukherjee S, Liu A, Deol KK, Kulichikhin K, Stasolla C, Brûlé-Babel A, Ayele BT. Transcriptional coordination and abscisic acid mediated regulation of sucrose transport and sucrose-to-starch metabolism related genes during grain filling in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 240:143-60. [PMID: 26475195 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Combining physiological, molecular and biochemical approaches, this study investigated the transcriptional coordination and abscisic acid (ABA) mediated regulation of genes involved in sucrose import and its conversion to starch during grain filling in wheat. Sucrose import appears to be mediated by seed localized TaSUT1, mainly TaSUT1D, while sucrose cleavage by TaSuSy2. Temporal overlapping of the transcriptional activation of AGPL1 and AGPS1a that encode AGPase with that of the above genes suggests their significance in the synthesis of ADP-glucose; TaAGPL1A and TaAGPL1D contributing the majority of AGPL1 transcripts. ABA induced repressions of TaSUT1, TaSuSy2, TaAGPL1 and TaAGPS1a imply that ABA negatively regulates sucrose import into the endosperm and its subsequent metabolism to ADP-glucose, the substrate for starch synthesis. The formations of amyloses and amylopectin from ADP-glucose appear to be mediated by specific members of GBSS, and SS, SBE and DBE gene families, and the ABA-induced transcriptional change in most of these genes implies that ABA regulates amylose and amylopectin synthesis. The findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the coordination and ABA mediated regulation of sucrose transport into the developing endosperm and its subsequent metabolism to starch during grain filling in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kirandeep K Deol
- Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Konstanin Kulichikhin
- Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Anita Brûlé-Babel
- Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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25
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Singh A, Kumar P, Sharma M, Tuli R, Dhaliwal HS, Chaudhury A, Pal D, Roy J. Expression patterns of genes involved in starch biosynthesis during seed development in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). MOLECULAR BREEDING 2015; 35:184. [DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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26
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Kang G, Peng X, Wang L, Yang Y, Shao R, Xie Y, Ma D, Wang C, Guo T, Zhu Y. Ultrastructural observation of mesophyll cells and temporal expression profiles of the genes involved in transitory starch metabolism in flag leaves of wheat after anthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:12-29. [PMID: 24853500 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transitory starch in cereal plant leaves is synthesized during the day and remobilized at night to provide a carbon source for growth and grain filling, but its mechanistic basis is still poorly understood. The objective of this study is to explore the regulatory mechanism for starch biosynthesis and degradation in plant source organs. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed that during the day after anthesis, starch granules in mesophyll cells of wheat flag leaves accumulated in chloroplasts and the number of starch granules gradually decreased with wheat leaf growth. During the night, starch granules synthesized in chloroplasts during the day were completely or partially degraded. The transcript levels of 26 starch synthesis-related genes and 16 starch breakdown-related genes were further measured using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression profile analysis revealed that starch metabolism genes were clustered into two groups based on their temporal expression patterns. The genes in the first group were highly expressed and presumed to play crucial roles in starch metabolism. The genes in the other group were not highly expressed in flag leaves and may have minor functions in starch metabolism in leaf tissue. The functions of most of these genes in leaves were further discussed. The starch metabolism-related genes that are predominantly expressed in wheat flag leaves differ from those expressed in wheat grain, indicating that two different pathways for starch metabolism operate in these tissues. This provides specific information on the molecular mechanisms of transitory starch metabolism in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Kang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Xing L, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhao C, Zhang S, Shen Y, An N, Han M. Genome-wide identification of vegetative phase transition-associated microRNAs and target predictions using degradome sequencing in Malus hupehensis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1125. [PMID: 25515958 PMCID: PMC4523022 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A long juvenile period between germination and flowering is a common characteristic among fruit trees, including Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd., which is an apple rootstock widely used in China. microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the regulation of phase transition and reproductive growth processes. Results M. hupehensis RNA libraries, one adult and one juvenile phase, were constructed using tree leaves and underwent high-throughput sequencing. We identified 42 known miRNA families and 172 novel miRNAs. We also identified 127 targets for 25 known miRNA families and 168 targets for 35 unique novel miRNAs using degradome sequencing. The identified miRNA targets were categorized into 58 biological processes, and the 123 targets of known miRNAs were associated with phase transition processes. The KEGG analysis revealed that these targets were involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Expression profiling of miRNAs and their targets indicated multiple regulatory functions in the phase transition. The higher expression level of mdm-miR156 and lower expression level of mdm-miR172 in the juvenile phase leaves implied that these two small miRNAs regulated the phase transition. mdm-miR160 and miRNA393, which regulate genes involved in auxin signal transduction, could also be involved in controlling this process. The identification of known and novel miRNAs and their targets provides new information on this regulatory process in M. hupehensis, which will contribute to the understanding of miRNA functions during growth, phase transition and reproduction in woody fruit trees. Conclusions The combination of sRNA and degradome sequencing can be used to better illustrate the profiling of hormone-regulated miRNAs and miRNA targets involving complex regulatory networks, which will contribute to the understanding of miRNA functions during growth, phase transition and reproductive growth in perennial woody fruit trees. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1125) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Xing
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Youmei Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Songwen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Yawen Shen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Na An
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Meng F, Liu H, Wang K, Liu L, Wang S, Zhao Y, Yin J, Li Y. Development-associated microRNAs in grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:140. [PMID: 24060047 PMCID: PMC4015866 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) that down-regulate target genes by mRNA degradation or translational repression. Numerous plant miRNAs have been identified. Evidence is increasing for their crucial roles during plant development. In the globally important crop of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the process by which grains are formed determines yield and end-use quality. However, little is known about miRNA-mediated developmental regulation of grain production. Here, we applied high-throughput sRNA sequencing and genome-wide mining to identify miRNAs potentially involved in the developmental regulation of wheat grains. RESULTS Four sRNA libraries were generated and sequenced from developing grains sampled at 5, 15, 25, and 30 days after pollination (DAP). Through integrative analysis, we identified 605 miRNAs (representing 540 families) and found that 86 are possibly involved in the control of grain-filling. Additionally, 268 novel miRNAs (182 families) were identified, with 18 of them also potentially related to that maturation process. Our target predictions indicated that the 104 grain filling-associated miRNAs might target a set of wheat genes involved in various biological processes, including the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, transcription, cellular transport, cell organization and biogenesis, stress responses, signal transduction, and phytohormone signaling. Together, these results demonstrate that the developmental steps by which wheat grains are filled is correlated with miRNA-mediated gene regulatory networks. CONCLUSIONS We identified 605 conserved and 268 novel miRNAs from wheat grains. Of these, 104 are potentially involved in the regulation of grain-filling. Our dataset provides a useful resource for investigating miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in cereal grains, and our results suggest that miRNAs contribute to this regulation during a crucial phase in determining grain yield and flour quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Meng
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jun Yin
- National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongchun Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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