Oxidation of linezolid by permanganate in acidic medium: Pd(II) catalysis, kinetics and pathways

The uncatalysed and Pd(II)-catalysed oxidation of linezolid (LNZ) by permanganate (PMGT) in acidic medium was carried out in the pH range from 3.0 to 6.0. The second order rate constants were found to decrease with increase in pH. The apparent second order rate constants for the uncatalysed reaction were, for example, k″app = 6.32 dm3 mol–1 s–1 at pH 3.0 and k″app. = 2.64 dm3 mol–1 s–1 at pH 6.0 and at 25 ± 0.2 °C and for the Pd(II)-catalysed reaction the total apparent second order rate constants were k″app = 75.5 dm3 mol–1 s–1 at pH 3.0 and k″app. = 45.66 dm3 mol–1 s–1 at pH 6.0 and at 25 ± 0.2 °C. The rate constant of the Pd(II)-catalysed reaction was thus ten times higher than for the uncatalysed reaction. The oxidation products of the reaction were identified using high resolution LC–MS. The reaction progresses via formation of a Pd–LNZ complex, which reacts with acidic PMGT to form an intermediate compound, which then decomposes to give oxidised products. The dependence of the rate of reaction on various parameters, such as pH, temperature, [LNZ], [PMGT], [Pd(II)], dielectric constant and ionic strength were studied and activation parameters for the reaction were evaluated and discussed.

Mechanistic Investigation of Oxidation of Diclofenac Sodium by Diperiodatocuprate(Iii) Complex in Aqueous Alkaline Medium

The kinetics of oxidation of diclofenac sodium (DFS) by diperiodatocuprate(III) (DPC) in aqueous alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of 0.60 mol dm−3have been studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction showed first-order kinetics in [DPC] and less than unit order with respect to [DFS] and [alkali] and negative fractional order in [periodate]. The reaction between (DFS) and (DPC) in alkaline medium exhibits 1:2 stoichiometry (DFS): (DPC). The ionic strength and dielectric constant did not affect the rate of reaction. The oxidation products were identified by LC-ESI-MS and IR spectral studies. The reaction constants involved in the different steps of the mechanism were calculated. The activation parameters with respect to the slow step of the mechanism were computed and discussed, and thermodynamic quantities were also determined.