1
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Lv J, Hua R. LiO tBu-Promoted Intramolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of the 2'-Alkynyl-biaryl-2-aldehyde N-Tosylhydrazones Approach to 3-Substituted 1 H-Dibenzo[ e, g]indazoles. Molecules 2023; 28:8061. [PMID: 38138554 PMCID: PMC10745680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A two-step, one-pot synthesis of 3-substituted 1H-dibenzo[e,g]indazoles in good to high yields via a LiOtBu-promoted intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cyclization of 2'-alkynyl-biaryl-2-aldehyde N-tosylhydrazones was developed. The N-Ts-hydrazones used were prepared in situ via the reactions of 2'-alkynyl-biaryl-2-aldehydes and TsNHNH2(p-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide). Two types of signals related to the hydrogen bonds, forming in several products, were observed in the 1H NMR spectra recorded in DMSO-d6, assigned to N-H bonds in their dimeric species of product and tautomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Ruimao Hua
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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2
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Porter NJ, Danelius E, Gonen T, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic Carbene Transfer Using Diazirines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8892-8896. [PMID: 35561334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic carbene transfer from diazo compounds is a versatile strategy in asymmetric synthesis. However, the limited pool of stable diazo compounds constrains the variety of accessible products. To overcome this restriction, we have engineered variants of Aeropyrum pernix protoglobin (ApePgb) that use diazirines as carbene precursors. While the enhanced stability of diazirines relative to their diazo isomers enables access to a diverse array of carbenes, they have previously resisted catalytic activation. Our engineered ApePgb variants represent the first example of catalysts for selective carbene transfer from these species at room temperature. The structure of an ApePgb variant, determined by microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED), reveals that evolution has enhanced access to the heme active site to facilitate this new-to-nature catalysis. Using readily prepared aryl diazirines as model substrates, we demonstrate the application of these highly stable carbene precursors in biocatalytic cyclopropanation, N-H insertion, and Si-H insertion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Porter
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Emma Danelius
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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3
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Ruffell K, Smith FR, Green MT, Nicolle SM, Inman M, Lewis W, Hayes CJ, Moody CJ. Diazophosphonates: Effective Surrogates for Diazoalkanes in Pyrazole Synthesis. Chemistry 2021; 27:13703-13708. [PMID: 34425034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diazophosphonates, readily prepared from α-ketophosphonates by oxidation of the corresponding hydrazones in batch or in flow, are useful partners in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to alkynes to give N-H pyrazoles, including the first intramolecular examples of such a process. The phosphoryl group imbues a number of desirable properties into the diazo 1,3-dipole. The electron-withdrawing nature of the phosphoryl stabilizes the diazo compound making it easier to handle, whilst the ability of the phosphoryl group to migrate readily in a [1,5]-sigmatropic rearrangement enables its transfer from C to N to aromatize the initial cycloadduct, and hence its facile removal from the final pyrazole product. Overall, the diazophosphonate acts as a surrogate for the much less stable diazoalkane in cycloadditions, with the phosphoryl group playing a vital, but traceless, role. The cycloaddition proceeds more readily with alkynes bearing electron-withdrawing groups, and is regiospecific with asymmetrical alkynes. The potential of diazophosphonates for use in bioorthogonal cycloadditions is demonstrated by their facile addition to strained alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Ruffell
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Frances R Smith
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael T Green
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Simon M Nicolle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Inman
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Christopher J Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Christopher J Moody
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
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4
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Scinto SL, Bilodeau DA, Hincapie R, Lee W, Nguyen SS, Xu M, am Ende CW, Finn MG, Lang K, Lin Q, Pezacki JP, Prescher JA, Robillard MS, Fox JM. Bioorthogonal chemistry. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:30. [PMID: 34585143 PMCID: PMC8469592 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry represents a class of high-yielding chemical reactions that proceed rapidly and selectively in biological environments without side reactions towards endogenous functional groups. Rooted in the principles of physical organic chemistry, bioorthogonal reactions are intrinsically selective transformations not commonly found in biology. Key reactions include native chemical ligation and the Staudinger ligation, copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, strain-promoted [3 + 2] reactions, tetrazine ligation, metal-catalysed coupling reactions, oxime and hydrazone ligations as well as photoinducible bioorthogonal reactions. Bioorthogonal chemistry has significant overlap with the broader field of 'click chemistry' - high-yielding reactions that are wide in scope and simple to perform, as recently exemplified by sulfuryl fluoride exchange chemistry. The underlying mechanisms of these transformations and their optimal conditions are described in this Primer, followed by discussion of how bioorthogonal chemistry has become essential to the fields of biomedical imaging, medicinal chemistry, protein synthesis, polymer science, materials science and surface science. The applications of bioorthogonal chemistry are diverse and include genetic code expansion and metabolic engineering, drug target identification, antibody-drug conjugation and drug delivery. This Primer describes standards for reproducibility and data deposition, outlines how current limitations are driving new research directions and discusses new opportunities for applying bioorthogonal chemistry to emerging problems in biology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Scinto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Didier A. Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Robert Hincapie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Wankyu Lee
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Sean S. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Minghao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | | | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathrin Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph M. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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5
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Nguyen SS, Prescher JA. Developing bioorthogonal probes to span a spectrum of reactivities. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:476-489. [PMID: 34291176 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistries enable researchers to interrogate biomolecules in living systems. These reactions are highly selective and biocompatible and can be performed in many complex environments. However, like any organic transformation, there is no perfect bioorthogonal reaction. Choosing the "best fit" for a desired application is critical. Correspondingly, there must be a variety of chemistries-spanning a spectrum of rates and other features-to choose from. Over the past few years, significant strides have been made towards not only expanding the number of bioorthogonal chemistries, but also fine-tuning existing reactions for particular applications. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in bioorthogonal reaction development, focusing on how physical organic chemistry principles have guided probe design. The continued expansion of this toolset will provide more precisely tuned reagents for manipulating bonds in distinct environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Nguyen
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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6
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Domingo LR, Acharjee N. Unveiling the high reactivity of strained dibenzocyclooctyne in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with diazoalkanes through the molecular electron density theory. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Nivedita Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry Durgapur Government College Durgapur West Bengal India
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7
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Domingo LR, Acharjee N. Unravelling the strain-promoted [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of phenyl azide with cycloalkynes from the molecular electron density theory perspective. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increase of the strain not only increases the reaction rate and the exothermic character of these reactions, but also changes the mechanism for the small cycloalkynes from a non-polar to a polar reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- E-46100 Valencia
- Spain
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8
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Abstract
Diazo groups have broad and tunable reactivity. That and other attributes endow diazo compounds with the potential to be valuable reagents for chemical biologists. The presence of diazo groups in natural products underscores their metabolic stability and anticipates their utility in a biological context. The chemoselectivity of diazo groups, even in the presence of azido groups, presents many opportunities. Already, diazo compounds have served as chemical probes and elicited novel modifications of proteins and nucleic acids. Here, we review advances that have facilitated the chemical synthesis of diazo compounds, and we highlight applications of diazo compounds in the detection and modification of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalie A. Mix
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew R. Aronoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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9
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Zhang Z, Li Y, He H, Qian X, Yang Y. Mild Chemotriggered Generation of a Fluorophore-Tethered Diazoalkane Species via Smiles Rearrangement. Org Lett 2016; 18:4674-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Zhang
- Division
of Health Toxicology and Function Test, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530021, China
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10
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Aronoff MR, Gold B, Raines RT. Rapid cycloaddition of a diazo group with an unstrained dipolarophile. Tetrahedron Lett 2016; 57:2347-2350. [PMID: 27909348 PMCID: PMC5125787 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cycloaddition of a diazoacetamide with ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorocrotonate proceeds with k = 0.1 M-1s-1. This second-order rate constant rivals those of optimized strain-promoted azide- alkyne cycloadditions, even though the reaction does not release strain. The regioselectivity and a computational distortion/interaction analysis of the reaction energetics are consistent with the formation of an N-H…F-C hydrogen bond in the transition state and the electronic character of the trifluorocrotonate. Analogous reactions with an azidoacetamide dipole or with an acrylate or crotonate dipolarophile were much slower. These findings suggest a new strategy for the design of diazo-selective reagents for chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Aronoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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11
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Xiao ZF, Ding TH, Mao SW, Ning XS, Kang YB. Zinc Iodide-Mediated Direct Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydroisoxazoles from Alkynes and Nitrones. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Andersen KA, Aronoff MR, McGrath NA, Raines RT. Diazo groups endure metabolism and enable chemoselectivity in cellulo. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2412-5. [PMID: 25658416 PMCID: PMC4372190 DOI: 10.1021/ja5095815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
introduce a stabilized diazo group as a reporter for chemical
biology. ManDiaz, which is a diazo derivative of N-acetylmannosamine, is found to endure cellular metabolism and label
the surface of a mammalian cell. There its diazo group can undergo
a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with a strained alkyne, providing a signal
comparable to that from the azido congener, ManNAz. The chemoselectivity
of diazo and alkynyl groups enables dual labeling of cells that is
not possible with azido and alkynyl groups. Thus, the diazo group,
which is approximately half the size of an azido group, provides unique
opportunities for orthogonal labeling of cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Andersen
- Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Training Program, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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MacKenzie DA, Sherratt AR, Chigrinova M, Cheung LLW, Pezacki JP. Strain-promoted cycloadditions involving nitrones and alkynes—rapid tunable reactions for bioorthogonal labeling. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 21:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Darko A, Wallace S, Dmitrenko O, Machovina MM, Mehl RA, Chin JW, Fox JM. Conformationally Strained trans-Cyclooctene with Improved Stability and Excellent Reactivity in Tetrazine Ligation. Chem Sci 2014; 5:3770-3776. [PMID: 26113970 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01348d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Computation has guided the design of conformationally-strained dioxolane-fused trans-cyclooctene (d-TCO) derivatives that display excellent reactivity in the tetrazine ligation. A water soluble derivative of 3,6-dipyridyl-s-tetrazine reacts with d-TCO with a second order rate k2 366,000 (+/- 15,000) M-1s-1 at 25 °C in pure water. Furthermore, d-TCO derivatives can be prepared easily, are accessed through diastereoselective synthesis, and are typically crystalline bench-stable solids that are stable in aqueous solution, blood serum, or in the presence of thiols in buffered solution. GFP with a genetically encoded tetrazine-containing amino acid was site-specifically labelled in vivo by a d-TCO derivative. The fastest bioorthogonal reaction reported to date [k2 3,300,000 (+/- 40,000) M-1s-1 in H2O at 25 °C] is described herein with a cyclopropane-fused trans-cyclooctene. d-TCO derivatives display rates within an order of magnitude of these fastest trans-cyclooctene reagents, and also display enhanced stability and aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ampofo Darko
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stephen Wallace
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Dmitrenko
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Melodie M Machovina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jason W Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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15
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Sherratt AR, Chigrinova M, McKay CS, Beaulieu LPB, Rouleau Y, Pezacki JP. Copper-catalysed cycloaddition reactions of nitrones and alkynes for bioorthogonal labelling of living cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An adapted biocompatible version of the Kinugasa reaction, the copper-catalysed alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition followed by rearrangement (CuANCR), was developed for live-cell labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya Chigrinova
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
| | - Craig S. McKay
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
| | - Louis-Philippe B. Beaulieu
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
| | - Yanouchka Rouleau
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
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16
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Selvaraj R, Fox JM. trans-Cyclooctene--a stable, voracious dienophile for bioorthogonal labeling. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:753-60. [PMID: 23978373 PMCID: PMC3925366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Discussed herein is the development and advancement of trans-cyclooctene as a tool for facilitating bioorthogonal labeling through reactions with s-tetrazines. While a number of strained alkenes have been shown to combine with tetrazines for applications in bioorthogonal labeling, trans-cyclooctene enables fastest reactivity at low concentration with rate constants in excess of k2=10(6) M(-1) s(-1). In the present article, we describe advances in computation and synthesis that have enabled applications in chemical biology and nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramajeyam Selvaraj
- Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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17
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1-Thiacyclooct-4-yne (=5,6-Didehydro-3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-thiocin), and Its Sulfoxide and Its Sulfone. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Chigrinova M, McKay CS, Beaulieu LPB, Udachin KA, Beauchemin AM, Pezacki JP. Rearrangements and addition reactions of biarylazacyclooctynones and the implications to copper-free click chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3436-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40683k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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McGrath NA, Raines RT. Diazo Compounds as Highly Tunable Reactants in 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions with Cycloalkynes(). Chem Sci 2012; 3:3237-3240. [PMID: 23227302 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20806g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazo compounds, which can be accessed directly from azides by deimidogenation, are shown to be extremely versatile dipoles in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with a cyclooctyne. The reactivity of a diazo compound can be much greater or much less than its azide analog, and is enhanced markedly in polar-protic solvents. These reactivities are predictable from frontier molecular orbital energies. The most reactive diazo compound exhibited the highest known second-order rate constant to date for a dipolar cycloaddition with a cycloalkyne. These data provide a new modality for effecting chemoselective reactions in a biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A McGrath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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20
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Hoop KA, Kennedy DC, Mishki T, Lopinski GP, Pezacki JP. Silicon and silicon oxide surface modification using thiamine-catalyzed benzoin condensations. CAN J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/v11-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The benzoin condensation that involves the umpolung coupling of two aldehyde groups has been applied to the formation of functionalized silicon and silicon oxide surfaces using thiamine and other N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis in water. This bioorthogonal conjugation of an aldehyde to a modified silicon or silicon oxide surface has been monitored and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. NHC catalysis was found to be efficient in water mediating full conversion of the aldehyde functionalized silicon oxide surfaces at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Hoop
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Chemistry Department, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David C. Kennedy
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Trevor Mishki
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Gregory P. Lopinski
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Chemistry Department, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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McKay CS, Chigrinova M, Blake JA, Pezacki JP. Kinetics studies of rapid strain-promoted [3 + 2]-cycloadditions of nitrones with biaryl-aza-cyclooctynone. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3066-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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McKay CS, Blake JA, Cheng J, Danielson DC, Pezacki JP. Strain-promoted cycloadditions of cyclic nitrones with cyclooctynes for labeling human cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10040-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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