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Horikawa DD, Cumbers J, Sakakibara I, Rogoff D, Leuko S, Harnoto R, Arakawa K, Katayama T, Kunieda T, Toyoda A, Fujiyama A, Rothschild LJ. Analysis of DNA repair and protection in the Tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus and Hypsibius dujardini after exposure to UVC radiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64793. [PMID: 23762256 PMCID: PMC3675078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades inhabiting terrestrial environments exhibit extraordinary resistance to ionizing radiation and UV radiation although little is known about the mechanisms underlying the resistance. We found that the terrestrial tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus is able to tolerate massive doses of UVC irradiation by both being protected from forming UVC-induced thymine dimers in DNA in a desiccated, anhydrobiotic state as well as repairing the dimers that do form in the hydrated animals. In R. varieornatus accumulation of thymine dimers in DNA induced by irradiation with 2.5 kJ/m2 of UVC radiation disappeared 18 h after the exposure when the animals were exposed to fluorescent light but not in the dark. Much higher UV radiation tolerance was observed in desiccated anhydrobiotic R. varieornatus compared to hydrated specimens of this species. On the other hand, the freshwater tardigrade species Hypsibius dujardini that was used as control, showed much weaker tolerance to UVC radiation than R. varieornatus, and it did not contain a putative phrA gene sequence. The anhydrobiotes of R. varieornatus accumulated much less UVC-induced thymine dimers in DNA than hydrated one. It suggests that anhydrobiosis efficiently avoids DNA damage accumulation in R. varieornatus and confers better UV radiation tolerance on this species. Thus we propose that UV radiation tolerance in tardigrades is due to the both high capacities of DNA damage repair and DNA protection, a two-pronged survival strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki D. Horikawa
- Biospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- * E-mail: (DDH); (LJR)
| | - John Cumbers
- Biospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Iori Sakakibara
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dana Rogoff
- Biospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
| | - Stefan Leuko
- Biospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
| | - Raechel Harnoto
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katayama
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Principles of Informatics Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lynn J. Rothschild
- Biospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DDH); (LJR)
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Riklis E, Emerit I, Setlow RB. New approaches to biochemical radioprotection: antioxidants and DNA repair enhancement. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1996; 18:51-54. [PMID: 11538987 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00789-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical repair may be provided by radioprotective compounds present during exposure to ionizing radiation. Considering DNA as the most sensitive target it is feasible to biochemically improve protection by enhancing DNA repair mechanisms. Protection of DNA by reducing the amount of damage (by radical scavenging and chemical repair) followed by enhanced repair of DNA will provide much improved protection and recovery. Furthermore, in cases of prolonged exposure, such as is possible in prolonged space missions, or of unexpected variations in the intensity of radiation, as is possible when encountering solar flares, it is important to provide long-acting protection, and this may be provided by antioxidants and well functioning DNA repair systems. It has also become important to provide protection from the potentially damaging action of long-lived clastogenic factors which have been found in plasma of exposed persons from Hiroshima & Nagasaki, radiation accidents, radiotherapy patients and recently in "liquidators"--persons involved in salvage operations at the Chernobyl reactor. The clastogenic factor, which causes chromatid breaks in non-exposed plasma, might account for late effects and is posing a potential carcinogenic hazard. The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been shown to eliminate the breakage factor from cultured plasma of exposed persons. Several compounds have been shown to enhance DNA repair: WR-2721, nicotinamide, glutathione monoester (Riklis et al., unpublished) and others. The right combination of such compounds may prove effective in providing protection from a wide range of radiation exposures over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Riklis
- Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Riklis E. Radiobiology and photobiology on Earth and in space: points of encounter and protection considerations. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1994; 14:285-293. [PMID: 11539963 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(94)90479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All radiations originate in space, and the spectrum of radiations reaching the troposphere is limited only because of their range and absorption by the ozone layer above the atmosphere. Ultraviolet-C and the very heavy ions are therefore produced on earth only artificially, by special lamps and in accelerators. The range of biological effects of the different UV radiations and low and high LET radiations have been studied extensively, yet only recently new facts such as the production of DNA strand breaks by long wave UV light were established, adding to the various points of encounter existing between ionizing and nonionizing radiations. There are some similarities in radiation products, and the resulting effects of insult by radiation on biological systems very often are similar, if not the same. A common phenomenon that exists in all healthy biological cells is the ability to repair damage to DNA and thus either survive or mutate, and although the specific mechanisms of repair are somewhat different, the end result is the same. Recently a mechanism of improved radioprotection was found to involve an effect of certain radioprotective compounds on DNA repair. It is suggested that improved, and nontoxic, modes of protection may be offered by employing such compounds as biological response modifiers and natural substances. Further research is needed and is under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Riklis
- Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Riklis E. Radioprotection of DNA by biochemical mechanisms. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1992; 12:209-212. [PMID: 11537010 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90110-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The title of this presentation should be understood as having two facets: the preservation of genetic information and function by protecting the DNA from the deleterious effects of radiation by reducing the degree of damage, is one important task. Yet another, which may be as important, is the utilization of biochemical entities whose function is to repair damages which have already been formed in DNA, thus enhancing the protection of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Riklis
- Nuclear Research Center, Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Riklis E. Photoproducts in DNA irradiated in vitro and in vivo under extreme environmental conditions. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1989; 9:223-232. [PMID: 11537296 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(89)90441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UV-irradiated DNA forms different photoproducts in accordance with its state of hydration, and the environment in which the irradiation takes place. Photoproducts in addition to the well-known thymine dimer are produced, some of which probably not recognized due to being heat or acid labile, and milder methods for DNA hydrolysis are needed. The isolation, structure and properties of photoproducts which are formed in UV-irradiated frozen thymine solutions are described. Urea, n-propylurea and dihydrothymine are obtained as photolytic products by high radiation doses in low concentrations of thymine. The cyclobutane cis-anti thymine dimer is obtained at high concentrations of thymine, following several cycles of freezing, thawing and irradiations. A trimer is obtained with 290 nm UV light filtered through Pyrex. It reverts back to thymine dimer and thymine when reirradiated in solution. The cis-syn dimer is obtained at all concentrations of frozen thymine and in a dose dependent form. The adduct 5-hydroxy-6-4' (5'-methylpyrimid 2'-1) dihydrothymine is also obtained. In vacuum-dried thymine or DNA, other photoproducts are formed, including the spore-product, TDHT. Several solvent systems were used to develop chromatograms that allow separation of photoproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Riklis
- Radiobiology Department, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Friedman BM, Yasbin RE. The genetics and specificity of the constitutive excision repair system of Bacillus subtilis. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1983; 190:481-6. [PMID: 6410154 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An isogenic set of DNA repair-proficient and -deficient strains of B. subtilis, cured of all prophages, were constructed and analyzed for their sensitivities to selected mutagens. The results demonstrated that the lethal damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) were repaired by the bacterial excision and/or recombination repair systems. In contrast, the lethal damages caused by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) were removed from the DNA by the recombination repair system of the bacteria, and not by the excision repair system. Significantly, the bacteria required both a functional recombination repair system and a functional excision repair system in order to remove the DNA damage caused by the bifunctional alkylating agent mitomycin C (MC).
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Friedberg EC, Anderson CT, Bonura T, Cone R, Radany EH, Reynolds RJ. Recent developments in the enzymology of excision repair of DNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1981; 26:197-215. [PMID: 6269148 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Degani N, Ben-Hur E, Riklis E. DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR: INDUCTION AND REMOVAL OF THYMINE DIMERS IN ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IRRADIATED INTACT WATER PLANTS. Photochem Photobiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1980.tb03679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ben-Hur E, Prager A, Riklis E. Photochemistry of the bisbenzimidazole dye 33258 Hoechst with bromodeoxyuridine and its biological effects on Brd Urd-substituted Escherichia coli. Photochem Photobiol 1978; 27:559-63. [PMID: 79186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ben-Hur E, Riklis E. Photochemical interaction of furocoumarins with bromodeoxyuridine and polydeoxynucleotides containing bromodeoxyuridine: its biological implications. Photochem Photobiol 1978; 27:551-7. [PMID: 353834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Da Roza R, Friedberg EC, Duncan BK, Warner HR. Repair of nitrous acid damage to DNA in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 1977; 16:4934-9. [PMID: 334252 DOI: 10.1021/bi00641a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of mutant strains of Escherichia coli have been examined for their sensitivity to nitrous acid and in some instances to methylmethanesulfonate. All ung- mutants tested are abnormally sensitive to nitrous acid. Since the ung mutation is phenotypically expressed as a defect in uracil DNA glycosidase, this observation supports the contention that treatment of cells with nitrous acid causes deamination of cytosine to uracil. In addition the observed sentitivity indicates that the ung gene is involved in the repair of uracil in DNA. Studies with other mutants suggest that both exonuclease III and DNA polymerase I of E. coli are involved in the repair of nitrous acid damage in vivo.
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Ferrari E, Siccardi AG, Galizzi A, Canosi U, Mazza G. Host cell reactivation of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages. J Bacteriol 1977; 131:382-8. [PMID: 407209 PMCID: PMC235442 DOI: 10.1128/jb.131.2.382-388.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated phage can be used as a probe of the bacterial repair system and to determine phage and cellular contributions to the repair process. Using the Bacillus subtilis phages SPP1, SP01, phie, and phi29, we found that the uvr-1 and polA functions are involved in the host cell reactivation of the four phages. SPP1 was the only phage whose reactivation was also decreased in recA, recD, and recF mutant cells. We studied variations of host cell reactivation for SPP1 during spore outgrowth; at high ultraviolet doses the activity of a spore repair system requiring deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I became evident. The spore repair system was completely replaced by the vegetative one by 120 min of outgrowth.
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Thiessen G, Thiessen H. Microspectrophotometric cell analysis. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1977; 9:1-158. [PMID: 323921 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(77)80006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Enzymes Involved in the Repair of DNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-035404-7.50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Kramer J, Riklis E. Photoproduct formation in U.V.-irradiated DNA at high temperatures and high irradiation doses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1973; 23:75-81. [PMID: 4567292 DOI: 10.1080/09553007314550071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Webb SJ, Tai CC. Differential, lethal and mutagenic action of 254nm and 320-400nm radiation on semi-dried bacteria. Photochem Photobiol 1970; 12:119-43. [PMID: 5498530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1970.tb06045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sekiguchi M, Yasuda S, Okubo S, Nakayama H, Shimada K, Takagi Y. Mechanism of repair of DNA in bacteriophage. I. Excision of pyrimidine dimers from ultraviolet-irradiated DNA by an extract of T4-infected cells. J Mol Biol 1970; 47:231-42. [PMID: 4907728 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rahn RO, Hosszu HL. Influence of relative humidity on the photochemistry of DNA films. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 190:126-31. [PMID: 4898489 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Suzuki K, Saito E, Morimyo M. A mutant of Escherichia coli K12 exhibiting varying ultraviolet sensitivities depending on the temperature of incubation after irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 1969; 9:259-72. [PMID: 4890878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1969.tb07290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Proceedings of the XXXVIII Meeting of the Israel Chemical Society. Isr J Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.196800127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ben-Ishai R, Ben-Hur E, Hornfeld Y. Photosensitized Dimerization of Thymine and Cytosine in DNA. Isr J Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.196800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Setlow RB. The photochemistry, photobiology, and repair of polynucleotides. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1968; 8:257-95. [PMID: 4874233 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Donnellan JE, Stafford RS. The ultraviolet photochemistry and photobiology of vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus megaterium. Biophys J 1968; 8:17-28. [PMID: 4966691 PMCID: PMC1367355 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(68)86471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) photochemistry and photobiology of spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus megaterium have been studied. The response of vegetative cells of B. megaterium appears qualitatively similar to those of Escherichia coli, Micrococcus radiodurans, and Bacillus subtilis with respect to photoproduct formation and repair mechanisms. UV irradiation, however, does not produce cyclobutane-type thymine dimers in the DNA of spores, although other thymine photo-products are produced. The photoproducts do not disappear after photoreactivation, but they are eliminated from the DNA by a dark-repair mechanism different from that found for dimers in vegetative cells. Irradiations performed at three wavelengths produce the same amounts of spore photoproduct and give the same survival curves. Variation of the sporulation medium before irradiation results in comparable alterations in the rate of spore photoproduct production and in survival.
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Varghese AJ, Wang SY. Ultraviolet irradiation of DNA in vitro and in vivo produces a 3d thymine-derived product. Science 1967; 156:955-7. [PMID: 4960673 DOI: 10.1126/science.156.3777.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new thymine-derived product was separated from DNA irradiated with utlraviolet light in vitro and in vivo. This compound was mistaken to be thymine homodiner (T=T) by other workers because it is chromatographically indistinguishable from T=T in most eluents. It has absorbancy maximums at 312, 312, and 300 millimicrons in neutral, pH 2, and pH 11 aqueous solutions, respectively. When it is irradiated in aqueous solution with wavelengths of 360 and 313 millimicrons its spectrum reverts to one similar to that of thymine. Therefore, at least three thymine-derived products can be detected in ultraviolet irradiated DNA, namely the homodimer, a material with absorbancy maximum at 312 millimicrons, and a "minor" product suggested by others to be a dimer of cytosine and thymine. In cells, the latter two are formed in aboult equal amounts. While these three products were shown to exist in the acid hydrolyzates of ultraviolet irradiated DNA, a material with absorbancy maximum at about 310 millimicrons was demonstrated to form in ultraviolet irradiated DNA without further treatment. The magnitude of this spectral increase varied directly with the incrcase in the adenine-thymine contents in the DNA as shlown by differential transmittance spectra of the irradiated Micrococcus lysodeikticus, calf thymus, Bacillus cereus, and Hemophilus influenzae DNA.
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Varghese AJ, Wang SY. Cis-syn thymine homodimer from ultra-violet irradiated calf thymus DNA. Nature 1967; 213:909-10. [PMID: 6030053 DOI: 10.1038/213909a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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31
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Shuster RC. Fate of thymine-containing dimers in the deoxyribonucleic acid of ultravioletirradiated Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1967; 93:811-5. [PMID: 4960923 PMCID: PMC276522 DOI: 10.1128/jb.93.3.811-815.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The fate of ultraviolet-induced, thymine-containing dimers in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Bacillus subtilis was investigated in both the wild type (UV(R)) and an ultraviolet light-sensitive (UV(S)) mutant. During incubation in the dark, dimers were excised from the DNA of the UV(R)B. subtilis, but remained in the DNA of the UV(S) mutant. About 40% of the excised dimers recovered in the wild type were in the acid-soluble fraction; the remainder were in the incubation medium. A UV(S) mutant of Escherichia coli K-12, shown previously to be defective in dimer excision, was irradiated with ultraviolet light and incubated under visible light for 3 hr. About 65% of thymine-containing photoproducts were removed from the DNA. These photoproducts were not recovered in the acid-soluble fraction. In comparison, the UV(S) mutant of B. subtilis lost only 13% of such photoproducts from DNA when exposed to light under the same conditions.
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SETLOW JANEK. The Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation and Photoreactivation* *Research sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation. COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9716-6.50013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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[3] Isolation of thymine dimers. Methods Enzymol 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(67)12007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Smith KC, Yoshikawa H. Variation in the photochemical reactivity of thymine in the DNA of B. subtilis spores, vegetative cells and spores germinated in chloramphenicol. Photochem Photobiol 1966; 5:777-86. [PMID: 4962666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1966.tb05773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
The formation of cyclobutane-type dimers between adjacent pyrimidine residues in model polynucleotides or DNA may be represented by the general scheme See pdf 379.pdf Whereas the formation of all other known photoproducts follows the irreversible path See pdf 379.pdf Thus dimers are distinguished from other photoproducts by the fact that they can be monomerized, as well as formed, by ultraviolet irradiation. At large incident fluxes of photons the steady-state value of dimers depends on wavelength and pH, as well as on other characteristics of the surrounding medium. The number of dimers in an irradiated polynucleotide may be decreased by purely photochemical means, whereas this is not true for most other photoproducts, for which continued irradiation, irrespective of wavelength, always results in the formation of more photoproduct (37). The wavelength dependence of the steady-state for dimers is also reflected in the biological activity of irradiated transforming DNA. This experiment and the fact that photoreactivating enzyme plus visible light monomerizes dimers (and has not been demonstrated to have any effect on other photoproducts) are the strongest lines of experimental evidence that pyrimidine dimers of the cyclobutane type are biologically important lesions and can account for a large fraction of the effects of ultraviolet light on DNA in solution. Insofar as DNA is one of the more important biological structures, such dimers, when formed, account for a large part of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on biological systems.
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Adler HI, Fisher WD, Hardigree AA, Stapleton GE. Repair of radiation-induced damage to the cell division mechanism of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:737-42. [PMID: 5327364 PMCID: PMC314922 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.2.737-742.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adler, Howard I. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.), William D. Fisher, Alice A. Hardigree, and George E. Stapleton. Repair of radiation-induced damage to the cell division mechanism of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 91:737-742. 1966.-Microscopic observations of irradiated populations of filamentous Escherichia coli cells indicated that filaments can be induced to divide by a substance donated by neighboring cells. We have made this observation the basis for a quantitative technique in which filaments are incubated in the presence of nongrowing donor cells. The presence of "donor" organisms promotes division and subsequent colony formation in filaments. "Donor" bacteria do not affect nonfilamentous cells. An extract of "donor" cells retains the division-promoting activity. The extract has been partially fractionated, and consists of a heat-stable and a heat-labile component. The heat-stable component is inactive in promoting cell division, but enhances the activity of the heat-labile component. The division-promoting system is discussed as a radiation repair mechanism and as a normal component of the cell division system in E. coli.
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