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Figueiredo Rocha VC, de Souza-Filho AF, Ikuta CY, Hildebrand E Grisi Filho JH, de Azevedo Issa M, Coelho Mota PMP, de Juan Ferré L, Rodríguez LD, Martínez BR, Heinemann MB, Ferreira Neto JS. High discrimination of Mycobacterium bovis isolates in Brazilian herds by spoligotyping. Prev Vet Med 2020; 179:104976. [PMID: 32361639 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), that leads to economic losses in infected herds and it is also considered an important zoonosis. The molecular typing methods of M. bovis isolates are fundamental for the bovine tuberculosis surveillance system, and spoligotyping is the standard genotyping technique for this species. Thus, the aim of the present study is to analyze the spatial and cluster distribution of M. bovis strains from several regions of Brazil through molecular typing. Spoligotyping technique was applied on 422 isolates identified as M. bovis, and Ripley's K function was used to perform the spatial and cluster analysis of each identified profile. Forty-three (43) different profiles were identified and spoligotype SB0121 was the most frequent and showed a uniform pattern in the spatial distribution while spoligotypes SB0295, SB1380 and SB1050 formed clusters. In addition, three novel spoligotype profiles (SB2361, SB2362, SB2364) were identified in different herds. In this perspective, it is believed that molecular identification and typing can significantly improve the performance of surveillance systems for bovine tuberculosis in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cassia Yumi Ikuta
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marina de Azevedo Issa
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Moacyr Pinto Coelho Mota
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lúcia de Juan Ferré
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Romero Martínez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Benítez-Guzmán A, Esquivel-Solís H, Romero-Torres C, Arriaga-Díaz C, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA. Genetically Related Mycobacterium bovis Strains Displayed Differential Intracellular Growth in Bovine Macrophages. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040081. [PMID: 31635257 PMCID: PMC6958473 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular typing of bacterial isolates provides a powerful approach for distinguishing Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) genotypes. It is known that M. bovis strain virulence plays a role in prevalence and spread of the disease, suggesting that strain virulence and prevailing genotypes are associated. However, it is not well understood whether strain virulence correlates with particular genotypes. In this study, we assessed the in vitro intracellular growth of 18 M. bovis isolates in bovine macrophages as an indicator of bacterial virulence and sought a relationship with the genotype identified by spoligotyping. We found 14 different spoligotypes—11 were already known and three spoligotypes had never been reported before. We identified 2 clusters that were phylogenetically related, containing 10 and 6 strains, respectively, and 2 orphan strains. Intracellular growth and phagocytic rates of 18 M. bovis strains were heterogeneous. Our results suggest that M. bovis intracellular growth and phagocytosis are independent of the bacterial lineage identified by spoligotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Benítez-Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Esquivel-Solís
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico.
| | - Cecilia Romero-Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, CENID Microbiología, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico.
| | - Camila Arriaga-Díaz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, CENID Microbiología, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico.
| | - José A Gutiérrez-Pabello
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Perea Razo CA, Rodríguez Hernández E, Ponce SIR, Milián Suazo F, Robbe-Austerman S, Stuber T, Cantó Alarcón GJ. Molecular epidemiology of cattle tuberculosis in Mexico through whole-genome sequencing and spoligotyping. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201981. [PMID: 30138365 PMCID: PMC6107157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle persists in Mexico, posing a threat to human health. Control of bovine tuberculosis, through the National Program Against Bovine Tuberculosis, has led to the decrease of disease prevalence in most of the country, except for high dairy production regions. Genotyping of M. bovis has been performed mainly by spoligotyping and variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), but higher resolution power can be useful for a finer definition of the spread of the disease. Whole genome sequencing and spoligotyping was performed for a set of 322 M. bovis isolates from different sources in Mexico: Baja California, Coahuila, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Queretaro and Veracruz, from dairy and beef cattle, as well as humans. Twelve main genetic clades were obtained through WGS and genetic diversity analysis. A clear differentiation of the Baja California isolates was seen as they clustered together exclusively. However, isolates from the central states showed no specific clustering whatsoever. Although WGS proves to have higher resolving power than spoligotyping, and since there was concordance between WGS and spoligotyping results, we consider that the latter is still an efficient and practical method for monitoring bovine tuberculosis in developing countries, where resources for higher technology are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elba Rodríguez Hernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Colón, Qro., México
| | - Sergio Iván Román Ponce
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Colón, Qro., México
| | - Feliciano Milián Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, University Blvd, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tod Stuber
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, University Blvd, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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The most common spoligotype of Mycobacterium bovis isolated in the world and the recommended loci for VNTR typing; A systematic review. Microb Pathog 2018; 118:310-315. [PMID: 29578066 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is a neglected zoonotic organism that epidemiological studies are of crucial importance in identifying its source, control it and prevent it from spreading. The aim of this study was to investigate the most common spoligotypes of Mycobacterium bovis circulating around the world and introduce the most and least strong determine powers of loci for VNTR. We have used different databases such as ISC, science direct, Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science, Scopus and Medline via PubMed. Searches were performed by key words including: Mycobacterium bovis, MIRU -VNTR, spoligotyping and discrimination power. Finally, thirty-one articles were selected after filtering out some titles, abstracts and full texts. Spoligotype SB0120 was the most common circulating type on several continents while SB0121 existed in Europe, Africa and America. SB0140 was also detected in Asia, Europe and America. QUB3232 and QUB11b were more appropriate loci among the loci with high discriminatory power. MIRU 10 and MIRU4 were among the loci with poor discriminatory power. Taking the published data into consideration, SB0120 and SB0121 are predominant spoligotypes of M. bovis circulating among animals around the world. Determining the most common spoligotype of M. bovis is the key to find source of infection, control and prevent the disease.
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Whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium bovis to obtain molecular fingerprints in human and cattle isolates from Baja California, Mexico. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 63:48-56. [PMID: 28739421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine genetic diversity by comparing the whole genome sequences of cattle and human Mycobacterium bovis isolates from Baja California. METHODS A whole genome sequencing strategy was used to obtain the molecular fingerprints of 172 isolates of M. bovis obtained from Baja California, Mexico; 155 isolates were from cattle and 17 isolates were from humans. Spoligotypes were characterized in silico and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences between the isolates were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 12 M. bovis spoligotype patterns were identified in cattle and humans. Two predominant spoligotypes patterns were seen in both cattle and humans: SB0145 and SB1040. The SB0145 spoligotype represented 59% of cattle isolates (n=91) and 65% of human isolates (n=11), while the SB1040 spoligotype represented 30% of cattle isolates (n=47) and 30% of human isolates (n=5). When evaluating SNP differences, the human isolates were intimately intertwined with the cattle isolates. CONCLUSIONS All isolates from humans had spoligotype patterns that matched those observed in the cattle isolates, and all human isolates shared common ancestors with cattle in Baja California based on SNP analysis. This suggests that most human tuberculosis caused by M. bovis in Baja California is derived from M. bovis circulating in Baja California cattle. These results reinforce the importance of bovine tuberculosis surveillance and control in this region.
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Carvalho RCT, Vasconcellos SEG, Issa MDA, Soares Filho PM, Mota PMPC, Araújo FRD, Carvalho ACDS, Gomes HM, Suffys PN, Figueiredo EEDS, Paschoalin VMF. Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium bovis from Cattle Reared in Midwest Brazil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162459. [PMID: 27631383 PMCID: PMC5024986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), the pathogen responsible for serious economic impact on the livestock sector. In order to obtain data on isolated M. bovis strains and assist in the control and eradication program for BTB, a cross sectional descriptive molecular epidemiology study in the Brazilian Midwest was conducted. Through spoligotyping and 24-loci MIRU-VNTR methods, 37 clinical isolates of M. bovis circulating in the region were analyzed, 10 isolated from the state of Mato Grosso, 12 from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and 15 from the state of Goiás. The spoligotyping analysis identified 10 distinct M. bovis profiles (SB0121 n = 14, SB0295 n = 6, SB0140 n = 6, SB0881 n = 3, SB1144 n = 2, SB1145 n = 2, SB0134 n = 1, SB1050 n = 1, SB1055 n = 1, SB1136 n = 1) grouped in six clusters and four orphan patterns. The MIRU-VNTR 24-loci grouped the same isolates in six clusters and 22 unique orphan patterns, showing higher discriminatory power than spoligotyping. When associating the results of both techniques, the isolates were grouped in five clusters and 24 unique M. bovis profiles. Among the 24-loci MIRU-VNTR evaluated, two, ETR-A and QUB 11b loci, showed high discriminatory ability (h = ≥ 0.50), while MIRU 16, MIRU 27, ETR-B, ETR-C, Mtub21 and QUB 26 loci showed moderate ability (h = 0.33 or h = 0.49) and were the most effective in evaluating the genotypic similarities among the clinical M. bovis isolate samples. Herein, the 29 patterns found amongst the 37 isolates of M. bovis circulating in the Brazilian Midwest can be due to the animal movement between regions, municipalities and farms, thus causing the spread of various M. bovis strains in herds from Midwest Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo César Tavares Carvalho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá/MT, Brasil
| | - Sidra Ezidio Gonçalves Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicado a Micobactérias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
| | - Marina de Azevedo Issa
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário (LANAGRO), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Pedro Leopoldo/MG, Brasil
| | - Paulo Martins Soares Filho
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário (LANAGRO), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Pedro Leopoldo/MG, Brasil
| | - Pedro Moacyr Pinto Coelho Mota
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário (LANAGRO), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Pedro Leopoldo/MG, Brasil
| | | | - Ana Carolina da Silva Carvalho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Campus Macaé, Macaé/RJ, Brasil
| | - Harrison Magdinier Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicado a Micobactérias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
| | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicado a Micobactérias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Tropical Institute of Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Understanding the relationship between Mycobacterium bovis spoligotypes from cattle in Latin American Countries. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rocha VCF, de Figueiredo SC, Rosales CAR, de Hildebrand e Grisi Filho JH, Keid LB, Soares RM, Ferreira Neto JS. Molecular discrimination of Mycobacterium bovis in São Paulo, Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012. [PMID: 23199273 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is the most common agent of cattle tuberculosis, a zoonosis that causes losses in meat and milk production in several countries. In order to support epidemiological studies aimed at controlling the disease, several methods for molecular discrimination of M. bovis isolates have recently been developed. The most frequently used are spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping), mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU), and exact tandem repeat (ETR), but they all have different discriminatory power. In the present study, allelic diversity was calculated for each MIRU and ETR locus, and the Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index (HGI) was calculated for spoligotyping, 10 MIRUs, and 3 ETRs, in 116 isolates of M. bovis obtained from cattle. The analysis of allelic diversity indicated that MIRUs 16, 26, and 27, and ETRs A, B, and C, showed the greatest diversity between the assayed loci. The HGIs for each of the techniques were: spoligotyping=0.738381; MIRU=0.829835; and ETR=0.825337. The associations of the methods' improved discriminatory power were: spoligotyping+MIRU=0.930585; spoligotyping+ETR=0.931034; and MIRU+ETR=0.953373. The greatest discriminatory power was obtained when the three techniques were associated (HGI=0.98051). Considering the analyses of the present study, spoligotyping should be the first method to be used because it differentiates M. bovis from the other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. As the associations of MIRU and ETR with spoligotyping resulted in nearly identical HGIs, ETR seems to be the best choice after spoligotyping, because it is faster and more economical than MIRU. Finally, MIRU should be the last method used. In spite of this finding, the choice of the method used should be based on the discriminatory power necessary for the objective at hand.
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Gutiérrez Reyes JA, García Casanova L, Romero Torres C, Sosa Gallegos SL, Cantó Alarcón GJ, Mercado Pezzat M, Pizano Martínez O, Estrada Chávez C, Milián Suazo F. Population structure of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from cattle in Mexico. Prev Vet Med 2012; 106:1-8. [PMID: 22703980 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular fingerprints of 878 isolates of Mycobacterium bovis collected from cattle between 2009 and 2010 in different regions of Mexico were used in this study. One hundred and ninety-four spoligotypes were observed in total with a high degree of heterogeneity. Sixty-four percent of the isolates grouped into just nine spoligotypes, and 27% fell into only two spoligotypes: SB0673 and SB0669; 149 were orphan spoligotypes. The two predominant spoligotypes were found in almost all states in Mexico, especially in central Mexico, where there is a high concentration of dairy cattle; however, some spoligotypes were closely associated with restricted geographical areas. The hypothetical evolutionary relationship among spoligotypes was estimated using the spoligoforest program in the spolTools webpage. Four trees with connected components and nine unconnected nodes were found. The biggest tree had SB0140 strain as a root, suggesting this as the oldest strain in the tree. However, the relationship of this spoligotype with SB0673 and SB0669 was weak. The discriminatory power of spoligotyping for this M. bovis sample of isolates was 0.94, and the recent transmission index (RTI) 0.83, suggesting a high rate of recent transmission of some strains of M. bovis in the population. This parameter indicates that new measures are required to stop the dissemination of tuberculosis in cattle.
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European 1: A globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1340-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Rodwell TC, Kapasi AJ, Moore M, Milian-Suazo F, Harris B, Guerrero LP, Moser K, Strathdee SA, Garfein RS. Tracing the origins of Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis in humans in the USA to cattle in Mexico using spoligotyping. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14 Suppl 3:e129-35. [PMID: 20399697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare genotypes of Mycobacterium bovis strains from humans in Southern California with genotypes of M. bovis strains in cattle in Mexico and the USA to explore the possible origins of human infections. METHODS We conducted a descriptive analysis of M. bovis genotypes from a binational population of humans and cattle using spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping). RESULTS One hundred six human M. bovis spoligotypes were compared to spoligotypes from 496 Mexican cattle and 219 US cattle. Twelve spoligotype patterns were identified among human cases and 126 spoligotype patterns were detected in cattle. Over 91% (97/106) of the human M. bovis isolates had spoligotypes that were identical to those found in Mexican cattle. Four human cases had spoligotypes that matched both cattle born in Mexico and in the USA. Nine human cases had spoligotypes that did not match cattle born in Mexico or the USA. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the population of M. bovis strains causing human TB disease in Southern California is closely related to the M. bovis strain population found in Mexican cattle and supports existing epidemiological evidence that human M. bovis disease in San Diego likely originated from Mexican cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Rodwell
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California-San Diego, Institute of the Americas, 10111 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92093-0507, USA
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12
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Lopez-Alvarez R, Badillo-Lopez C, Cerna-Cortes JF, Castillo-Ramirez I, Rivera-Gutierrez S, Helguera-Repetto AC, Aguilar D, Hernandez-Pando R, Samper S, Gonzalez-y-Merchand JA. First insights into the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from HIV-infected Mexican patients and mutations causing multidrug resistance. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:82. [PMID: 20236539 PMCID: PMC2848023 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species in HIV-infected patients in Mexico is unknown. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of MTb and NTM species in HIV-infected patients from Mexico City, to evaluate the genotypic diversity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains, to determine their drug resistance profiles by colorimetric microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA), and finally, to detect mutations present in katG, rpoB and inhA genes, resulting in isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF) resistance. RESULTS Of the 67 mycobacterial strains isolated, 48 were identified as MTb, 9 as M. bovis, 9 as M. avium and 1 as M. intracellulare. IS6110-RFLP of 48 MTb strains showed 27 profiles. Spoligotyping of the 48 MTb strains yielded 21 patterns, and 9 M. bovis strains produced 7 patterns. Eleven new spoligotypes patterns were found. A total of 40 patterns were produced from the 48 MTb strains when MIRU-VNTR was performed. Nineteen (39.6%) MTb strains were resistant to one or more drugs. One (2.1%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain was identified. A novel mutation was identified in a RIF-resistant strain, GAG --> TCG (Glu --> Ser) at codon 469 of rpoB gene. CONCLUSIONS This is the first molecular analysis of mycobacteria isolated from HIV-infected patients in Mexico, which describe the prevalence of different mycobacterial species in this population. A high genetic diversity of MTb strains was identified. New spoligotypes and MIRU-VNTR patterns as well as a novel mutation associated to RIF-resistance were found. This information will facilitate the tracking of different mycobacterial species in HIV-infected individuals, and monitoring the spread of these microorganisms, leading to more appropriate measures for tuberculosis control.
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African 1, an epidemiologically important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis dominant in Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:1951-60. [PMID: 19136597 PMCID: PMC2648362 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01590-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis present at high frequency in cattle in population samples from several sub-Saharan west-central African countries. This closely related group of bacteria is defined by a specific chromosomal deletion (RDAf1) and can be identified by the absence of spacer 30 in the standard spoligotype typing scheme. We have named this group of strains the African 1 (Af1) clonal complex and have defined the spoligotype signature of this clonal complex as being the same as the M. bovis BCG vaccine strain but with the deletion of spacer 30. Strains of the Af1 clonal complex were found at high frequency in population samples of M. bovis from cattle in Mali, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Chad, and using a combination of variable-number tandem repeat typing and spoligotyping, we show that the population of M. bovis in each of these countries is distinct, suggesting that the recent mixing of strains between countries is not common in this area of Africa. Strains with the Af1-specific deletion (RDAf1) were not identified in M. bovis isolates from Algeria, Burundi, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. Furthermore, the spoligotype signature of the Af1 clonal complex has not been identified in population samples of bovine tuberculosis from Europe, Iran, and South America. These observations suggest that the Af1 clonal complex is geographically localized, albeit to several African countries, and we suggest that the dominance of the clonal complex in this region is the result of an original introduction into cows naïve to bovine tuberculosis.
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Rodwell TC, Moore M, Moser KS, Brodine SK, Strathdee SA. Tuberculosis from Mycobacterium bovis in binational communities, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:909-16. [PMID: 18507901 PMCID: PMC2600278 DOI: 10.3201/eid1406.071485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence in San Diego is increasing and is concentrated mostly in persons of Mexican origin. The epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States is changing as the incidence of disease becomes more concentrated in foreign-born persons. Mycobacterium bovis appears to be contributing substantially to the TB incidence in some binational communities with ties to Mexico. We conducted a retrospective analysis of TB case surveillance data from the San Diego, California, region from 1994 through 2005 to estimate incidence trends, identify correlates of M. bovis disease, and evaluate risk factors for deaths during treatment. M. bovis accounted for 45% (62/138) of all culture-positive TB cases in children (<15 years of age) and 6% (203/3,153) of adult cases. M. bovis incidence increased significantly (p = 0.002) while M. tuberculosis incidence declined (p<0.001). Almost all M. bovis cases from 2001 through 2005 were in persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Persons with M. bovis were 2.55× (p = 0.01) as likely to die during treatment than those with M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Rodwell
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093-0622, USA.
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Harris NB, Payeur J, Bravo D, Osorio R, Stuber T, Farrell D, Paulson D, Treviso S, Mikolon A, Rodriguez-Lainz A, Cernek-Hoskins S, Rast R, Ginsberg M, Kinde H. Recovery of Mycobacterium bovis from soft fresh cheese originating in Mexico. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 73:1025-8. [PMID: 17142354 PMCID: PMC1800782 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01956-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of human tuberculosis in the United States caused by Mycobacterium bovis have implicated cheese originating in Mexico as a source of these infections. A total of 203 samples of cheese originating in Mexico were cultured, and M. bovis was recovered from one specimen. Therefore, M. bovis can be recovered from cheese and may be a source of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Beth Harris
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United State Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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