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Guan Z, Goldfine H. Lipid diversity in clostridia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158966. [PMID: 33974975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the lipidomes of twenty-one species of clostridia have revealed considerable diversity. Even among those species now defined as Clostridium sensu stricto, which are related to Clostridium butyricum, the type species, lipid analysis has shown that a number of distinct clades have characteristic polar lipids. All species of Clostridium sensu stricto have phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin which are present as all acyl or alk-1'-enyl acyl (plasmalogen) species. In addition, almost every clade has specialized polar lipids. For example, the group closely related to Clostridium beijerinckii and several other solventogenic species has glycerol acetals of plasmenylethanolamine, which protects the membrane bilayer arrangement when the lipids are highly unsaturated or in the presence of solvents. The group related to Clostridium novyi has aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol, which protects these pathogens from cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) of innate immunity. Clostridium botulinum species, which fall into several groups, align with these clades, and have the same specific lipids. This review will present the current state of knowledge on clostridial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
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Guan Z, Katzianer D, Zhu J, Goldfine H. Clostridium difficile contains plasmalogen species of phospholipids and glycolipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1842:1353-9. [PMID: 24983203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the polar lipids of many pathogenic and non-pathogenic clostridia has revealed the presence of plasmalogens, alk-1'-enyl ether-containing phospholipids and glycolipids. An exception to this finding so far has been Clostridium difficile, an important human pathogen which is the cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and other more serious complications. We have examined the polar lipids of three strains of C. difficile by thin-layer chromatography and have found acid-labile polar lipids indicative of the presence of plasmalogens. The lipids from one of these strains were subjected to further analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS), which revealed the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, monohexosyldiradylglycerol, dihexosyldiradylglycerol, and two unusual glycolipids identified as an aminohexosyl-hexosyldiradylglycerol, and a trihexosyldiradylglycerol. High resolution tandem mass spectrometry determined that monohexosyldiradylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol contained significant amounts of plasmalogens. C. difficile thus joins the growing list of clostridia that have plasmalogens. Since plasmalogens in clostridia are formed by an anaerobic pathway distinct from those in animal cells, their formation represents a potential novel target for antibiotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Katzianer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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A multifunctional enzyme is involved in bacterial ether lipid biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:425-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Guan Z, Johnston NC, Raetz CRH, Johnson EA, Goldfine H. Lipid diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:2577-2584. [PMID: 22837302 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.060707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum has been classified into four groupings (groups I to IV) based on physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA sequencing. We have examined the lipid compositions of 11 representative strains of C. botulinum and a strain of Clostridium sporogenes by 2D-TLC and by MS. All strains contained phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in both the all-acyl and the alk-1'-enyl (plasmalogen) forms. Five strains in proteolytic group I, which are related to C. sporogenes, contained varying amounts of an ethanolamine-phosphate derivative of N-acetylglucosaminyl-diradylglycerol, which is also present in C. sporogenes. Three strains in group II, which are related to Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium acetobutylicum, contained lipids characteristic of these saccharolytic species: a glycerol acetal and a PG acetal of the plasmalogen form of PE. Two group III strains, which are related to Clostridium novyi, contained amino-acyl derivatives of PG, which are also found in C. novyi. A strain in group IV had PE, PG and CL, but none of the distinguishing lipids. This work shows that the lipidome of C. botulinum is consistent with its classification by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Norah C Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christian R H Raetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eric A Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, Botulinum Toxins Laboratory, Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Lipidomic analysis of bacterial plasmalogens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2012; 57:463-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Guan Z, Johnston NC, Aygun-Sunar S, Daldal F, Raetz CRH, Goldfine H. Structural characterization of the polar lipids of Clostridium novyi NT. Further evidence for a novel anaerobic biosynthetic pathway to plasmalogens. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1811:186-93. [PMID: 21195206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A study of the polar lipids of Clostridium novyi NT has revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin as major phospholipids with smaller amounts of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lysyl-PG and alanyl-PG. Other minor phospholipids included phosphatidic acid, CDP-diacylglycerol, phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylthreonine (PT). PE, PG and amino acyl PG were present in both the diacyl and alk-1'-enyl acyl (plasmalogen) forms and cardiolipin plasmalogens were found to contain one or two alk-1'-enyl chains. In contrast, the precursor lipids phosphatidic acid, CDP-diacylglycerol and PS were present almost exclusively as diacyl phospholipids. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that plasmalogens are formed from diacylated phospholipids at a late stage of phospholipid formation in Clostridium species. This novel pathway contrasts with the route in animals in which a saturated ether bond is formed at an early stage of plasmalogen biosynthesis and the alk-1-enyl bond is formed by an aerobic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Goldfine H. The appearance, disappearance and reappearance of plasmalogens in evolution. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:493-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Johnston NC, Aygun-Sunar S, Guan Z, Ribeiro AA, Daldal F, Raetz CRH, Goldfine H. A phosphoethanolamine-modified glycosyl diradylglycerol in the polar lipids of Clostridium tetani. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1953-61. [PMID: 20173213 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m004788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The polar lipids of the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, have been examined by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography, ESI mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. Plasmalogen and di- and tetra-acylated species of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and N-acetylglucosaminyl diradylglycerol were the major lipids present in most strains examined except for strain ATCC 10779, the parent of strain E88, the first C. tetani strain to have its genome sequenced. This strain contained the same di- and tetra-acylated species but did not contain plasmalogens. All strains contained a novel derivative of N-acetylglucosaminyl diradylglycerol in which a phosphoethanolamine unit is attached to the 6'-position of the sugar, as judged by selective 31P-decoupled, 1H-detected NMR difference spectroscopy. The N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue is presumably linked to the 3-positon of the diradylglycerol moiety, and it has the beta-anomeric configuration. Very little plasmalogen component was detected by mass spectrometry in the precursors phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine, consistent with the idea that plasmalogens are formed from diacylated phospholipids at a late stage of phospholipid assembly in anaerobic clostridia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah C Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ring MW, Schwär G, Thiel V, Dickschat JS, Kroppenstedt RM, Schulz S, Bode HB. Novel iso-branched ether lipids as specific markers of developmental sporulation in the myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:36691-700. [PMID: 16990257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607616200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Iso-fatty acids (FAs) are the dominant FA family in all myxobacteria analyzed. Furthermore, it was postulated that iso-FAs or compounds derived thereof are involved in fruiting body formation in Myxococcus xanthus, since mutants with a reduced level of iso-FA due to a reduced level of the precursor isovaleryl-CoA, are delayed in aggregation and produce only few myxospores. To elucidate the function of iso-FAs and their corresponding lipids we have analyzed the developmental phenotype of mutants having different levels of iso-FAs resulting in a clear correlation between the amount of iso-FAs and the delay of aggregation and reduction in spore yield. Addition of either isovalerate or 13-methyltetradecanoic acid resulted in restoration of the wild-type FA profile and normal development. Detailed analysis of the fatty acid (FA) profile during fruiting body formation in Myxococcus xanthus wild-type revealed the specific accumulation of 13-methyltetradecanal and 1-O-13-methyltetradecylglycerol which were produced specifically in the myxospores and which are derived from 1-O-(13-methyl-1-Z-tetradecenyl)-2-O-(13-methyltetradecanoyl)-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (VEPE) and 1,2-di-(13-methyltetradecanoyl)-3-(13-methyltetradecyl)glycerol (TG-1), respectively. The structures of these unusual ether lipids have been determined by spectrometric methods and synthesis (for TG-1). Analysis of several mutants blocked at different stages of development indicated that the biosynthesis of TG-1 is developmentally regulated and that VEPE might be an intermediate in the TG-1 biosynthesis. Finally, addition of TG-1 to mutants blocked in the biosynthesis of isovaleryl-CoA could restore aggregation and sporulation emphasizing the important role of iso-branched lipids for myxobacterial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Ring
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Johnston NC, Baker JK, Goldfine H. Phospholipids of Clostridium perfringens: a reexamination. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 233:65-8. [PMID: 15043870 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified phosphatidylethanolamine as one of the major phospholipids of Clostridium perfringens by two dimensional thin layer chromatography of the intact lipids and of their deacylation products and by liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry of the intact neutral phospholipid fraction. The principal fatty acids of phosphatidylethanolamine are myristic acid (14:0), lauric acid (12:0), and palmitic acid (16:0) and the major molecular species are 14:0,14:0 (26.3%); 12:0,14:0 (19.0%); 14:0,16:0 (22.4%) and 16:0,16:0 (17.6%). A similar distribution of molecular species was found in the other major phospholipid, O-alanyl phosphatidylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah C Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
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Structure, biosynthesis, physical properties, and functions of the polar lipids of Clostridium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5245(97)80007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Plasmalogens (1-O-1'-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophospholipids) and to a lesser extent the 1-O-alkyl analogs are ubiquitous and in some cases major constituents of mammalian cellular membranes and of anaerobic bacteria. In archaebacteria polar lipids of the cell envelope are either diphytanylglycerolipids or bipolar macrocyclic tetraether lipids capable of forming covalently linked 'bilayers'. Information on the possible role of ether lipids as membrane constituents has been obtained from studies on the biophysical properties of model membranes consisting of these lipids. In addition, effects of modified ether lipid content on properties of biological membranes have been investigated using microorganisms or mammalian cells which carry genetic defects in ether lipid biosynthesis. Differential utilization of ether glycerophospholipids by specific phospholipases might play a role in the generation of lipid mediators that are involved in signal transduction. A possible function of plasmalogens as antioxidants has been demonstrated with cultured cells and might play a role in serum lipoproteins. Synthetic ether lipid analogs exert cytostatic effects, most likely by interfering with membrane structure and by specific interaction with components of signal transmission pathways, such as phospholipase C and protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Paltauf
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie der Technischen Universität, Graz, Austria
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Johnston NC, Goldfine H. Isolation and characterization of new phosphatidylglycerol acetals of plasmalogens. A family of ether lipids in clostridia. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:957-63. [PMID: 8055972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new phosphatidylglycerol acetal of cardiolipin plasmalogen has been isolated from Clostridium innocuum. The structure was derived from the results of quantitative group analyses, the identification of the products of acid hydrolysis, alkaline methanolysis, hydrolysis by a cardiolipin-specific phospholipase D and by one- and two-dimensional proton NMR. Two other minor ether phospholipids: the lyso form of the phosphatidylglycerol acetal of cardiolipin plasmalogen, and the phosphatidylglycerol acetal of plasmenylglycerol have been identified in C. innocuum lipid extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6076
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MacDonald DL, Goldfine H. Effects of solvents and alcohols on the polar lipid composition of Clostridium butyricum under conditions of controlled lipid chain composition. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:3517-21. [PMID: 1785927 PMCID: PMC184005 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.12.3517-3521.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum has been grown in media devoid of biotin, to which long-chain fatty acids have been added to promote growth. We have shown previously that, under these conditions, exogenous fatty acids are extensively incorporated into the cellular phospholipids. Cells grown with elaidic acid, trans-9-18:1, have normal ratios of the glycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine (GAPlaE) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) plus plasmenylethanolamine (PlaE) compared with cells grown with biotin. When ethanol, cyclohexane, or n-octanol was added to elaidate-containing media, the ratio of GAPlaE to PE plus PlaE was significantly increased. Addition of dodecane and n-butanol did not affect this ratio. When cells were grown with oleic acid in the absence of biotin, the GAPlaE to PE plus PlaE ratio was increased 5.4-fold compared with elaidate-grown cells. In oleate-supplemented media, the addition of solvents or n-alcohols produced no further increase in this ratio. We conclude that these changes in lipid composition represent cellular responses to perturbation of the equilibria between the lamellar and nonlamellar liquid crystalline phases in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L MacDonald
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6076
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Morii H, Goldfine H. Phosphatidyltransferase of Clostridium butyricum: specificity for diacylphosphoglycerides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1044:394-8. [PMID: 2163683 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidyltransferase from Clostridium butyricum, which catalyzes transfer of the phosphatidyl moiety of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) or phosphatidylserine to primary alcohols such as glycerol, serine and ethanolamine, was tested for its ability to catalyze transfer of the plasmenyl moiety from plasmalogen analogs of PE or PG to glycerol or ethanolamine, respectively. The cell membrane of C. butyricum contains high proportions of these plasmalogens. When diacyl and plasmalogen forms of PE or PG were supplied as donors in equimolar amounts to membrane particles, the diacyl forms were the preferred donors by approx. 7 and 10 to 1, respectively. When the molar ratio of PE its plasmalogen was 1:3.3, the ratio of PG formed to its plasmalogen was 1:0.66. These results show that the enzyme(s) can catalyze transfer of both the diacyl and alkenyl acyl forms of glycerophospholipids, but the diacyl forms are used preferentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Morii
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6076
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