1
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Baart AM, Schaminee H, Mensink M, Terink R. Effect of a low carbohydrate, high fat diet versus a high carbohydrate diet on exercise efficiency and economy in recreational male athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:282-291. [PMID: 36239287 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.14066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise efficiency and economy are key determinants of endurance exercise performance. In this cross-over intervention trial, we investigated the effect of adherence to a low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet versus a high carbohydrate (HC) diet on gross efficiency (GE) and (OC) during exercise, both after 2 days and after 14 days of adherence. METHODS Fourteen recreational male athletes followed a two-week LCHF diet (<10 energy % carbohydrate) and a two-week HC diet (>50 energy % carbohydrate), in random order, with a wash-out period of three weeks in between. After 2 and 14 days on each diet, the athletes performed a 90-minutes submaximal exercise session on a bicycle ergometer. Indirect calorimetry measurements were done after 60 minutes of exercise to calculate GE and OC. RESULTS GE was significantly lower on the LCHF diet compared to the HC diet, after 2 days (17.6±1.9 vs. 18.8±1.2%, P=0.011, for the LCHF and HC diet respectively), not after 14 days. OC was significantly higher on the LCHF diet compared to the HC diet, after 2 days (1191±138 vs. 1087±72 mL O<inf>2</inf>/kCal, P=0.003, for the LCHF and HC diet respectively), and showed a strong tendency to remain higher after 14 days, P=0.018. CONCLUSIONS Although LCHF diets are popular strategies to increase fat oxidation during exercise, adherence to a LCHF diet was associated with a lower exercise efficiency and economy compared to a HC diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mireille Baart
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, the Netherlands -
| | - Hennes Schaminee
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rieneke Terink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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2
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Smith NDW, Scott BR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ. Aerobic Training With Blood Flow Restriction for Endurance Athletes: Potential Benefits and Considerations of Implementation. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3541-3550. [PMID: 34175880 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Smith, NDW, Scott, BR, Girard, O, and Peiffer, JJ. Aerobic training with blood flow restriction for endurance athletes: potential benefits and considerations of implementation. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3541-3550, 2022-Low-intensity aerobic training with blood flow restriction (BFR) can improve maximal oxygen uptake, delay the onset of blood lactate accumulation, and may provide marginal benefits to economy of motion in untrained individuals. Such a training modality could also improve these physiological attributes in well-trained athletes. Indeed, aerobic BFR training could be beneficial for those recovering from injury, those who have limited time for training a specific physiological capacity, or as an adjunct training stimulus to provide variation in a program. However, similarly to endurance training without BFR, using aerobic BFR training to elicit physiological adaptations in endurance athletes will require additional considerations compared with nonendurance athletes. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the acute and chronic aspects of aerobic BFR exercise for well-trained endurance athletes and highlight considerations for its effective implementation. This review first highlights key physiological capacities of endurance performance. The acute and chronic responses to aerobic BFR exercise and their impact on performance are then discussed. Finally, considerations for prescribing and monitoring aerobic BFR exercise in trained endurance populations are addressed to challenge current views on how BFR exercise is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
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3
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Rovai S, Magini A, Cittar M, Masè M, Carriere C, Contini M, Vignati C, Sinagra G, Agostoni P. Evidence of a double anaerobic threshold in healthy subjects. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 29:502-509. [PMID: 34160034 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The anaerobic threshold (AT) is an important cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameter both in healthy and in patients. It is normally determined with three approaches: V-slope method, ventilatory equivalent method, and end-tidal method. The finding of different AT values with these methods is only anecdotic. We defined the presence of a double threshold (DT) when a ΔVO2 > 15 mL/min was observed between the V-slope method (met AT) and the other two methods (vent AT). The aim was to identify whether there is a DT in healthy subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively analysed 476 healthy subjects who performed CPET in our laboratory between 2009 and 2018. We identified 51 subjects with a DT (11% of cases). Cardiopulmonary exercise test data at rest and during the exercise were not different in subjects with DT compared to those without. Met AT always preceded vent AT. Compared to subjects without DT, those with DT showed at met AT lower carbon dioxide output (VCO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and higher ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2). Compared to met AT, vent AT showed a higher oxygen uptake (VO2), VCO2, ventilation, respiratory rate, RER, work rate, and PetCO2 but a lower VE/VCO2 and end-tidal oxygen tension. Finally, subjects with DT showed a higher VO2 increase during the isocapnic buffering period. CONCLUSION Double threshold was present in healthy subjects. The presence of DT does not influence peak exercise performance, but it is associated with a delayed before acidosis-induced hyperventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rovai
- Department of Heart Failure and Clinical Cardiology, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Magini
- Department of Heart Failure and Clinical Cardiology, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Cittar
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Masè
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cosimo Carriere
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Contini
- Department of Heart Failure and Clinical Cardiology, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Vignati
- Department of Heart Failure and Clinical Cardiology, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Department of Heart Failure and Clinical Cardiology, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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4
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Gross Efficiency and The Relationship with Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Young Elite Cyclists During the Competitive Season. J Hum Kinet 2019; 67:123-131. [PMID: 31523311 PMCID: PMC6714367 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed gross efficiency (GE) during a single competitive season and determined the relationship between GE and maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) in young elite cyclists (n = 15, 20.1 ± 1.4 yrs, 177.5 ± 5.7 cm, 68.3 ± 6.2 kg, 45.2 ± 7.5 mm of six skinfolds) during a competitive season. Participants completed at two occasions (T1 = April; T2 = July), a progressive bike protocol (initial intensity = 100 W, 35 W increments every 3 min) until volitional exhaustion to assess V̇O2max and submaximal variables. A single capillary blood sample was drawn from the left earlobe immediately after completion of each exercise load to determine lactate thresholds. Cyclists' GE was calculated as ([work accomplished/energy expended] x 100). No significant differences were obtained in GE at any workload between T1 and T2 or in the mean GE between T1 (19.3%) and T2 (19.4%) testing (p = 0.93). No significant association was found between mean GE and V̇O2max at either T1 (r = -0.28, p = 0.30), or T2 (r = -0.27, p = 0.32). GE of young elite cyclists might not vary during the most important phase of the training season and GE was not related to V̇O2max. A lower accumulated volume and intensity of training of these cyclists may account for their lower GE in comparison to older professional cyclists and might not have been enough to foster higher increases of GE in cyclists with lower V̇O2max.
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5
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Jeffries O, Evans DT, Waldron M, Coussens A, Patterson SD. Seven-day ischaemic preconditioning improves muscle efficiency during cycling. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2798-2805. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1664537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jeffries
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Thomas Evans
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, London, UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Coussens
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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6
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Rønnestad BR, Vikmoen O. A 11-day compressed overload and taper induces larger physiological improvements than a normal taper in elite cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1856-1865. [PMID: 31410894 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Endurance athletes usually achieve performance peaking with 2-4 weeks of overload training followed by 1-3 weeks of tapering. With a tight competition schedule, this may not be appropriate. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of a compressed variant of the recommended overload and tapering approach (EXP; n = 9, VO2peak = 77 ± 5 mL·min-1 ·kg-1 ) with a 11-day traditional taper that maintained the usual frequency of high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIT) and reduced the duration of training at lower exercise intensity (TRAD, n = 8, VO2peak = 74 ± 4 mL·min-1 ·kg-1 ) on physiological and psychological variables of endurance performance. EXP performed a 6-day period with daily HIT followed by a 5-day step taper. Testing was performed before the intervention (pre), on the 7th (post-1), and on the 11th day of the intervention (post-2). From pre to post-2, EXP achieved a larger relative improvement than TRAD in VO2peak (4.0 ± 3.7% vs 0.8 ± 1.8%, respectively, P = .041) and the 1-min peak power output from the VO2peak test (5.0 ± 3.6% vs 0.9 ± 1.5%, respectively, P = .009) and had a tendency toward larger improvement in power output at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol∙L-1 (P = .088) and peak isokinetic knee extension (P = .06). The effect size of the relative improvement in the endurance variables revealed a moderate-to-large effect of EXP vs TRAD. In conclusion, this study indicates that elite cyclists performing the present 11-day compressed performance peaking protocol consisting of a 6-day HIT overload followed by a 5-day step taper are superior to a 11-day taper only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent R Rønnestad
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Olav Vikmoen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University, Lillehammer, Norway.,Comprehensive Defence Division, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
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7
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Davranche K, Tempest GD, Gajdos T, Radel R. Impact of Physical and Cognitive Exertion on Cognitive Control. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2369. [PMID: 30538660 PMCID: PMC6277630 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent study, the differential effects of prolonged physiologically challenging exercise upon two executive processes (cognitive control and working memory) were investigated. However, the impact of exercise on the selective inhibition task employed was debatable and needed further analysis to dissociate the effects induced by exercise intensity from those induced by the time spent on task upon cognitive control outcomes. In this study, we propose a thorough analysis of these data, using a generalized mixed model on a trial-by-trial basis and a new measure of the strength of the automatic response based on reaction time distribution, to disentangle the effect of physical fatigue from cognitive fatigue. Despite the prolonged duration of exercise, no decline in cognitive performance was found in response to physical fatigue. The only change observed during 60-min exercise was an acceleration of the correct trials and an increase of errors for incompatible trials. This pattern, shown during low and physiologically challenging exercise, supports the occurrence of cognitive fatigue induced by the repetition of the cognitive tasks over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin D. Tempest
- LAMHESS, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Rémi Radel
- LAMHESS, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
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8
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Dionne JF, Lajoie C, Gendron P, Freiberger E, Trudeau F. Physiological and Psychological Adaptations of Trained Cyclists to Spring Cycling Camps. J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:137-146. [PMID: 30429906 PMCID: PMC6231346 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to assess physiological adaptations and measure mood outcomes following a cycling training camp in competitive athletes. Fourteen competitive athletes (8 males, 6 females) performed 2 incremental tests to exhaustion before and after a training camp. Volume and intensity (load) of the training regimen were recorded. Submaximal and maximal metabolic data were analysed, as well as economy variables (gross mechanical efficiency and cycling economy). Skeletal muscle adaptations were assessed using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). For both genders (n = 14), peak power output, peak power output-W/kg ratio and peak power output-B[La] were significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the cycling training camp (p < 0.05). Significant increases occurred for gross mechanical efficiency measured at the lactate threshold (+4.9%) and at the same precamp lactate threshold power output (+2.9%). At the lactate threshold and Post Camp Lactate Threshold Power, cycling economy increased by 5.2 and 2.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). These power measurements were significantly correlated with individual fluctuations in deoxyhaemoglobin in the vastus lateralis for male cyclists only. Profile of Mood State questionnaire results showed that subcategories “Tension-Anxiety”, “Confusion”, “Fatigue” and “Total Global Score” significantly decreased after the training camp. Cycling training camps were associated with positive adaptations (increased cycling economy, gross mechanical efficiency and power output) as well as some mental benefits. This indicates that despite some significant physiological adaptations participants probably did not overreach during their CTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Dionne
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Claude Lajoie
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Gendron
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Eduardo Freiberger
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - François Trudeau
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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9
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Svendsen IS, Tønnesen E, Tjelta LI, Ørn S. Training, Performance, and Physiological Predictors of a Successful Elite Senior Career in Junior Competitive Road Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1287-1292. [PMID: 29745739 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether training, performance, or physiological variables at age 18 can predict which athletes become World Tour (WT) riders at senior level. METHODS Based on performance level at age 23, 80 competitive male cyclists were retrospectively categorized into 4 groups: retired (n = 21), club (n = 26), continental (n = 24), or WT (n = 9). Data collected at age 18 were analyzed to determine whether training, performance, or physiological variables differed significantly between groups. RESULTS At age 23, 9 riders (11%) were WT level. These riders competed significantly more at age 18 than athletes who were club level (91.5 [19.1] h vs 62.8 [21.8] h, P = .032) or retired by age 23 (61.8 [23.4] h, P = .014). WT athletes placed significantly better in national road championships at age 18 than did continental, club, and retired athletes (all P < .01). Receiver-operating-characteristic analysis showed that placing at national championships at age 18 had good accuracy in predicting whether the athlete would later reach WT level (area under the curve = 0.882). WT athletes had significantly higher maximal aerobic power at age 18 than athletes who did not reach WT level (533 [23] vs 451 [41] W and 6.9 [0.4] vs 6.2 [0.4] W/kg, P < .05). CONCLUSION Already at junior level, there were performance and physiological differences distinguishing those who later became WT riders. The findings emphasize the need for high volumes of training and competition, as well as a high level of race performance already at junior level, to become a successful elite road cyclist.
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10
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Skovereng K, Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, Hammarström D, Danielsen J, Seiler S, Rønnestad BR, Sandbakk Ø. Effects of Initial Performance, Gross Efficiency and O 2peak Characteristics on Subsequent Adaptations to Endurance Training in Competitive Cyclists. Front Physiol 2018; 9:713. [PMID: 29962959 PMCID: PMC6010573 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of initial levels of cycling performance, peak oxygen uptake (O2peak) and gross efficiency (GE) on the subsequent adaptations of these variables and their relationship following high-intensity training (HIT) designed to increase O2peak in competitive cyclists. Sixty cyclists (O2peak = 61 ± 6 mL kg-1 min-1) were assigned a 12-week training program consisting of twenty-four supervised high-intensity interval training sessions and ad libitum low intensity training. GE was calculated at 125, 175, and 225 W and performance was determined by mean power during a 40-min time-trial (Power40 min). In addition to correlation analyses between initial level and pre- to post-intervention changes of the different variables, we compared these changes between four groups where participants were categorized with either low and/or high initial levels of O2peak and GE. Average volume of high- and low-intensity training during the 12-week intervention was 1.5 ± 0.3 and 8.3 ± 2.7 h·week-1, respectively. Following the 12-week training period, there was a significant increase in absolute and body mass normalized O2peak and Power40 min (p < 0.05) and a significant decrease in GE (p < 0.05) for all athletes pooled. There was no change in body mass following the 12-week training period. We found a moderate negative correlation between initial level of O2peak and the change in O2peak following the training period (r = -0.32; p < 0.05). A small negative correlation was also found between initial Power40 min and its change following training both when expressed in absolute power and power normalized for body mass (r = -0.27 and -0.28; both p < 0.05). A moderate negative correlation was also found between initial levels for GE and its change following training (r = -0.44; p < 0.01). There were no differences between the four groups based on initial levels of O2peak and GE in the response to training on O2peak, GE, or Power40 min (all p > 0.12). In conclusion, the present findings suggest that there are statistically significant effects of initial levels of cycling performance and O2peak and on the subsequent adaptations following a 12-week HIT program, but the small and moderate effects indicate limited influence on training practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Skovereng
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Sylta
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Daniel Hammarström
- Section for Sport Science, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Jørgen Danielsen
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Bent R Rønnestad
- Section for Sport Science, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Kordi M, Haralabidis N, Huby M, Barratt PR, Howatson G, Wheat JS. Reliability and validity of depth camera 3D scanning to determine thigh volume. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:36-41. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1480857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kordi
- British Cycling, National Cycling Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Matthew Huby
- Institute of Sport, Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jon Stephen Wheat
- Centre of Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Broomgrove Hall, UK
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12
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Coakley SL, Passfield L. Individualised training at different intensities, in untrained participants, results in similar physiological and performance benefits. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:881-888. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1346269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Coakley
- a Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences , University of Kent , Chatham , UK
| | - Louis Passfield
- a Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences , University of Kent , Chatham , UK
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13
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Tempest GD, Davranche K, Brisswalter J, Perrey S, Radel R. The differential effects of prolonged exercise upon executive function and cerebral oxygenation. Brain Cogn 2017; 113:133-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Salazar-Martínez E, Terrados N, Burtscher M, Santalla A, Naranjo Orellana J. Ventilatory efficiency and breathing pattern in world-class cyclists: A three-year observational study. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 229:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Hopker JG, O'Grady C, Pageaux B. Prolonged constant load cycling exercise is associated with reduced gross efficiency and increased muscle oxygen uptake. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:408-417. [PMID: 26993076 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of prolonged constant load cycling exercise on cycling efficiency and local muscle oxygen uptake responses. Fourteen well-trained cyclists each completed a 2-h steady-state cycling bout at 60% of their maximal minute power output to assess changes in gross cycling efficiency (GE) and muscle oxygen uptake (mVO2 ) at time points 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Near-infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to continually monitor tissue oxygenation of the Vastus Lateralis muscle, with arterial occlusions (OCC) applied to assess mVO2 . The half-recovery time of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2 ) was also assessed pre and post the 2-h cycling exercise by measuring the hyperemic response following a 5-min OCC. GE significantly declined during the 2-h cycling bout (18.4 ± 1.6 to 17.4 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01). Conversely, mVO2 increased, being significantly higher after 90 and 120 min than at min 5 (+0.04 mlO2 /min/100 g; P = 0.03). The half-recovery time for HbO2 was increased comparing pre and post the 2-h cycling exercise (+7.1 ± 19s), albeit not significantly (d: 0.48; P = 0.27). This study demonstrates that GE decreases during prolonged constant load cycling exercise and provides evidence of an increased mVO2 , suggestive of progressive mitochondrial or contractile inefficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - C O'Grady
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - B Pageaux
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,CAPS UMR1093, INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
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16
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Paquette M, Le Blanc O, Lucas SJE, Thibault G, Bailey DM, Brassard P. Effects of submaximal and supramaximal interval training on determinants of endurance performance in endurance athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:318-326. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology; Faculty of Medicine; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec; Québec QC Canada
| | - O. Le Blanc
- Department of Kinesiology; Faculty of Medicine; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec; Québec QC Canada
| | - S. J. E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
- Department of Physiology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - G. Thibault
- Department of Kinesiology; Faculty of Medicine; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - D. M. Bailey
- Neurovascular Research, Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education; University of South Wales; South Wales UK
- Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie; Laboratoire Chimie Provence UMR 6264 CNRS; Université de Provence Marseille; Marseille France
| | - P. Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology; Faculty of Medicine; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec; Québec QC Canada
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The Use of Gross Efficiency Coefficients in Cyclists’ Endurance Tests. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2015.4-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Clark B, Costa VP, O'Brien BJ, Guglielmo LG, Paton CD. Effects of a seven day overload-period of high-intensity training on performance and physiology of competitive cyclists. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115308. [PMID: 25521824 PMCID: PMC4270748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Competitive endurance athletes commonly undertake periods of overload training in the weeks prior to major competitions. This investigation examined the effects of two seven-day high-intensity overload training regimes (HIT) on performance and physiological characteristics of competitive cyclists. DESIGN The study was a matched groups, controlled trial. METHODS Twenty-eight male cyclists (mean ± SD, Age: 33±10 years, Mass 74±7 kg, VO2 peak 4.7±0.5 L·min-1) were assigned to a control group or one of two training groups for seven consecutive days of HIT. Before and after training cyclists completed an ergometer based incremental exercise test and a 20-km time-trial. The HIT sessions were ∼120 minutes in duration and consisted of matched volumes of 5, 10 and 20 second (short) or 15, 30 and 45 second (long) maximal intensity efforts. RESULTS Both the short and long HIT regimes led to significant (p<0.05) gains in time trial performance compared to the control group. Relative to the control group, the mean changes (±90% confidence limits) in time-trial power were 8.2%±3.8% and 10.4%±4.3% for the short and long HIT regimes respectively; corresponding increases in peak power in the incremental test were 5.5%±2.7% and 9.5%±2.5%. Both HIT (short vs long) interventions led to non-significant (p>0.05) increases (mean ± SD) in VO2 peak (2.3%±4.7% vs 3.5%±6.2%), lactate threshold power (3.6%±3.5% vs 2.9%±5.3%) and gross efficiency (3.2%±2.4% vs 5.1%±3.9%) with only small differences between HIT regimes. CONCLUSIONS Seven days of overload HIT induces substantial enhancements in time-trial performance despite non-significant increases in physiological measures with competitive cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Clark
- School of Health Science, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vitor P. Costa
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Brendan J. O'Brien
- School of Health Science, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luiz G. Guglielmo
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carl D. Paton
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, The Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand
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Hopker JG, Coleman DA, Gregson HC, Jobson SA, Von der Haar T, Wiles J, Passfield L. The influence of training status, age, and muscle fiber type on cycling efficiency and endurance performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:723-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00361.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of age, training status, and muscle fiber-type distribution on cycling efficiency. Forty men were recruited into one of four groups: young and old trained cyclists, and young and old untrained individuals. All participants completed an incremental ramp test to measure their peak O2 uptake, maximal heart rate, and maximal minute power output; a submaximal test of cycling gross efficiency (GE) at a series of absolute and relative work rates; and, in trained participants only, a 1-h cycling time trial. Finally, all participants underwent a muscle biopsy of their right vastus lateralis muscle. At relative work rates, a general linear model found significant main effects of age and training status on GE ( P < 0.01). The percentage of type I muscle fibers was higher in the trained groups ( P < 0.01), with no difference between age groups. There was no relationship between fiber type and cycling efficiency at any work rate or cadence combination. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that muscle fiber type did not influence cycling performance ( P > 0.05). Power output in the 1-h performance trial was predicted by average O2 uptake and GE, with standardized β-coefficients of 0.94 and 0.34, respectively, although some mathematical coupling is evident. These data demonstrate that muscle fiber type does not affect cycling efficiency and was not influenced by the aging process. Cycling efficiency and the percentage of type I muscle fibers were influenced by training status, but only GE at 120 revolutions/min was seen to predict cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Damian A. Coleman
- Department of Sports Science, Tourism and Leisure, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, United Kingdom; and
| | - Hannah C. Gregson
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Jobson
- Department of Sports Studies, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Wiles
- Department of Sports Science, Tourism and Leisure, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, United Kingdom; and
| | - Louis Passfield
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
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Passfield L, Hopker J, Jobson S, Gregson H, Coleman D. Response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182645284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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D Jacobs R, E Berg K, Slivka DR, Noble JM. The effect of cadence on cycling efficiency and local tissue oxygenation. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 27:637-42. [PMID: 22648142 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31825dd224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare 3 cycling cadences in efficiency/economy, local tissue oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood lactate, and global and local rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Subjects were 14 trained cyclists/triathletes (mean age 30.1 ± 5.3 years; VO(2) peak 60.2 ± 5.0 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) who performed three 8-minute cadence trials (60, 80, and 100 rpm) at 75% of previously measured peak power. Oxygen consumption and respiratory exchange ratio were used to calculate efficiency and economy. Results indicated that both efficiency and economy were higher at the lower cadences. Tissue oxygen saturation was greater at 80 rpm than at 60 or 100 rpm at minute 4, but at minute 8, tissue oxygen saturation at 80 rpm (57 ± 9%) was higher than 100 rpm (54 ± 9%, p = 0.017) but not at 60 rpm (55 ± 11%, p = 0.255). Heart rate and lactate significantly increased from minute 4 and minute 8 (p < 0.05) of submaximal cycling. Local RPE at 80 rpm was lower than at 60 or 100 rpm (p < 0.05). It was concluded that (a) Trained cyclists and triathletes are more efficient and economical when cycling at 60 rpm than 80 or 100 rpm. (b); Local tissue oxygen saturation levels are higher at 80 rpm than 60 and 100 rpm; (c). Heart rate and blood lactate levels are higher with cadences of 80 and 100 than 60 rpm; and (d). Local and global RPE is lower when cycling at 80 rpm than at 60 rpm and 100 rpm. A practical application of these findings is that a cadence of 60 rpm may be advantageous for performance in moderately trained athletes in contrast to higher cadences currently popular among elite cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Jacobs
- School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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HOPKER JAMESG, JOBSON SIMONA, GREGSON HANNAHC, COLEMAN DAMIAN, PASSFIELD LOUIS. Reliability of Cycling Gross Efficiency Using the Douglas Bag Method. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:290-6. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31822cb0d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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MacDonell CW, Button DC, Beaumont E, Cormery B, Gardiner PF. Plasticity of rat motoneuron rhythmic firing properties with varying levels of afferent and descending inputs. J Neurophysiol 2011; 107:265-72. [PMID: 21957225 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00122.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hindlimb motoneuron excitability was compared among exercise-trained (E), sedentary (S), and spinal cord transected (T) Sprague-Dawley rats by examining the slope of the frequency-current (F/I) relationship with standard intracellular recording techniques in rats anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine. The T group included spinal transected and spinal isolated rats; the E animals were either spontaneously active (exercise wheel) or treadmill trained; and rats in the S group were housed in pairs. An analysis of motoneuron initial [1st interspike interval (ISI)], early (mean of 1st three ISIs), and steady-state (mean of last 3 ISIs) discharge rate slopes resulting from increasing and decreasing 500-ms injected square-wave depolarizing current pulses was used to describe rhythmic motoneuron properties. The steepest slope occurred in the S group (55.3 ± 22.2 Hz/nA), followed by the T group (35.5 ± 15.3 Hz/nA), while the flattest slope was found in the E group (25.4 ± 10.9 Hz/nA). The steepest steady-state slope occurred in the S group but was found to be similar between the T and E groups. Furthermore, a spike-frequency adaptation (SFA) index revealed a slower adaptation in motoneurons of the E animals only (∼40% lower). Finally, evidence for a secondary range of firing existed more frequently in the T group (41%) compared with the S (12%) and E (31%) groups. The lower F/I slope and lower SFA index of motoneurons for E rats may be a result of an increase in Na(+) conductance at the initial segment. The results show that motoneuronal rhythmic firing behavior is plastic, depending on the volume of daily activation and on intact descending pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W MacDonell
- 404 Basic Medical Science Bldg., Spinal Cord Research Centre, Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3J7
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Camata TV, Altimari LR, Bortolotti H, Dantas JL, Fontes EB, Smirmaul BPC, Okano AH, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Moraes AC. Electromyographic Activity and Rate of Muscle Fatigue of the Quadriceps Femoris During Cycling Exercise in the Severe Domain. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2537-43. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318202e6a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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