Analysis of oxygen-18 labeled phosphate to study positional isotope experiments using LC-QTOF-MS

A method is proposed in this paper for the determination of oxygen-18 labeled phosphate so that positional isotope experiments using sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-QTOF-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) experiments can be carried out. The positional isotope exchange technique is a useful tool in understanding the mechanisms and kinetics of many enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Detection of the positions and concentration of these exchanged isotopes is the key. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging are commonly used analytical techniques for measurement of ¹⁸O/¹⁶O, ³¹P and ¹⁵N isotope enrichment. Since these techniques either require a time-consuming derivatization step or have a limited sensitivity, an LC and accurate mass-based method for monitoring ¹⁸O/¹⁶O exchange was developed and compared with a standard GC-MS method. Our results showed that the LC-QTOF-MS method developed was not only as accurate as the standard GC-MS method, but also a sensitive and robust analytical platform for the simultaneous determination of isotope enrichment and the analysis of positional isotopes without chemical derivation. The LC-QTOF-MS method developed was successfully applied to the measurement of ¹⁸O/¹⁶O in the reversibility study of ATP hydrolysis by Lon proteases.

Utilization of Mechanistic Enzymology to Evaluate the Significance of ADP Binding to Human Lon Protease

Lon, also known as Protease La, is one of the simplest ATP-dependent proteases. It is a homooligomeric enzyme comprised of an ATPase domain and a proteolytic domain in each enzyme subunit. Despite sharing about 40% sequence identity, human and Escherichia coli Lon proteases utilize a highly conserved ATPase domain found in the AAA+ family to catalyze ATP hydrolysis, which is needed to activate protein degradation. In this study, we utilized mechanistic enzymology techniques to show that despite comparable k_cat and K_m parameters found in the ATPase activity, human and E. coli Lon exhibit significantly different susceptibility to ADP inhibition. Due to the low affinity of human Lon for ADP, the conformational changes in human Lon generated from the ATPase cycle are also different. The relatively low affinity of human Lon for ADP cannot be accounted for by reversibility in ATP hydrolysis, as a positional isotope exchange experiment demonstrated both E. coli Lon and human Lon catalyzed ATP hydrolysis irreversibly. A limited tryptic digestion study however indicated that human and E. coli Lon bind to ADP differently. Taken together, the findings reported in this research article suggest that human Lon is not regulated by a substrate-promoted ADP/ATP exchange mechanism as found in the bacterial enzyme homolog. The drastic difference in structural changes associated with ADP interaction with the two protease homologs offer potential for selective inhibitor design and development through targeting the ATPase sites. In addition to revealing unique mechanistic differences that distinguish human vs. bacterial Lon, this article underscores the benefit of mechanistic enzymology in deciphering the physiological mechanism of action of Lon proteases and perhaps other closely related ATP-dependent proteases in the future.

Mutations to a glycine loop in the catalytic site of human Lon changes its protease, peptidase and ATPase activities

Lon, also called protease La, is an ATP-dependent protease present in all kingdoms of life. It is involved in protein quality control and several regulatory processes. Eukaryotic Lon possesses three domains, an N-terminal domain, an ATPase domain and a proteolytic domain. It requires ATP hydrolysis to digest larger, intact proteins, but can cleave small, fluorogenic peptides such as Glu-Ala-Ala-Phe-MNA by only binding, but not hydrolyzing, ATP. Both ATPase and peptidase activities can be stimulated by the binding of a larger protein substrate, such as β-casein. To better understand its mechanism of action, we have prepared several point mutants of four conserved residues of human Lon (G893A, G893P, G894A, G894P, G894S, G893A-G894A, G893P-G894A, G893A-G894P, T880V, W770A, W770P) and studied their ATPase, protease and peptidase activities. Our results show that mutations to Gly894 enhance its basal ATPase activity but do not change its β-casein-stimulated activity. The loop containing Gly893 and Gly894, which flanks Lon's proteolytic active site, therefore appears to be involved in the conformational change that occurs upon substrate binding. Furthermore, mutations to Trp770 have the same general effects on the ATPase activity as mutations to Gly893, indicating that Trp770 is involved in ATPase stimulation. We have also established that this loop does not need to move in order to cleave small, fluorogenic peptides, but does move during the digestion of β-casein. Finally, we also noted that Lon's ability to digest small peptides can be inhibited by moderate ATP concentrations.

DATABASE

Lon (Endopeptidase La), EC 4.4.21.53 STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT: • hLonP cleaves beta casein by protease assay (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) • hLon and hLon bind by cross-linking study (View interaction).

Reaction dynamics of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by P-glycoprotein

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a member of the ABC transporter family that confers drug resistance to many tumors by catalyzing their efflux, and it is a major component of drug–drug interactions. P-gp couples drug efflux with ATP hydrolysis by coordinating conformational changes in the drug binding sites with the hydrolysis of ATP and release of ADP. To understand the relative rates of the chemical step for hydrolysis and the conformational changes that follow it, we exploited isotope exchange methods to determine the extent to which the ATP hydrolysis step is reversible. With γ¹⁸O₄-labeled ATP, no positional isotope exchange is detectable at the bridging β-phosphorus–O−γ-phosphorus bond. Furthermore, the phosphate derived from hydrolysis includes a constant ratio of three ¹⁸O/two ¹⁸O/one ¹⁸O that reflects the isotopic composition of the starting ATP in multiple experiments. Thus, H₂O-exchange with HPO₄^2– (P_i) was negligible, suggesting that a [P-gp·ADP·P_i] is not long-lived. This further demonstrates that the hydrolysis is essentially irreversible in the active site. These mechanistic details of ATP hydrolysis are consistent with a very fast conformational change immediately following, or concomitant with, hydrolysis of the γ-phosphate linkage that ensures a high commitment to catalysis in both drug-free and drug-bound states.