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Ferrocenyl Migrations and Molecular Rearrangements: The Significance of Electronic Charge Delocalization. INORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8120068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced stabilization of a carbocationic site adjacent to a ferrocenyl moiety was recognized within a few years of the discovery of sandwich compounds. While a detailed understanding of the phenomenon was the subject of some early debate, researchers soon took advantage of it to control the ease and direction of a wide range of molecular rearrangements. We, here, discuss the progress in this area from the pioneering studies of the 1960s, to more recent applications in chromatography and analytical detection techniques, and currently in the realm of bioactive organometallic complexes. Several classic reactions involving ferrocenyl migrations, such as the pinacol, Wolff, Beckmann, and Curtius, are discussed, as well as the influence of the ferrocenyl substituent on the mechanisms of the Nazarov, Meyer-Schuster, benzoin, and Stevens rearrangements. The preparation and isomerizations of ferrocenyl-stabilized vinyl cations and vinylcyclopropenes, together with the specific cyclization of acetylcyclopentadienyl-metal derivatives to form 1,3,5-substituted benzenes, demonstrate the versatility and generality of this approach.
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Neal TA, Neal JF, Eippert AB, Moore C, Allen HC, Badjić JD. An easily accessible isospiropyran switch. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9124-9128. [PMID: 31573016 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of SiCl4, three molecules of 5'-bromo-2'-hydroxyacetophenone underwent an unexpected tandem aldol condensation to give a novel isospiropyran switch (69%), with X-ray crystallography confirming its structure. The strong Brønsted acid CH3SO3H turned the colorless isospiropyran into its protonated and open form possessing red color. This process was reversed using the Et3N base, with the acid/base toggling repeatable for at least six times (UV-Vis). When printed on a silica plate, however, the isospiropyran formed a blue-colored product due to, as posited, its stabilization by hydrogen bonding (HB) to silica. An exposure to HB-competing ethyl acetate temporarily "erased" the print only to be brought back by subjecting the plate to a higher temperature for evaporating the solvent. The isospiropyran described here is an easily accessible, chromic, modular and switchable compound that one can incorporate into dynamic materials or use for building chemosensors, molecular machines and organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Neal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, 43210 Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Rocchi D, González JF, Gómez-Carpintero J, González-Ruiz V, Martín MA, Sridharan V, Menéndez JC. Three-Component Synthesis of a Library of m-Terphenyl Derivatives with Embedded β-Aminoester Moieties. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:722-731. [PMID: 30248256 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The three-component reaction between alkyl- or arylamines, β-ketoesters and chalcones in refluxing ethanol containing a catalytic amount of Ce(IV) ammonium nitrate allowed the construction of a large library of highly substituted dihydro- m-terphenyl derivatives containing β-alkylamino- or β-arylamino ester moieties. This process generates three new bonds and one ring and proceeds in high atom economy, having two molecules of water as the only side product. Another domino process, in which the original MCR was telescoped with a subsequent aza Michael/retro-aza Michael sequence, allowed the one-pot preparation of a library of compounds with a N-unsubstituted β-aminoester fragment. Finally, to extend the structural diversity of these libraries, we also examined the aromatization of the central ring of our compounds in the presence of dichlorodicyanoquinone. This reaction sequence did not affect the integrity of a stereogenic center belonging to the amino component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Rocchi
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gómez-Carpintero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Unidad de Química Analítica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Antonia Martín
- Unidad de Química Analítica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Organic Synthesis Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), District-Samba, Jammu-181143, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Xie RJ, Han LM, Zhu N, Gao YY, Hong HL, Suo QL. Synthesis of tetraferrocenylbenzene by cycloaddition reaction with alkyl cobalt clusters as reaction precursors. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.997720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jun Xie
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Li-Min Han
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Gao
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Hai-Long Hong
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Quan-Ling Suo
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, PR China
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Gopi E, Namboothiri INN. One-Pot Regioselective Synthesis of meta-Terphenyls via [3 + 3] Annulation of Nitroallylic Acetates with Alkylidenemalononitriles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7468-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501193h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Gopi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 076, India
| | - Irishi N. N. Namboothiri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 076, India
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Badawy DS, Abdel-Galil E, Kandeel EM, Basyouni WM, Khatab TK. Tetrachlorosilane-Zinc Chloride as a New Potent Binary Reagent for One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of Mannich-Type Products. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500802589907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doria S. Badawy
- a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ebrahim Abdel-Galil
- a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ezzat M. Kandeel
- a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wahid M. Basyouni
- b Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer K. Khatab
- b Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Ogini FO, Elder PJW, Britten JF, Vargas-Baca I. An investigation of (C5H5)Fe(C5H4–C(OBF3)–CH3),. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylferrocene readily forms an adduct with BF3. The product is a neutral model for protonated acetylferrocene, a species that is a crucial intermediate in the formation of 1,3,5-trisferrocenyl-benzene and other conjugated heterometallic derivatives by cyclocondensation. The title compound’s structure was determined in the solid state by X-ray diffraction and its spectroscopic properties were examined in detail, particularly the electronic excitation spectrum, which confirms the previous identification of the in situ generated protonated ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis O. Ogini
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Philip J. W. Elder
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - James F. Britten
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vargas-Baca
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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Dash BP, Satapathy R, Maguire JA, Hosmane NS. Synthesis of a new class of carborane-containing star-shaped molecules via silicon tetrachloride promoted cyclotrimerization reactions. Org Lett 2008; 10:2247-50. [PMID: 18465864 DOI: 10.1021/ol8005248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Symmetrical star-shaped molecules with carborane clusters on the periphery have been synthesized in good yields via silicon tetrachloride mediated cyclotrimerization reactions of 9-benzyl derivatives of carboranes with acetyl group substitution on the benzene ring. Facile functionalization of these symmetrical core structures with 1-iodoheptane and trivinylchlorosilane produce compounds which could be used as liquid crystalline substances and precursors for synthesis of higher order carbosilane dendrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barada Prasanna Dash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862, USA
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Ogini FO, Ortin Y, Mahmoudkhani AH, Cozzolino AF, McGlinchey MJ, Vargas-Baca I. An investigation of the formation of 1,3,5-heterosubstituted benzene rings by cyclo-condensation of acetyl-substituted organometallic complexes. J Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Steffens S, Prosenc MH, Heck J, Asselberghs I, Clays K. Trigonal‐Pyramidal Tetra‐Sandwich Complexes as 3D NLOphores. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200701267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Steffens
- Department Chemie – Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc H. Prosenc
- Department Chemie – Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heck
- Department Chemie – Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inge Asselberghs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Clays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Grealis JP, Müller-Bunz H, Ortin Y, Condell M, Casey M, McGlinchey MJ. Birch reduction of hexaphenyl- and pentaphenylbenzene and an X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy study of cis- and epi-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaphenylcyclohexane and of 2,3,5,6-tetraphenyl-1,1'-bicyclohexylidene: Cannizzaro's conundrum revisited. Chemistry 2007; 14:1552-60. [PMID: 18092316 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Birch reduction of hexaphenylbenzene yields two isomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaphenylcyclohexane. The X-ray crystal structure of the all-cis isomer, 1, reveals that the severe steric crowding among the three axial phenyls is alleviated by a marked splaying out of those three aryl substituents relative to the positioning in a conventional chair structure. A second product, 2, was identified crystallographically and by NMR spectroscopy as the 1,3-diaxial-2,4,5,6-tetraequatorial (epi) isomer of hexaphenylcyclohexane, in which only five of the six additional hydrogen atoms are positioned on the same face of the C(6)Ph(6) precursor. A variable-temperature NMR study of the all-cis isomer 1 yielded a chair-to-chair inversion barrier of approximately 19 kcal mol(-1), which is somewhat higher than the previously reported values for all-cis-1,2,3,4,5,6-C(6)H(6)R(6) in which R=Me or CO(2)Me. The possible relevance to Cannizzaro's 1854 report of a product with the formula (C(7)H(6))(n) is discussed. By contrast, Birch reduction of pentaphenylbenzene led to the formation of 2,3,5,6-tetraphenyl-1,1'-bicyclohexylidene.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Grealis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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A SiCl4–ZnCl2 induced general, mild and efficient one-pot, three-component synthesis of β-amido ketone libraries. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Salama TA, Elmorsy SS, Khalil AGM. SiCl4–Zn induced reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds: novel and efficient routes for one-pot syntheses of 1,2,3-triaryl-2-propen-1-ones and pinacolones at room temperature. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lim YK, Wallace S, Bollinger JC, Chen X, Lee D. Triferrocenes built on a C3-symmetric ligand platform: entry to redox-active pseudo-triphenylenes via chelation-driven stereoselection of triple Schiff bases. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:1694-703. [PMID: 17243672 DOI: 10.1021/ic062029v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An expedient tandem deprotonation-trapping protocol was employed to prepare a tris(difluoroboronyl) complex of a triferrocenyl ligand that is geometrically analogous to substituted triphenylenes. A triple Schiff base condensation reaction between 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol and aminoferrocene afforded the tris(N-salicylideneamine) adducts 5a + 5b in ca. 1:1 ratio. The keto-enamine tautomeric core of this isomeric mixture could be converted to a common enolate-imine intermediate. Subsequent trapping with BF3.Et2O cleanly afforded the tris(difluoroboronyl) adduct 6 in essentially quantitative yield. The electronic and structural properties of this new class of ferrocene compounds were investigated using various methods including UV-vis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and X-ray crystallography. In CH2Cl2-CH3CN, 6 displayed a reversible three-electron oxidation process at E1/2ox = +210 mV (vs Fc/Fc+). Despite the sharing of a common [pi,pi]/[n,pi]-conjugated core, no significant electronic communication was observed among the three ferrocenyl units in 6 under either CV or DPV conditions. On the other hand, the broad oxidation wave of 5a + 5b at E1/2ox = +60 mV in CH2Cl2-CH3CN was comprised of at least two major components at +20 and +90 mV, which collapsed to become a single peak in DMF electrolyte, despite that the ratios between the two isomers 5a,b remained essentially invariant to the change in solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kwan Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Li Y, Tsang EM, Chan AY, Yu HZ. Thin-layer electrochemistry of 1,3,5-triferrocenylbenzene: A unique two-step, three-electron redox process. Electrochem commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Fiorentini S, Floris B, Galloni P, Grepioni F, Polito M, Tagliatesta P. The Metal-Catalyzed Cyclotrimerization of Ferrocenylethyne – Preparation and Characterization of 1,2,4-Triferrocenylbenzene. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xu J, Frcic A, Clyburne JAC, Gossage RA, Yu HZ. Thin-Layer Electrochemistry of 1,3-Diferrocenyl-2-buten-1-one: Direct Correlation between Driving Force and Liquid/Liquid Interfacial Electron Transfer Rates. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B0P 1X0, Canada
| | - Amir Frcic
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B0P 1X0, Canada
| | - Jason A. C. Clyburne
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B0P 1X0, Canada
| | - Robert A. Gossage
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B0P 1X0, Canada
| | - Hua-Zhong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B0P 1X0, Canada
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The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: annual survey covering the year 2002. Coord Chem Rev 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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