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Baxter BA, Baross AW, Ryan DJ, Wright BH, Kay AD. The acute and repeated bout effects of multi-joint eccentric exercise on physical function and balance in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2131-2143. [PMID: 37217609 PMCID: PMC10492690 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eccentric muscle actions generate high levels of force at a low metabolic cost, making them a suitable training modality to combat age-related neuromuscular decline. The temporary muscle soreness associated with high intensity eccentric contractions may explain their limited use in clinical exercise prescription, however any discomfort is often alleviated after the initial bout (repeated bout effect). Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the acute and repeated bout effects of eccentric contractions on neuromuscular factors associated with the risk of falling in older adults. METHODS Balance, functional ability [timed up-and-go and sit-to-stand], and lower-limb maximal and explosive strength were measured in 13 participants (67.6 ± 4.9 year) pre- and post-eccentric exercise (0, 24, 48, and 72 hr) in Bout 1 and 14 days later in Bout 2. The eccentric exercise intervention was performed on an isokinetic unilateral stepper ergometer at 50% of maximal eccentric strength at 18 step‧min-1 per limb for 7 min (126 steps per limb). Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to identify any significant effects (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Eccentric strength significantly decreased (- 13%) in Bout 1 at 24 hr post-exercise; no significant reduction was observed at any other time-point after Bout 1. No significant reductions occurred in static balance or functional ability at any time-point in either bout. CONCLUSION Submaximal multi-joint eccentric exercise results in minimal disruption to neuromuscular function associated with falls in older adults after the initial bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Baxter
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK.
| | - Anthony W Baross
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Declan J Ryan
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Ben H Wright
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Anthony D Kay
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
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2
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Hayes EJ, Stevenson E, Sayer AA, Granic A, Hurst C. Recovery from Resistance Exercise in Older Adults: A Systematic Scoping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37395837 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance exercise is recommended for maintaining muscle mass and strength in older adults. However, little is known about exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery from resistance exercise in older adults. This may have implications for exercise prescription. This scoping review aimed to identify and provide a broad overview of the available literature, examine how this research has been conducted, and identify current knowledge gaps relating to exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery from resistance exercise in older adults. METHODS Studies were included if they included older adults aged 65 years and over, and reported any markers of exercise-induced muscle damage after performing a bout of resistance exercise. The following electronic databases were searched using a combination of MeSH terms and free text: MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Additionally, reference lists of identified articles were screened for eligible studies. Data were extracted from eligible studies using a standardised form. Studies were collated and are reported by emergent theme or outcomes. RESULTS A total of 10,976 possible articles were identified and 27 original research articles were included. Findings are reported by theme; sex differences in recovery from resistance exercise, symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage, and biological markers of muscle damage. CONCLUSIONS Despite the volume of available data, there is considerable variability in study protocols and inconsistency in findings reported. Across all measures of exercise-induced muscle damage, data in women are lacking when compared to males, and rectifying this discrepancy should be a focus of future studies. Current available data make it challenging to provide clear recommendations to those prescribing resistance exercise for older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Jayne Hayes
- AGE Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Cookson Building, 1St Floor, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- AGE Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Antoneta Granic
- AGE Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher Hurst
- AGE Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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3
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Cvečka J, Vajda M, Novotná A, Löfler S, Hamar D, Krčmár M. Benefits of Eccentric Training with Emphasis on Demands of Daily Living Activities and Feasibility in Older Adults: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3172. [PMID: 36833867 PMCID: PMC9958977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in physical capabilities and several other health-related conditions. One of the most common age-related processes is sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is usually accompanied with a decline in skeletal muscle mass and physical functioning. A decrease in these markers usually impacts basic daily living activities (DLAs), which become somewhat harder to accomplish for older individuals. Several research studies have examined the demands of DLA in older individuals with results indicating that activities such as walking, sitting, standing, stair climbing, stair descending, and running generate high demands on older adults. The forces that act on individuals are in most cases equal or multiple times higher relative to their body mass. For instance, it was reported that the GRF (ground reaction force) during stair descent ranged from 1.43 to 1.50 of BW (body weight) in an older population. Even higher demands were recorded during other related activities. These demands of DLA raise the question of appropriate rehabilitative or training management procedures. During the past decades, an eccentric form of resistance training gained popularity due to its effectiveness and lower metabolic demands, which seems to be an appropriate method to develop and maintain a basic level of strength capabilities in higher age. Multiple factors of eccentric training have been examined including modality of exercise, intensity, frequency, and safety of the elderly. Several modalities of eccentric exercise have been shown to be effective including traditional methods, as well as machine-based ones, with or without using some equipment. The studies included in this review varied in intensity from low to high; however, the most frequently used intensity was ≥50% of the maximal eccentric strength during two or three eccentric sessions per week. Importantly, the prevalence of injury of older adults appears to have been low to none, highlighting the safety of this approach. In summary, eccentric training prescriptions for older adults should consider the demands of DLA and the characteristics of the elderly for appropriate management of training recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Cvečka
- Hamar Institute for Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Vajda
- Hamar Institute for Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Novotná
- Hamar Institute for Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stefan Löfler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dušan Hamar
- Hamar Institute for Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matúš Krčmár
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
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4
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Inami T, Yamaguchi S, Ishida H, Kohtake N, Morito A, Yamada S, Shimomasuda M, Haramoto M, Nagata N, Murayama M. Changes in Muscle Shear Modulus and Urinary Titin N-Terminal Fragment after Eccentric Exercise. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:536-544. [PMID: 36523897 PMCID: PMC9741722 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the muscle shear modulus of the biceps brachii, urinary titin N-terminal fragment (UTF), and other damage markers after eccentric exercise. Seventeen healthy males performed five sets of ten eccentric exercises with dumbbells weighing 50% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) at the elbow joint. Muscle shear modulus with range of interest set to only biceps brachii muscle measured by ultrasound shear wave elastography, UTF, MVC, range of motion (ROM), and soreness (SOR) were recorded before, immediately after, and 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 h after eccentric exercise. Each marker changed in a time course pattern, as found in previous studies. The peak shear modulus showed a moderate negative correlation with peak MVC (r = -0.531, P < 0.05) and a strong positive correlation with peak UTF (r = 0.707, P < 0.01). Our study results revealed a significant relationship between muscle strength, shear modulus measured by ultrasound SWE, and titin measured by UTF, as a non-invasive damage marker after eccentric exercise to track changes in EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Inami
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Japan, Senior Assistant Professor, Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 2238521 Japan
| | | | | | - Naohiko Kohtake
- Graduate School of System Design Management, Keio University, Japan
| | - Akihisa Morito
- Graduate School of System Design Management, Keio University, Japan,Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.Japan
| | | | | | | | - Naoya Nagata
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Japan
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5
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Kim DY, Oh SL, Lim JY. Applications of Eccentric Exercise to Improve Muscle and Mobility Function in Older Adults. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2022; 26:4-15. [PMID: 35038818 PMCID: PMC8984170 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.21.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle aging ultimately leads to the deterioration of human physiological functioning, including declining muscle strength, loss of muscle mass, and decreased quality of life in advanced age. Eccentric exercise is a key intervention that has the potential to ameliorate this problem. Recent studies have focused on evidence-based exercise interventions to prevent declines in muscle strength and physical function in older adults. This paper reviewed relevant literature on the use of eccentric exercise to improve muscle and mobility function in older adults. We explained not only the changes in mobility that occur with aging but also the rationale for and positive effects of eccentric intervention in older adults. We also explored several proposed mechanisms for the intramuscular changes caused by eccentric muscle contraction and considered the safety and side effects accompanying eccentric training. We concluded by suggesting that eccentric exercise is an exercise modality that can potentially improve muscle strength and enhance mobility in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Aging and Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Lyul Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Aging and Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Aging and Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Harris-Love MO, Gollie JM, Keogh JWL. Eccentric Exercise: Adaptations and Applications for Health and Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:96. [PMID: 34842737 PMCID: PMC8628948 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this narrative review are to provide a brief overview of the muscle and tendon adaptations to eccentric resistance exercise and address the applications of this form of training to aid rehabilitative interventions and enhance sports performance. This work is centered on the author contributions to the Special Issue entitled "Eccentric Exercise: Adaptations and Applications for Health and Performance". The major themes from the contributing authors include the need to place greater attention on eccentric exercise mode selection based on training goals and individual fitness level, optimal approaches to implementing eccentric resistance exercise for therapeutic purposes, factors that affect the use of eccentric exercise across the lifespan, and general recommendations to integrate eccentric exercise in athletic training regimens. The authors propose that movement velocity and the absorption or recovery of kinetic energy are critical components of eccentric exercise programming. Regarding the therapeutic use of eccentric resistance training, patient-level factors regarding condition severity, fitness level, and stage of rehabilitation should govern the plan of care. In athletic populations, use of eccentric exercise may improve movement competency and promote improved safety and performance of sport-specific tasks. Eccentric resistance training is a viable option for youth, young adults, and older adults when the exercise prescription appropriately addresses program goals, exercise tolerability, and compliance. Despite the benefits of eccentric exercise, several key questions remain unanswered regarding its application underscoring the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Harris-Love
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics, and Performance Laboratory, Geriatrics Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA;
| | - Jared M. Gollie
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics, and Performance Laboratory, Geriatrics Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA;
- Department of Health, Human Function, and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Justin W. L. Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia;
- Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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7
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Schmidt J, Ferrauti A, Kellmann M, Beaudouin F, Pfeiffer M, Volk NR, Wambach JM, Bruder O, Wiewelhove T. Recovery From Eccentric Squat Exercise in Resistance-Trained Young and Master Athletes With Similar Maximum Strength: Combining Cold Water Immersion and Compression. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665204. [PMID: 34566669 PMCID: PMC8461049 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether recovery from eccentric squat exercise varies depending on age and to assess whether the use of a mixed-method recovery (MMR) consisting of cold water immersion and compression tights benefits recovery. Sixteen healthy and resistance-trained young (age, 22.1±2.1years; N=8) and master male athletes (age, 52.4±3.5years; N=8), who had a similar half squat 1-repetition maximum relative to body weight, completed two identical squat exercise training sessions, separated by a 2-week washout period. Training sessions were followed by either MMR or passive recovery (PR). Internal training loads [heart rate and blood lactate concentration (BLa)] were recorded during and after squat sessions. Furthermore, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, resting twitch force of the knee extensors, serum concentration of creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness (MS), and perceived physical performance capability (PPC) were determined before and after training as well as after 24, 48, and 72h of recovery. A three-way mixed ANOVA revealed a significant time effect of the squat protocol on markers of fatigue and recovery (p<0.05; decreased MVIC, CMJ, twitch force, and PPC; increased CK and MS). Age-related differences were found for BLa, MS, and PPC (higher post-exercise fatigue in younger athletes). A significant two-way interaction between recovery strategy and time of measurement was found for MS and PPC (p<0.05; faster recovery after MMR). In three participants (two young and one master athlete), the individual results revealed a consistently positive response to MMR. In conclusion, master athletes neither reach higher fatigue levels nor recover more slowly than the younger athletes. Furthermore, the results indicate that MMR after resistance exercise does not contribute to a faster recovery of physical performance, neuromuscular function, or muscle damage, but promotes recovery of perceptual measures regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schmidt
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kellmann
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Florian Beaudouin
- Institue of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mark Pfeiffer
- Institute of Sports Science, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Jan Martin Wambach
- Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Contilia Heart and Vascular Center, Elisabeth-Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Bruder
- Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Contilia Heart and Vascular Center, Elisabeth-Hospital, Essen, Germany
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8
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Acute and Delayed Effects of Time-Matched Very Short "All Out" Efforts in Concentric vs. Eccentric Cycling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157968. [PMID: 34360257 PMCID: PMC8345736 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, there have been no studies comparing the acute responses to "all out" efforts in concentric (isoinertial) vs. eccentric (isovelocity) cycling. METHODS After two familiarization sessions, 12 physically active men underwent the experimental protocols consisting of a 2-min warm-up and 8 maximal efforts of 5 s, separated by 55 s of active recovery at 80 rpm, in concentric vs. eccentric cycling. Comparisons between protocols were conducted during, immediately after, and 24-h post-sessions. RESULTS Mechanical (Work: 82,824 ± 6350 vs. 60,602 ± 8904 J) and cardiometabolic responses (mean HR: 68.8 ± 6.6 vs. 51.3 ± 5.7% HRmax, lactate: 4.9 ± 2.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.6 mmol/L) were larger in concentric cycling (p < 0.001). The perceptual responses to both protocols were similarly low. Immediately after concentric cycling, vertical jump was potentiated (p = 0.028). Muscle soreness (VAS; p = 0.016) and thigh circumference (p = 0.045) were slightly increased only 24-h after eccentric cycling. Serum concentrations of CK, BAG3, and MMP-13 did not change significantly post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the appropriateness of the eccentric cycling protocol used as a time-efficient (i.e., ~60 kJ in 10 min) and safe (i.e., without exercise-induced muscle damage) alternative to be used with different populations in future longitudinal interventions.
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9
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Trivisonno AJ, Laffan MR, Giuliani HK, Mota JA, Gerstner GR, Smith-Ryan AE, Ryan ED. The influence of age on the recovery from worksite resistance exercise in career firefighters. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111467. [PMID: 34237392 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise is an important strategy to reduce injuries and improve performance in the fire service. However, given the large age range of firefighters, it is important to determine if age influences their recovery following an acute bout of resistance exercise. PURPOSE To examine the changes in indirect markers of muscle damage in young and older firefighters following a feasible worksite resistance exercise routine. METHODS Nineteen young (25.5 ± 3.4 years) and 19 older male career firefighters (50.3 ± 3.5 years) completed pre-testing, an acute bout of resistance exercise, and post-testing at 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise at their fire station. Prior to all testing, firefighters completed a work-related fatigue (WRF) questionnaire to account for potential unanticipated differences in previous shift workloads. Testing included perceived muscle soreness, ultrasonography to quantify muscle size and echo intensity (EI) of the vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps brachii (BB), countermovement jump (CMJ) height and velocity, upper body (UB) peak force (PF), lower body (LB) PF and rapid force, and electromyographic (EMG) amplitude of the VL. The resistance training session included 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions of a deadlift, shoulder press, lunge, and upright row exercise at 80% 1-RM. All recovery variables were analyzed using a linear mixed model, controlling for WRF. RESULTS There was no interaction (age × time) for any of the variables and a similar training volume were completed between groups (P ≥ 0.171). Muscle soreness, CMJ height and velocity, UB PF, LB rapid force and EMG amplitude at later time intervals (100-200 ms), and VL and BB muscle size were altered from baseline (P ≤ 0.044) for 48, 24, 48, 72, and 72 h post-exercise, respectively. Young firefighters exhibited greater CMJ height and velocity, LB PF, LB rapid force (200 ms), and lower VL EI values than the older firefighters (P ≤ 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Age did not influence the recovery from an acute bout of worksite resistance exercise in firefighters. However, UB muscle strength, CMJ performance, and LB rapid force production were reduced 24-72 h post-exercise. Appropriately scheduled and chronic on-duty resistance training may mitigate these decrements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Trivisonno
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan R Laffan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hayden K Giuliani
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacob A Mota
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Gena R Gerstner
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA; North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Education and Research Center, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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10
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Valencia AP, Samuelson AT, Stuppard R, Marcinek DJ. Functional recovery from eccentric injury is maintained in sarcopenic mouse muscle. JCSM RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 4:222-231. [PMID: 39035012 PMCID: PMC11258993 DOI: 10.1002/rco2.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Eccentric contractions induce muscle damage (EIMD) that compromises muscle function. Poor recovery from EIMD has been suggested to be a contributor to the decline in muscle function evident in sarcopenia, but it is unclear which aspects of muscle function are more susceptible to disruption by EIMD in old versus young muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of impairment in contractile function (force, fatigue, tetanus and twitch kinetics) during the recovery from EIMD in very old (VO) mice compared to young adult (YA). Methods Male CB6F1 were obtained from National Institure of Aging colony. VO mice were 29-31 months of age, and YA mice were 7-9 months of age. The plantarflexor muscles were subjected to 20 eccentric contractions in vivo to induce injury (EIMD). Changes in tetanic force and kinetics were assessed before EIMD, immediately after EIMD and 3 days after EIMD (3dEIMD). Force-frequency and rates of fatigue were assessed 3d-EIMD and compared with baseline. Histological analysis was conducted in injured and non-injured contralateral gastrocnemius muscle. Results There was a greater loss in isometric tetanic force immediately following EIMD in VO compared with YA (-31.6% ± 10.4 vs. -21.7% ± 6.0, P < 0.05). At 3d-EIMD, the rate of contraction of tetanus began to recover in VO, but not in YA (20.8% vs. -6.8%, P < 0.05), whereas the extent of recovery of force tended to be greater in VO than YA (39.3% vs. 17.1%, P = 0.08) when compared with tetanic function immediately after injury. Compared with function pre-injury (baseline), VO and YA had similar deficits in tetanic force (-7.3% ± 5.3 vs. -9.2% ± 6.0, respectively) and kinetics at Day 3. Twitch kinetics (rate of relaxation) recovered faster in VO compared with YA. The rate of muscle fatigue was similar to baseline values, with VO continuing to be more fatigue resistant than YA 3d-EIMD. There were no detectable differences in muscle mass or myofibre cross-sectional area despite continued deficits in force following EIMD in either age group. Conclusions Despite clear functional deficits and greater susceptibility to injury, aged sarcopenic muscle exhibited a similar ability to recover contractile function to younger muscle following EIMD. In addition, neither age group showed accelerated muscle fatigue in the recovery phase after EIMD; thus, sarcopenic mouse muscles do not appear to be more susceptible to long-term functional impairment than young healthy muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Valencia
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Brotman 140, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ashton T. Samuelson
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Brotman 140, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rudolph Stuppard
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Brotman 140, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David J. Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Brotman 140, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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11
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Aging and Recovery After Resistance-Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: Current Evidence and Implications for Future Research. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 29:544-551. [PMID: 33291066 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is anecdotally associated with a prolonged recovery from resistance training, though current literature remains equivocal. This brief review considers the effects of resistance training on indirect markers of muscle damage and recovery (i.e., muscle soreness, blood markers, and muscle strength) in older males. With no date restrictions, four databases were searched for articles relating to aging, muscle damage, and recovery. Data from 11 studies were extracted for review. Of these, four reported worse symptoms in older compared with younger populations, while two have observed the opposite, and the remaining studies (n = 6) proposed no differences between age groups. It appears that resistance training can be practiced in older populations without concern for impaired recovery. To improve current knowledge, researchers are urged to utilize more ecologically valid muscle-damaging bouts and investigate the mechanisms which underpin the recovery of muscle soreness and strength after exercise in older populations.
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Naderi A, Aminian-Far A, Gholami F, Mousavi SH, Saghari M, Howatson G. Massage enhances recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:623-632. [PMID: 33210806 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine efficacy of cold water immersion (CWI) and massage as recovery techniques on joint position sense, balance, and fear of falling following exercise-induced muscle damage in older adults. Seventy-eight older men and women performed a single bout of strength training on the calf muscles (3 exercises with 4 sets of 10 reps with 75% of 1RM) to induce muscle damage. After the damaging exercise, participants received either a 15-minute massage on calf muscles, or a CWI of the lower limb in cold water (15 ± 1°C) for 15 minute, or passive rest. Interventions were applied immediately after the exercise protocol and at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. Muscle pain, calf muscle strength, joint position sense, dynamic balance, postural sway, and fear of falling were measured at each time point. Repeated application of massage after EIMD relieved muscle pain, attenuated the loss of muscle strength and joint position senses, reduce balance impairments, and fear of falling in older adults (P ≤ .05). However, repeated applications of CWI, despite relieving muscle pain (P ≤ .05), did not attenuate the loss of muscle strength, joint position senses, balance impairments, and fear of falling. CWI had only some modest effects on muscle pain, but massage attenuated EIMD symptoms and the related impairments in muscle strength, joint position sense, balance, and postural sway in untrained older individuals. Therefore, older exercisers who plan to participate in strength training can benefit from massage for recovery from muscle damage indices and balance to decrease falling risk during the days following strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynollah Naderi
- School of Sport Science, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Aminian-Far
- Neuro-muscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Rehabilitation Faculty, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Farhad Gholami
- School of Sport Science, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamed Mousavi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Health and Sport Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Saghari
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Medicine, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.,Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Škarabot J, Ansdell P, Temesi J, Howatson G, Goodall S, Durbaba R. Neurophysiological responses and adaptation following repeated bouts of maximal lengthening contractions in young and older adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1224-1237. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A bout of maximal lengthening contractions is known to produce muscle damage, but confers protection against subsequent damaging bouts, with both tending to be lower in older adults. Neural factors contribute to this adaptation, but the role of the corticospinal pathway remains unclear. Twelve young (27 ± 5 yr) and 11 older adults (66 ± 4 yr) performed two bouts of 60 maximal lengthening dorsiflexions 2 weeks apart. Neuromuscular responses were measured preexercise, immediately postexercise, and at 24 and 72 h following both bouts. The initial bout resulted in prolonged reductions in maximal voluntary torque (MVC; immediately postexercise onward, P < 0.001) and increased creatine kinase (from 24 h onward, P = 0.001), with both responses being attenuated following the second bout ( P < 0.015), demonstrating adaptation. Smaller reductions in MVC following both bouts occurred in older adults ( P = 0.005). Intracortical facilitation showed no changes ( P ≥ 0.245). Motor-evoked potentials increased 24 and 72 h postexercise in young ( P ≤ 0.038). Torque variability ( P ≤ 0.041) and H-reflex size ( P = 0.024) increased, while short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI; P = 0.019) and the silent period duration (SP) decreased ( P = 0.001) in both groups immediately postexercise. The SP decrease was smaller following the second bout ( P = 0.021), and there was an association between the change in SICI and reduction in MVC 24 h postexercise in young adults ( R = −0.47, P = 0.036). Changes in neurophysiological responses were mostly limited to immediately postexercise, suggesting a modest role in adaptation. In young adults, neural inhibitory changes are linked to the extent of MVC reduction, possibly mediated by the muscle damage–related afferent feedback. Older adults incurred less muscle damage, which has implications for exercise prescription. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to have collectively assessed the role of corticospinal, spinal, and intracortical activity in muscle damage attenuation following repeated bouts of exercise in young and older adults. Lower levels of muscle damage in older adults are not related to their neurophysiological responses. Neural inhibition transiently changed, which might be related to the extent of muscle damage; however, the role of processes along the corticospinal pathway in the adaptive response is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - John Temesi
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rade Durbaba
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
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González-Bartholin R, Mackay K, Valladares D, Zbinden-Foncea H, Nosaka K, Peñailillo L. Changes in oxidative stress, inflammation and muscle damage markers following eccentric versus concentric cycling in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2301-2312. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Mujaddadi A, Moiz JA, Singla D, Naqvi IH, Ali MS, Talwar D. Effect of eccentric exercise on markers of muscle damage in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiother Theory Pract 2019; 37:801-807. [PMID: 31340714 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1644690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: Eccentric exercise may be considered as an attractive alternative to conventional exercise in pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, due to muscle damage associated with eccentric exercise, there has been reluctance in using this exercise form in PR.Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eccentric exercise on markers of muscle damage in patients with COPD.Methods: We analyzed 14 patients with moderate-severe COPD and 14 age-matched healthy controls. Both groups performed submaximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Muscle soreness (MS), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) of the elbow flexors, elbow range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference (CIR), and biochemical markers such as creatine Kinase (CK) and lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured at pre-exercise, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h following submaximal eccentric exercise.Results: There was a significant difference in markers of muscle damage, MS (p = .002), MVC (p < .001), ROM (p = .010), CIR (p < .001), and LDH (p = .001). However, no significant differences were observed in the activity of CK (p = .261) between COPD and control group following eccentric exercise which indicates greater degree of muscle damage in COPD as compared with control.Conclusion: Sub-maximal eccentric exercise causes significantly greater muscle damage in elderly COPD patients than healthy controls. Therefore, initial exercise should be progressed with lower intensities to prevent undue muscle damage in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Mujaddadi
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Jamal Ali Moiz
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Deepika Singla
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi-110025, India
| | | | - Mir Shad Ali
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Metro Centre for Respiratory Diseases, Metro Hospital and Multispecialty Institute, Noida, Uttar Pradesh- 201301, India
| | - Deepak Talwar
- Department of Pulmonology Allergy Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Metro Centre for Respiratory Diseases, Metro Hospital and Multispecialty Institute, Noida, Uttar Pradesh- 201301, India
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Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Recovery in Young and Middle-Aged Males with Different Resistance Training Experience. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7060132. [PMID: 31146445 PMCID: PMC6628445 DOI: 10.3390/sports7060132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the time course of recovery after a squatting exercise in trained young (YG; n = 9; age 22.3 ± 1.7 years) and trained (MT; n = 9; 39.9 ± 6.2 years) and untrained (MU; n = 9; age 44.4 ± 6.3 years) middle-aged males. Before and at 24 and 72 h after 10 × 10 squats at 60% one-repetition maximum (1RM), participants provided measurements of perceived muscle soreness (VAS), creatine kinase (CK), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), voluntary activation (VA), and resting doublet force of the knee extensors and squatting peak power at 20% and 80% 1RM. When compared to the YG males, the MT experienced likely and very likely moderate decrements in MVC, resting doublet force, and peak power at 20% and 80% 1RM accompanied by unclear differences in VAS, CK, and VA after the squatting exercise. MU males, compared to MT, experienced greater alterations in peak power at 20% and 80% 1RM and VAS. Alterations in CK, MVC, VA, and resting doublet force were unclear at all time-points between the middle-aged groups. Middle-aged males experienced greater symptoms of muscle damage and an impaired recovery profile than young resistance trained males. Moreover, regardless of resistance training experience, middle-aged males are subject to similar symptoms after muscle-damaging lower-body exercise.
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Menezes MA, Pereira TAB, Tavares LM, Leite BTQ, Neto AGR, Chaves LMS, Lima LV, Da Silva-Grigolleto ME, DeSantana JM. Immediate effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) administered during resistance exercise on pain intensity and physical performance of healthy subjects: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1941-1958. [PMID: 29978261 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise-induced muscle pain is a self-limiting condition which impacts physical activity habits. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) promotes pain reduction and functional improvement in different pain conditions. We propose that applying TENS during exercise might reduce pain and improve physical performance. Thus, we aimed to investigate immediate effects of TENS applied during resistance exercise. METHODS Healthy subjects of both sexes, irregularly active or sedentary were assigned into two groups: active (n = 24) or placebo (n = 22) TENS. The study was conducted over five moments: on day 0, subjects were recruited, on day 1 subjects performed the one-repetition maximum test (1RM); 72 h later, on day 2, 1RM was retested; 48 h later, on day 3, TENS was applied during a functional-resisted exercise protocol for upper limbs (bench press and rowing), with an intensity of 80% of 1RM; and 24 h after, on day 4, subjects were reevaluated. Assessment included pain intensity at rest and with movement, pressure pain thresholds, and muscle fatigue. RESULTS TENS did not reduce pain intensity when compared to placebo (p > 0.05). TENS reduce PPT in the latissmus dorsi: p = 0.02 and anterior tibialis: p = 0.04 in immediate reassessment. Immediate effects of TENS were significant for fatigue perception at rest (p = 0.01) and number of maximum repetitions during exercise sets, starting from the 5th set of rowing exercise (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Our results show that TENS did not reduce pain perception in healthy individuals, but its use induced increased muscle action, contributing to a greater fatigue perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara A Menezes
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Thaís A B Pereira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Tavares
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Belissa T Q Leite
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Antônio G R Neto
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Leury M S Chaves
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Lucas V Lima
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Marzo E Da Silva-Grigolleto
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Josimari M DeSantana
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil.
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Kim JC, Kang YS, Noh EB, Seo BW, Seo DY, Park GD, Kim SH. Concurrent treatment with ursolic acid and low-intensity treadmill exercise improves muscle atrophy and related outcomes in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:427-436. [PMID: 29962857 PMCID: PMC6019874 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the concurrent treatment effects of ursolic acid (UA) and low-intensity treadmill exercise and to confirm the effectiveness of UA as an exercise mimetic to safely improve muscle atrophy-related diseases using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with skeletal muscle atrophy. Significant muscle atrophy was induced in male SD rats through hind limb immobilization using casting for 10 days. The muscle atrophy-induced SD rats were group into four: SED, sedentary; UA, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg; EX, low-intensity (10–12 m/min, 0° grade) treadmill exercise; and UEX, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg, and low-intensity (10–12 m/min, 0° grade) treadmill exercise. After 8 weeks of treatment, endurance capacity was analyzed using a treadmill, and tissues were extracted for analysis of visceral fat mass, body weight, muscle mass, expression of muscle atrophy- and hypertrophy-related genes, and endurance capacity. Although the effects of body weight gain control, muscle mass increase, and endurance capacity improvement were inadequate in the UA group, significant results were confirmed in the UEX group. The UEX group had significantly reduced body weight and visceral fat, significantly improved mass of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles, and significantly decreased atrophy-related gene expression of MuRF1 and atrogin-1, but did not have significant change in hypertrophy-related gene expression of Akt and mTOR. The endurance capacity was significantly improved in the EX and UEX groups. These data suggest that concurrent treatment with low-intensity exercise and UA is effective for atrophy-related physical dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Cheol Kim
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yun Seok Kang
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Baek Woon Seo
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Dae Yun Seo
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Gi Duck Park
- Department of Leisure Sport, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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Warren GL, Call JA, Farthing AK, Baadom-Piaro B. Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:41-59. [PMID: 27100114 PMCID: PMC5214801 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An immediate loss of strength follows virtually all types of muscle injury but there is debate whether the initial strength loss is maximal or if a secondary loss of strength occurs during the first 3 days post-injury. OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature to determine if a secondary loss of strength occurs after an injurious initiating event. METHODS Literature searches were performed using eight electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Cochrane Library). Search terms included skeletal muscle AND (injur* OR damage*) AND (strength OR force OR torque). The extracted strength data were converted to a standard format by calculating the standardized mean difference, which is reported as the effect size (ES) along with its 95 % confidence interval (CI). The calculation of ES was designed so that a negative ES that was statistically less than zero would be interpreted as indicating a secondary loss of strength. RESULTS A total of 223 studies with over 4000 human and animal subjects yielded data on 262 independent groups and a total of 936 separate ESs. Our overall meta-analysis yielded a small-to-medium, positive overall ES that was statistically greater than zero (overall ES = +0.34, 95 % CI 0.27-0.40; P < 0.00000001). Considerable variation in ES was observed among studies (I 2 = 86 %), which could be partially explained by the research group conducting the study, sex of the subject, day of post-injury strength assessment, whether fatigue was present immediately post-injury, and the muscle group injured. From the subgroup meta-analyses probing these variables, 36 subgroup ESs were calculated and none were statistically less than zero. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings do not support the presence of a secondary loss of strength following an acute muscle injury, and strongly suggest that strength, on average, recovers steadily over the first 3 days post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amy K Farthing
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
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Acute extracellular matrix, inflammatory and MAPK response to lengthening contractions in elderly human skeletal muscle. Exp Gerontol 2018; 106:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Nikolaidis MG. The Effects of Resistance Exercise on Muscle Damage, Position Sense, and Blood Redox Status in Young and Elderly Individuals. Geriatrics (Basel) 2017; 2:geriatrics2030020. [PMID: 31011030 PMCID: PMC6371112 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics2030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of the present investigation was to study the possible differences between young and elderly individuals regarding muscle damage, position sense, and oxidative stress biomarkers in response to resistance eccentric-biased exercise. Methods: Ten young and 10 elderly individuals performed a bout of resistance exercise (i.e., squat exercise). Muscle damage indices (i.e., isometric peak torque, range of movement, delayed onset muscle soreness, and creatine kinase), position sense, and oxidative stress biomarkers (i.e., protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione) were assessed before and 48 h post exercise. Results: The main effect of time was significant for all measured parameters, indicating that resistance exercise that includes a large eccentric component causes muscle damage, disturbs position sense, and induces oxidative stress. However, no significant main effect of group or time × group interaction was found for all measured parameters (except isometric peak torque), indicating similar responses to resistance exercise for both young and the elderly individuals. Conclusion: There are no differences between young and elderly individuals regarding muscle damage, position sense, and oxidative stress after resistance exercise, while elderly individuals have lower muscle strength and seem to have a tendency for greater baseline oxidative stress compared to young individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110 Serres, Greece.
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Choi SJ. Age-related functional changes and susceptibility to eccentric contraction-induced damage in skeletal muscle cell. Integr Med Res 2016; 5:171-175. [PMID: 28462114 PMCID: PMC5390413 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Depending upon external loading conditions, skeletal muscles can either shorten, lengthen, or remain at a fixed length as they produce force. Fixed-end or isometric contractions stabilize joints and allow muscles to act as active struts during locomotion. Active muscles dissipate energy when they are lengthened by an external force that exceeds their current force producing capacity. These unaccustomed eccentric activities often lead to muscle weakness, soreness, and inflammation. During aging, the ability to produce force under these conditions is reduced and appears to be due to not only reductions in muscle mass but also to alterations in the basic mechanisms of contraction. These alterations include impairments in the excitation–contraction process, and the action of the cross-bridges. Also, it is well known that age-related skeletal muscle atrophy is characterized by a preferential atrophy of fast fibers, and increased susceptibility to fast muscle fiber when aged muscles are exposed to eccentric contraction followed by the impaired recovery process has been reported. Taken together, the selective loss of fast muscle fiber in aged muscle could be affected by eccentric-induced muscle damage, which has significant implication to identify the etiology of the age-related functional changes. Therefore, in this review the alteration of age-related muscle function and its impact to/of eccentric induced muscle damage and recovery will be addressed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jun Choi
- Division of Sports and Health Science, College of Art, Kyungsung University, 309 Suyeong-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea.
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Coratella G, Bertinato L. Isoload vs isokinetic eccentric exercise: a direct comparison of exercise-induced muscle damage and repeated bout effect. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-014-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Nogueira FRD, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Vechin FC, Berton RPDB, Cavaglieri CR, Libardi CA. Dor muscular e atividade de creatina quinase após ações excêntricas: uma análise de cluster. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-86922014200401786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: O exercício excêntrico máximo promove queda da capacidade de geração de força, aumento de dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT) e extravasamento de creatina quinase (CK) no sangue. No entanto, essas respostas ao exercício excêntrico demonstram alta variabilidade interindivíduos.OBJETIVOS: Classificar e analisar essas respostas segundo a vulnerabilidade individual, por meio da magnitude da redução dos níveis de força após exercício excêntrico.MÉTODOS: Dezoito sujeitos (11 homens e sete mulheres com idade entre 18 e 71 anos) saudáveis realizaram cinco séries de seis ações excêntricas máximas para flexores do cotovelo em dinamômetro isocinético (90°s-1, amplitude de movimento de 80 a 20°). Foram analisadas contração voluntária muscular concêntrica máxima (CVM), DMIT e CK pré, pós (exceto CK), 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h após o protocolo. Os indivíduos foram classificados como "baixos" (BR) e "altos" respondedores (AR) ao pico de queda de CVM pós-exercício seguindo-se uma análise de cluster e comparação entre grupos para CVM, DMIT e CK com teste-t independente.RESULTADOS: A comparação entre BR e AR indicou maiores valores de queda de CVM para o grupo AR (AR: -30,7 ± 3,3%; BR: -14,1 ± 2,2%, p< 0,001) e maior DMIT também para o grupo AR (AR: 33,0 ± 8,6 mm; BR: 10,2 ± 2,5 mm, p= 0,033); no entanto, os valores de pico de atividade de CK não diferiram entre os grupos (AR: 232,1 ± 54,8 UI.L-1; BR: 306,1 ± 82,3 UI.L-1, p= 0,490).CONCLUSÃO: A classificação dos indivíduos em grupos de baixos e altos respondedores foi importante para demonstrar que o grupo mais responsivo à queda de força após exercício excêntrico também evidencia maiores níveis de DMIT; contudo, para a CK essa relação não pôde ser estabelecida.
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Bouzid MA, Hammouda O, Matran R, Robin S, Fabre C. Changes in oxidative stress markers and biological markers of muscle injury with aging at rest and in response to an exhaustive exercise. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90420. [PMID: 24618679 PMCID: PMC3949717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate whether oxidative stress markers and biomarkers of muscle injury would be affected by aging at rest and in response to an incremental exhaustive exercise. Methods Fifteen young (20.3±2.8 years) and fifteen older adults (65.1±3.5 years) performed an incremental cycle ergometer test to exhaustion. Before and after exercise, oxidative stress [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbic acid, α-Tocopherol, malondialdehyde (MDA)] and muscle injury [creatine kinase (CK), lactate deshydrogenase (LDH)] biomarkers were assessed. Results At rest, there was no difference in oxidative stress markers and LDH level between the groups, however CK was significantly higher in the young group than the elderly group (p<0.05). During recovery, in comparison with resting values, a significant increase in SOD (1092±145.9 vs. 1243±98 U/g Hb), GPX (67.4±12.7 vs. 79.2±15.6 U/g Hb) and GR (6.5±0.9 vs. 7.7±0.5 U/g Hb) activities were observed only in the young group (p<0.05). MDA has increased only in the older group (0.54±0.2 vs. 0.79±0.2 µmol/l) (p<0.01). CK increased in both groups (young group: 122.5±22.2 vs. 161.9±18.7 UI/l; older group: 88.8±34.1 vs. 111.1±25.9 UI/l) (p<0.01), however LDH has increased only in the young group (400.5±22.2 vs. 485±18.7 UI/l) (p<0.01) without alteration in the older group (382.8±34.1 vs. 418.5±25.9 UI/l). Conclusions These findings indicate that aging is associated with a decrease in antioxidant efficiency and an increase in oxidative stress damage. Furthermore, older adults would not more susceptible to exercise-induced muscle injury than young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amine Bouzid
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA 4488, Activité Physique Muscle Santé, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l'Education Physique, Ronchin, France
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Research Laboratory «Sport Performance Optimisation», National Center of Medecine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Claudine Fabre
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA 4488, Activité Physique Muscle Santé, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l'Education Physique, Ronchin, France
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Comparison in responses to maximal eccentric exercise between elbow flexors and knee extensors of older adults. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 17:91-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Spanou C, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Panayiotou G, Grivas GV, Zafeiridis A, Dipla K, Vrabas IS. Aging is not a barrier to muscle and redox adaptations: Applying the repeated eccentric exercise model. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:734-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nogueira FRD, Libardi CA, Vechin FC, Lixandrão ME, de Barros Berton RP, de Souza TMF, Conceição MS, Cavaglieri CR, Chacon-Mikahil MPT. Comparison of maximal muscle strength of elbow flexors and knee extensors between younger and older men with the same level of daily activity. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:401-7. [PMID: 23610518 PMCID: PMC3629865 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s41838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging promotes neuromuscular loss, significantly reducing muscle strength. The magnitude of loss of strength seems to be different between the limbs, probably because of differences in activities of daily living (ADL). Therefore, the present study compared the muscle strength of the elbow flexors and knee extensors in younger (n = 7, mean age 23.3 ± 1.2 years) and older (n = 5, mean age 61.8 ± 2.6 years) men matched by ADL level. Methods The study participants performed maximal concentric, isometric, and eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors and knee extensors using an isokinetic dynamometer following a crossover study design. Changes in the dependent variables were compared using mixed model analysis (limb versus age). Results The main results demonstrated that concentric, eccentric, and mean contraction torques for knee extensors were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for younger men than for elderly men. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in concentric, isometric, eccentric, and mean torques for elbow flexors between younger and older individuals. Conclusion These results show that elbow flexors maintain better strength than knee extensors through aging, even when comparing individuals with similar ADL levels.
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Neuromuscular Factors Associated with Decline in Long-Distance Running Performance in Master Athletes. Sports Med 2012; 43:51-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-012-0006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Power GA, Dalton BH, Rice CL, Vandervoort AA. Power loss is greater following lengthening contractions in old versus young women. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:737-50. [PMID: 21559865 PMCID: PMC3337924 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Compared with isometric and dynamic velocity-constrained (isokinetic) tasks, less is known regarding velocity-dependent (isotonic) muscle power and recovery in older adults following repeated fatiguing lengthening contractions. We investigated voluntary and evoked neuromuscular properties of the dorsiflexors in nine old (68.3 ± 6.1 years) and nine young women (25.1 ± 1.3 years) during and following 150 lengthening contractions for up to 30 min of recovery. At baseline, the old were ~21% weaker for maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) torque (P < 0.05), ~21% slower for peak loaded shortening velocity (P < 0.05), and ~39% less powerful compared with the young (P < 0.05). Following the task, MVC torque was depressed equally (~28%) for both groups (P < 0.05), but power was reduced ~19% in the old and only ~8% in the young (P < 0.05). Both measures remained depressed during the 30-min recovery period. Peak twitch torque (P (t)) was ~50% lower in the old at task termination, whereas the young were unchanged. However, by 5 min of recovery, P (t) was reduced similarly (~50%) in both groups, and neither recovered by 30 min. The old were affected more by low-frequency torque depression than the young, as shown by the ~40% and ~20% decreases in the stimulated 10:50 Hz ratio at task termination respectively, whereas both groups were affected similarly (~50%) 5 min into recovery, and neither recovered by 30 min. Thus, the coexistence of fatigue and muscle damage induced by the repetitive lengthening contractions impaired excitation-contraction coupling and cross-bridge function to a greater extent in the old, leading to a more pronounced initial loss of power than the young for up to 10 min following the exercise However, power remained blunted in both groups during the 30-min recovery period. These results indicate that older women are more susceptible to power loss than young following lengthening contractions, likely owing to a greater impairment in calcium kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Power
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Brian H. Dalton
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Charles L. Rice
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Anthony A. Vandervoort
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
- School of Kinesiology and School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada N6G 1H1
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Training implications of maximal forces on a computer-controlled and motor-driven leg press by age group, sex, footplate direction, and speed. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Choi SJ, Lim JY, Nibaldi EG, Phillips EM, Frontera WR, Fielding RA, Widrick JJ. Eccentric contraction-induced injury to type I, IIa, and IIa/IIx muscle fibers of elderly adults. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:215-226. [PMID: 21431924 PMCID: PMC3260364 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Muscles of old laboratory rodents experience exaggerated force losses after eccentric contractile activity. We extended this line of inquiry to humans and investigated the influence of fiber myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform content on the injury process. Skinned muscle fiber segments, prepared from vastus lateralis biopsies of elderly men and women (78 ± 2 years, N = 8), were subjected to a standardized eccentric contraction (strain, 0.25 fiber length; velocity, 0.50 unloaded shortening velocity). Injury was assessed by evaluating pre- and post-eccentric peak Ca(2+)-activated force per fiber cross-sectional area (F (max)). Over 90% of the variability in post-eccentric F (max) could be explained by a multiple linear regression model consisting of an MHC-independent slope, where injury was directly related to pre-eccentric F (max), and MHC-dependent y-intercepts, where the susceptibility to injury could be described as type IIa/IIx fibers > type IIa fibers > type I fibers. We previously reported that fiber type susceptibility to the same standardized eccentric protocol was type IIa/IIx > type IIa = type I for vastus lateralis fibers of 25-year-old adults (Choi and Widrick, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 299:C1409-C1417, 2010). Modeling combined data sets revealed significant age by fiber type interactions, with post-eccentric F (max) deficits greater for type IIa and type IIa/IIx fibers from elderly vs. young subjects at constant pre-eccentric F (max). We conclude that the resistance of the myofilament lattice to mechanical strain has deteriorated for type IIa and type IIa/IIx, but not for type I, vastus lateralis fibers of elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jun Choi
- Krivickas Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Krivickas Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eva G. Nibaldi
- Krivickas Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Edward M. Phillips
- Krivickas Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Walter R. Frontera
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Roger A. Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Widrick
- Krivickas Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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Panayiotou G, Paschalis V, Nikolaidis MG, Theodorou AA, Deli CK, Fotopoulou N, Fatouros IG, Koutedakis Y, Sampanis M, Jamurtas AZ. No adverse effects of statins on muscle function and health-related parameters in the elderly: an exercise study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 23:556-67. [PMID: 22288788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a repeated bout of eccentric exercise on health-related parameters and muscle performance on subjects undergoing atorvastatin therapy. Twenty-eight elderly men participated in the investigation and were assigned either in a control (n = 14) or in a statin therapy group (n = 14). All participants performed two isokinetic eccentric exercise bouts separated by 3 weeks. Muscle damage indices, resting energy expenditure, substrate metabolism, lipid and lipoprotein profile, as well as insulin sensitivity, were evaluated before and after eccentric. No differences in muscle function were observed between the two groups either at rest or after exercise. Eccentric exercise increased resting energy expenditure, increased fat oxidation, improved lipid profile, and increased insulin resistance 2 days after both eccentric exercise bouts. However, these changes appeared to lesser extent after the second bout. No differences were observed in the responses in the health-related parameters in the control and in the statin therapy group. Eccentric exercise affected similarly the control and the atorvastatin-treated individuals. The present results indicate that atorvastatin-treated elderly individuals may participate in various physical activities, even high-intensity muscle-damaging activities, without negative impact on muscle function and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Panayiotou
- Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Center for Research and Technology - Thessaly, Trikala, Greece; Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Research Center, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Effects of eccentric exercise on systemic concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin (E2): comparison between young and postmenopausal women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3205-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nogueira ADC, Vale RGS, Gomes ALM, Dantas EHM. The Effect of Muscle Actions on the Level of Connective Tissue Damage. Res Sports Med 2011; 19:259-70. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2011.608046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hyldahl RD, Keadle J, Rouzier PA, Pearl D, Clarkson PM. Effects of ibuprofen topical gel on muscle soreness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:614-21. [PMID: 19952809 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b95db2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle soreness is a common symptom after novel exercise and may influence exercise adherence. This study examined the effect of an ibuprofen topical gel and the effect of age and sex on muscle soreness after a gym exercise. METHODS One hundred and six participants completed six sets of 10 repetitions of the elbow and knee flexor muscles. Thirty-six hours after exercise, participants were randomized to apply an ibuprofen topical gel or placebo treatment to the affected muscle groups. Soreness evaluations were taken each hour for the first 6 h (36-42 h), then at 48, 60, 66, 72, 84, 90, 96, and 108 h after exercise. Subjects then returned to the laboratory after 3 wk and repeated the same study protocol with the opposite arm/leg and treatment. RESULTS We found no significant differences in soreness between the active ibuprofen gel and the placebo treatment and no difference in effectiveness between men and women or between older and younger subjects. For the placebo groups, there was no sex differences in muscle soreness; however, when the data were analyzed by dividing participants into young (18-29 yr) and old (40-65 yr) cohort, the old cohort reported significantly less soreness in response to the elbow flexion exercise than the young cohort (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the topical application of ibuprofen is not an effective treatment for muscle soreness after an unaccustomed gym exercise. Furthermore, our results show that there is no sex difference in the soreness response and that older subjects have less soreness in response to a similar exercise stimulus as young subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hyldahl
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Hollander MS, Baker BA, Ensey J, Kashon ML, Cutlip RG. Effects of age and glutathione levels on oxidative stress in rats after chronic exposure to stretch-shortening contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:589-97. [PMID: 19882168 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated effects of age and glutathione synthesis inhibition on the oxidative stress status of tibialis anterior muscles from young and old Fisher 344 x Brown Norway male rats after chronic administration of stretch-shortening contractions. Oral supplementation of L: -buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) inhibited glutathione synthesis. Dorsiflexor muscles in the hindlimb were exposed to 80 maximal stretch-shortening contractions (SSCs) three times per week for 4.5 weeks. We measured malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and free isoprostanes to determine oxidative stress. Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured as an indicator of H(2)O(2) scavenging. Glutathione measurements confirmed the effectiveness of BSO treatment. In young rats, the SSC exposure protocol prevented oxidative stress and enhanced H(2)O(2) scavenging. In old rats, malondialdehyde was increased in the exposed muscle and a BSO-induced increase in H(2)O(2) was not alleviated with SSC exposure as seen in young rats. In addition, glutathione peroxidase activity and total glutathione were increased in old rats relative to their young counterparts. All comparisons were significant at the 0.05 level. Overall, BSO administration was effective in decreasing total glutathione levels and increasing H(2)O(2) levels in old and young rats exposed to SSCs. In addition, effects of chronic exposure to high-force resistive loading SSCs in active muscle from old animals are: (1) antioxidant capacity is enhanced similar to what is seen with endurance training and (2) oxidative stress is increased, probably as a consequence of the enhanced vulnerability due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Hollander
- Health Effects Laboratory/TMBB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is currently unknown whether specific determinants are predictive for developing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) after heavy work-related activities. The aim of this study was to analyze whether personal characteristics and performance measures are predictive for onset, intensity, and duration of DOMS after performing work-related activities during a Functional Capacity Evaluation in healthy participants. METHODS Included in this study were 197 healthy participants (102 men, 95 women), all working within a broad range of professions. Five groups of predictors were tested in a multiple regression analysis model: personal variables, self-reported activity, self-reported health, perceived effort during the test, and objective outcomes of the test. Twenty-three independent variables were selected and tested with a backward regression analysis. RESULTS The onset of DOMS could be explained for 7% by the variables: sex and the work index of the Baecke questionnaire. Variance of intensity of DOMS could be explained for 13% by the variables: age, sex, and VO2max. Variance in duration of DOMS could be explained for 8% by the variables: sex and reported emotional role limitations. Onset, intensity, and duration of DOMS remain unpredictable for 87% or more. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the intensity and duration of self-reported DOMS can only minimally be predicted from the candidate predictors used in this study.
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Cutlip RG, Baker BA, Hollander M, Ensey J. Injury and adaptive mechanisms in skeletal muscle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009; 19:358-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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FRENCH DUNCANN, THOMPSON KEVING, GARLAND STEPHENW, BARNES CHRISTOPHERA, PORTAS MATTHEWD, HOOD PETERE, WILKES GRAEME. The Effects of Contrast Bathing and Compression Therapy on Muscular Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:1297-306. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31816b10d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chapman DW, Newton M, McGuigan MR, Nosaka K. Comparison between old and young men for responses to fast velocity maximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104:531-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Weber MA, Kinscherf R, Krakowski-Roosen H, Aulmann M, Renk H, Künkele A, Edler L, Kauczor HU, Hildebrandt W. Myoglobin plasma level related to muscle mass and fiber composition: a clinical marker of muscle wasting? J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:887-96. [PMID: 17605115 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Progressive muscle wasting is a central feature of cancer-related cachexia and has been recognized as a determinant of poor prognosis and quality of life. However, until now, no easily assessable clinical marker exists that allows to predict or to track muscle wasting. The present study evaluated the potential of myoglobin (MG) plasma levels to indicate wasting of large locomotor muscles and, moreover, to reflect the loss of MG-rich fiber types, which are most relevant for daily performance. In 17 cancer-cachectic patients (weight loss 22%) and 27 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, we determined plasma levels of MG and creatine kinase (CK), maximal quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) by magnetic resonance imaging, muscle morphology and fiber composition in biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle, body cell mass (BCM) by impedance technique as well as maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max). In cachectic patients, plasma MG, muscle CSA, BCM, and VO(2)max were 30-35% below control levels. MG showed a significant positive correlation to total muscle CSA (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and to the CSA fraction formed by type 1 and 2a fibers (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). However, when adjusted for body height and age by multiple regression, MG yielded a largely improved prediction of total CSA (multiple r = 0.83, p < 0.001) and of fiber type 1 and 2a CSA (multiple r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The correlations between CK and these muscle parameters were weaker, and elevated CK values were observed in 20% of control subjects despite a prior abstinence from exercise for 5 days. In conclusion, plasma MG, when adjusted for anthropometric parameters unaffected by weight, may be considered as a novel marker of muscle mass (CSA) indicating best the mass of MG-rich type 1 and 2a fibers as well as VO(2)max as an important functional readout. CK plasma levels appear to be less reliable because prolonged increases are observed in even subclinical myopathies or after exercise. Notably, cancer-related muscle wasting was not associated with increases in plasma MG or CK in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Weber
- Department E010 (Radiology), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lavender AP, Nosaka K. Changes in markers of muscle damage of middle-aged and young men following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. J Sci Med Sport 2007; 11:124-31. [PMID: 17350334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that unaccustomed eccentric exercise induces muscle damage, but the responses of middle-aged individuals to a bout of eccentric exercise have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in indirect markers of muscle damage following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors between 12 young (age: 19.4+/-0.4 years, height: 173.5+/-2.0cm, body mass: 65.8+/-3.5kg) and 12 middle-aged men (48.0+/-2.1 years, 169.5+/-1.7cm, 67.3+/-1.6kg). It was hypothesized that middle-aged men would be more susceptible to muscle damage than young men. All subjects performed six sets of five eccentric actions of the elbow flexors using a dumbbell of 40% of maximal isometric strength (MVC). Changes in MVC, elbow joint angles and range of motion, upper arm circumference, plasma creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration, and muscle soreness before, immediately after, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after exercise were compared between the young and middle-aged groups by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. All criterion measures changed significantly (P<0.05) after exercise, but no significant differences in the changes in the measures except for muscle soreness were evident between groups. Development of muscle soreness after exercise was significantly (P<0.05) lower (approximately a half of the value) for the middle-aged group compared with the young group. These results did not support the hypothesis that middle-aged men would be more susceptible to muscle damage than young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Lavender
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Lavender AP, Nosaka K. Fluctuations of isometric force after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors of young, middle-aged, and old men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 100:161-7. [PMID: 17310389 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study compared force fluctuations during isometric contraction following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors between young, middle-aged, and old subjects. Ten young (20 +/- 2.0 years), 12 middle-aged (48 +/- 7.3 years), and 10 old (71 +/- 4.1 years) men performed six sets of five eccentric actions of the elbow flexors using a dumbbell weighing 40% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength (MVC) at an elbow joint angle of 90 degrees (1.57 rad). MVC was measured before, immediately after, and 1-5 days following exercise, and the force fluctuations were assessed at 30, 50, and 80% of the corresponding time point MVC using coefficient of variation (CV) of force data collected at a frequency of 100 Hz for 4 s. Changes in MVC and CV over time were compared between groups by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Changes in MVC following exercise were not significantly different between the young and middle-aged groups, but the old group showed significantly (P < 0.05) smaller decreases in MVC compared with other groups. CV increased significantly (P < 0.05) only immediately after exercise without a significant difference among the three intensities, and no significant differences between groups were evident. It was concluded that force fluctuations during submaximal isometric tasks after eccentric exercise were not affected by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Lavender
- Department of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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Lavender AP, Nosaka K. Responses of old men to repeated bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors in comparison with young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97:619-26. [PMID: 16767435 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A bout of eccentric exercise confers protection against subsequent bouts of the same exercise. This study investigated whether the protective effect would be produced similarly between old and young adults. Eight old men (70.5 +/- 4.1 years) and ten young men (20.4 +/- 2.0 years) performed two bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors (six sets of five eccentric actions) separated by 4 weeks. Changes in maximal isometric strength, range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference (CIR), plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, myoglobin (Mb) concentration, and muscle soreness (SOR) before, immediately after, and 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h following exercise were compared between bouts, and between groups by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Changes in the measures following the first bout were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller for the old than the young group. The young group showed significantly (P < 0.05) smaller changes in all measures following the second bout than the first bout; however, the old group had the protective effect only for ROM, Mb, and SOR. The magnitude of the effect observed for ROM and Mb concentration in the old group was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller compared with that of the young group. These results suggest that the protective effect conferred by the first bout was less for the old than the young group. This may be due to the less muscle damage after the first bout in the old subjects, but it is also possible that the protective effect of old adults does not last as long as that of young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Lavender
- Exercise and Sports Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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