Rhodium-Catalyzed Reaction of Silacyclobutanes with Unactivated Alkynes to Afford Silacyclohexenes

A Rh-catalyzed reaction of silacyclobutanes (SCBs) with unactivated alkynes has been developed to form silacyclohexenes with high chemoselectivity. Good enantioselectivity at the stereogenic silicon center was achieved using a chiral phosphoramidite ligand. The resulting silacyclohexenes are useful scaffolds for synthesizing structurally attractive silacyclic compounds.

Triplet- vs. singlet-state imposed photochemistry. The role of substituent effects on the photo-Fries and photodissociation reaction of triphenylmethyl silanes

The photochemistry of three structurally very similar triphenylmethylsilanes 1, 2, 3 [p-X-C(6)H(4)-CPh(2)-SiMe(3): X = PhCO, 1; H, ; Ph(OCH(2)CH(2)O)C, 3] is described by means of 248 and 308 nm nanosecond laser flash photolysis (ns-LFP), femtosecond LFP, EPR spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy (fluorescence, phosphorescence), ns-pulse radiolysis (ns-PR), photoproduct analysis studies in MeCN, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of the two key-compounds 1 and 2. The photochemical behavior of 1, 2 and 3 is discussed and compared with that of a fourth one, 4, bearing on the p-position an amino group (X = Me(2)N) and whose detailed photochemistry we reported earlier (J. Org. Chem., 2000, 65, 4274-4280). Silane 1 undergoes on irradiation with 248 and 308 nm laser light a fast photodissociation of the C-Si bond giving the p-(benzoyl)triphenylmethyl radical (1*) with a rate constant of k(diss)= 3 x 10(7) s(-1). The formation of 1* is a one-quantum process and takes place via the carbonyl triplet excited state with high quantum yield (Phi(rad)= 0.9); the intervention of the triplet state is clearly demonstrated through the phosphorescence spectrum and quenching experiments with ferrocene (k(q)= 9.3 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)), Et(3)N (1.1 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)), and styrene (3.1 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)) giving quenching rate constants very similar to those of benzophenone. For comparative reasons radical 1* was generated independently from p-(benzoyl)triphenylmethyl bromide via pulse radiolysis in THF and its absorption coefficient at lambda(max)= 340 nm was determined ([epsilon]= 27770 M(-1) cm(-1)). We found thus that the p-PhCO-derivative 1 behaves similar to the p-Me(2)N one (the latter giving the p-(dimethylamino)triphenylmethyl radical with Phi(rad)= 0.9), irrespective of their completely different ground state electronic properties. In contrast, compounds 2, 3 that bear only the aromatic chromophore give by laser or lamp irradiation both, (i) radical products [Ph(3)C* and p-Ph(OCH(2)CH(2)O)C-C(6)H(4)-C(*)Ph(2), respectively] after dissociation of the central C-Si bond (Phi(rad)= 0.16), and (ii) persistent photo-Fries rearrangement products (of the type of 5-methylidene-6-trimethylsilyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene) absorbing at 300-450 nm and arising from a 1,3-shift of the SiMe(3) group from the benzylic to the ortho-position of the aromatic ring (Phi approximately 0.85 for 2). Using fs-LFP on 2 we showed that the S(1) state recorded at 100 fs after the pulse decays on a time scale of 500 fs giving Ph(3)C* through C-Si bond dissociation. In a second step and within the next 10 ps trityl radicals either escape from the solvent cage (the quantum yield of Ph(3)C* formation Phi(rad)= 0.16 was measured with ns-LFP), or undergo in-cage recombination to photo-Fries products. Thus, singlet excited states (S(1)) of the aromatic organosilanes (2, 3) prefer photo-Fries rearrangement products, while triplet excited states (1, 4) favor free radicals. Both reactions proceed via a common primary photodissociation step (C-Si bond homolysis) and differentiate obviously in the multiplicity of the resulting geminate radical pairs; singlet radical pairs give preferably photo-Fries products following an in-cage recombination, while triplet radical pairs escape the solvent cage (MeCN). The results demonstrate the crucial role which is played by the chromophore which prescribes in a sense, (i) the multiplicity of the intervening excited state and consequently that of the resulting geminate radical pair, and (ii) the dominant reaction path to be followed: the benzophenone- and anilino-chromophore present in silanes 1 and 4, respectively, impose effective intersystem crossing transitions (k(isc)= 10(11) s(-1) and 6 x 10(8) s(-1), respectively) leading to triplet states and finally to free radical products, while the phenyl chromophore in 2 and 3, possessing ineffective isc (k(isc)= 6 x 10(6) s(-1)) leads to photo-Fries product formation via the energetic high lying S(1) state [approximately 443 kJ mol(-1)(106 kcal mol(-1))].

Intramolecular nucleophile-induced photorearrangements and silene formation from an o-(methoxymethyl)phenylsilacyclobutane

Direct photolysis of 1-(o-(methoxymethyl)phenyl)-1-phenylsilacyclobutane yields three isomeric products attributed to intramolecular trapping of an initially formed silicon-carbon biradical intermediate by migration of the benzylic methoxy group to silicon, along with the (expected) intramolecularly ether-stabilized silene due to formal [2 + 2]-cycloreversion.