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Hysa E, Gotelli E, Sammorì S, Cimmino MA, Paolino S, Pizzorni C, Sulli A, Smith V, Cutolo M. Immune system activation in polymyalgia rheumatica: Which balance between autoinflammation and autoimmunity? A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:102995. [PMID: 34798314 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease that is common in elderly people. Its classification in the spectrum of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases is difficult because of its only partially understood immune-mediated mechanisms. The literature concerning the innate and adaptive immune system activation in PMR was systematically reviewed highlighting the relative weight of autoinflammation and autoimmunity in its pathogenesis and disease progression. METHODS A literature search on PubMed Central and Embase scientific databases was performed by two independent reviewers. To be eligible, the studies needed to fully satisfy our initial PICO framework: a primary diagnosis of PMR as a population, the search for immune/inflammatory cells, cytokines and autoantibodies as an intervention, a control group consisting in healthy controls, patients with other inflammatory rheumatic diseases or PMR patients in remission after treatment and as outcomes the results of the investigations in the analyzed tissue samples. The most relevant data of the included papers were extracted by using a standardized template. RESULTS Of the 933 screened abstracts, 52 papers were included in the systematic review and categorized depending on their primary research objectives. The hyper-activity of neutrophils and monocytes, expressing toll-like receptor 7 in active disease, an impaired phagocytosis and endothelial dysfunction, as well as an increased count of innate T cells in patients with remission emerged among the major derangements of the innate immune response in PMR. Among the cytokines profile, interleukin-6 plays a key role but other pro-inflammatory mediators and angiogenesis markers such as chemokines, B-cell activating factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietins seem to be involved in refractory or glucocorticoid-resistant PMR. The aberrant adaptive immune response was documented by tissue and serum findings of polarized T cells towards T helper 1 and 17 phenotypes, an increased expression of immunosenescent surface markers and a downregulated immunoregulatory response. The altered distribution of peripheral B cells, detected during active disease, suggested their peripheral migration towards unidentified sites. The interaction between innate and adaptive immune response was documented by a synovial infiltrate of macrophages and T cells. Despite multiple autoantibodies have been detected in PMR patients, none proved to correlate with disease activity seeming to be reactive to the marked inflammation or antigenic determinants provided by environmental triggers or tissue/cell damage. CONCLUSIONS The complex network between innate and adaptive immune system in PMR is supported by findings at molecular and cellular levels. By considering both the ends of the pathophysiological spectrum of immune-mediated rheumatic diseases, PMR may be regarded as an inflammatory immune-mediated disease with mixed mechanisms in a background of genetic and epigenetic factors together with immunological and endocrine senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Hysa
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy - IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gotelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy - IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Sammorì
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy - IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Amedeo Cimmino
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy - IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Paolino
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy - IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Carmen Pizzorni
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy - IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Alberto Sulli
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy - IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital; Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Maurizio Cutolo
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy - IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, Genoa, Italy.
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Shu M, Lei W, Su S, Wen Y, Luo F, Zhao L, Chen L, Lu C, Zhou Z, Li Z. Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 protein regulates oxidative stress via activation of the Nrf2/NQO1 signal pathway. Life Sci 2021; 277:119502. [PMID: 33891941 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chlamydia trachomatis has evolved various strategies to alleviate oxidative stress of host cells to maintain their intracellular survival. However, the exact mechanism of anti-oxidative stress of C. trachomatis is still unclear. The activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/quinone oxidoreductase (Nrf2/NQO1) signal pathway has been identified as an efficient antioxidant defensive mechanism used by host cells to counteract oxidative stress. Pgp3 is a pivotal virulence factor of C. trachomatis involved in intracellular survival. The aim of this study is to explore the role of Pgp3 on Nrf2/NQO1 signal pathway against oxidative stress. MAIN METHODS After HeLa cells were stimulated with Pgp3 protein, Nrf2 location and the inclusion bodies of C. trachomatis were detected by indirect immunofluorescence, western blotting and Oxidative stress assay kits were used to separately determine the protein expression and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) before and after the interference of Nrf-2 and NQO1. KEY FINDINGS Pgp3 promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 to increase NQO1 expression and reduced oxidative stress induced by LPS to contribute to the survival of C. trachomatis. Inhibition of Nrf2/NQO1 signal pathway with Nrf2 inhibitor and down-regulation of NQO1 with siRNA-NQO1 suppressed oxidative stress resistance induced by Pgp3. SIGNIFICANCE Here we found that Pgp3 alleviated oxidative stress to promote the infectivity of C. trachomatis through activation of Nrf2/NQO1 signal pathway, which provided a novel understanding of the effects of Pgp3 in the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Shu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wenbo Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shengmei Su
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Fangzhen Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lanhua Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Chunxue Lu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Discovery of Spilanthol Endoperoxide as a Redox Natural Compound Active against Mammalian Prx3 and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121220. [PMID: 33287170 PMCID: PMC7761737 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is a bacterial intracellular pathogen responsible for a plethora of diseases ranging from blindness to pelvic inflammatory diseases and cervical cancer. Although this disease is effectively treated with antibiotics, concerns for development of resistance prompt the need for new low-cost treatments. Here we report the activity of spilanthol (SPL), a natural compound with demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, against Ct infections. Using chemical probes selective for imaging mitochondrial protein sulfenylation and complementary assays, we identify an increase in mitochondrial oxidative state by SPL as the underlying mechanism leading to disruption of host cell F-actin cytoskeletal organization and inhibition of chlamydial infection. The peroxidation product of SPL (SPL endoperoxide, SPLE), envisioned to be the active compound in the cellular milieu, was chemically synthesized and showed more potent anti-chlamydial activity. Comparison of SPL and SPLE reactivity with mammalian peroxiredoxins, demonstrated preferred reactivity of SPLE with Prx3, and virtual lack of SPL reaction with any of the reduced Prx isoforms investigated. Cumulatively, these findings support the function of SPL as a pro-drug, which is converted to SPLE in the cellular milieu leading to inhibition of Prx3, increased mitochondrial oxidation and disruption of F-actin network, and inhibition of Ct infection.
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by causing oxidative damage to biocompounds or indirectly by stimulating pathogen elimination by various nonoxidative mechanisms, including pattern recognition receptors signaling, autophagy, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and T-lymphocyte responses. Thus, one should expect that the inhibition of ROS production promote infection. Increasing evidences support that in certain particular infections, antioxidants decrease and prooxidants increase pathogen burden. In this study, we review the classic infections that are controlled by ROS and the cases in which ROS appear as promoters of infection, challenging the paradigm. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which ROS could promote particular infections. These mechanisms are still not completely clear but include the metabolic effects of ROS on pathogen physiology, ROS-induced damage to the immune system, and ROS-induced activation of immune defense mechanisms that are subsequently hijacked by particular pathogens to act against more effective microbicidal mechanisms of the immune system. The effective use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents against certain infections is a realistic possibility that is beginning to be applied against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia N Paiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia , CCS Bloco D, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Liu H, Bao W, Lin M, Niu H, Rikihisa Y. Ehrlichia type IV secretion effector ECH0825 is translocated to mitochondria and curbs ROS and apoptosis by upregulating host MnSOD. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1037-50. [PMID: 22348527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis infects monocytes/macrophages and causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. To determine the role of type IV secretion (T4S) system in infection, candidates for T4S effectors were identified by bacterial two-hybrid screening of E. chaffeensis hypothetical proteins with positively charged C-terminus using E. chaffeensis VirD4 as bait. Of three potential T4S effectors, ECH0825 was highly upregulated early during exponential growth in a human monocytic cell line. ECH0825 was translocated from the bacterium into the host-cell cytoplasm and localized to mitochondria. Delivery of anti-ECH0825 into infected host cells significantly reduced bacterial infection. Ectopically expressed ECH0825 also localized to mitochondria and inhibited apoptosis of transfected cells in response to etoposide treatment. In double transformed yeast, ECH0825 localized to mitochondria and inhibited human Bax-induced apoptosis. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was increased over ninefold in E. chaffeensis-infected cells, and the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected cells was significantly lower than that in uninfected cells. Similarly, MnSOD was upregulated and the ROS level was reduced in ECH0825-transfected cells. These data suggest that, by upregulating MnSOD, ECH0825 prevents ROS-induced cellular damage and apoptosis to allow intracellular infection. This is the first example of host ROS levels linked to a bacterial T4S effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Duell BL, Tan CK, Carey AJ, Wu F, Cripps AW, Ulett GC. Recent insights into microbial triggers of interleukin-10 production in the host and the impact on infectious disease pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:295-313. [PMID: 22268692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its initial description as a Th2-cytokine antagonistic to interferon-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, many studies have shown various anti-inflammatory actions of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and its role in infection as a key regulator of innate immunity. Studies have shown that IL-10 induced in response to microorganisms and their products plays a central role in shaping pathogenesis. IL-10 appears to function as both sword and shield in the response to varied groups of microorganisms in its capacity to mediate protective immunity against some organisms but increase susceptibility to other infections. The nature of IL-10 as a pleiotropic modulator of host responses to microorganisms is explained, in part, by its potent and varied effects on different immune effector cells which influence antimicrobial activity. A new understanding of how microorganisms trigger IL-10 responses is emerging, along with recent discoveries of how IL-10 produced during disease might be harnessed for better protective or therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize studies from the past 5 years that have reported the induction of IL-10 by different classes of pathogenic microorganisms, including protozoa, nematodes, fungi, viruses and bacteria and discuss the impact of this induction on the persistence and/or clearance of microorganisms in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Duell
- School of Medical Sciences, Centre for Medicine and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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Antitumor activity of total paeony glycoside against human chronic myelocytic leukemia K562 cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1137-47. [PMID: 21452044 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To explore the molecular mechanisms of human leukemia cells by total paeony glycoside (TPG), which is extracted from the root of Radix Paeoniae Rubra. The viability of K562 cells was assessed by MTT assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. The changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration were determined by fluorescent dye Fluo-3, and mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by the retention of the dye Rh123. The cytoplasmic Bax, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2 protein expressions were determined by western blot. The mRNA expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 was detected by RT-PCR. K562 cells were subcutaneously inoculated into nude mice to study the in vivo antitumor effects of TPG. The growth of K562 cells was inhibited and arrested in G0/G1 phase by TPG. TPG also caused apoptosis in K562 cells evidenced by cytosolic accumulation of cytochrome c, caspase-9, and caspase-3. TPG could down-regulate Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and up-regulate Bax in K562 cells. TPG showed a significant decreased tumor volume and tumor weight in nude mice inoculated with K562 cells. TPG can be developed as a promising anti-chronic myeloid leukemia drug.
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