1
|
Molecular Diagnostic Methods For The Detection of Leptospirosis. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread infectious disease caused by the spirochete Leptospira. The clinical features of leptospirosis are fever, headache, vomiting, jaundice, and the acute form of the disease is commonly called Weil’s disease. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is a gold standard method used to detect leptospirosis. However, it requires 14 days of time and skilled personnel to detect leptospirosis. Various molecular methods were developed for the rapid detection process, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multiplex PCR, nested PCR, real-time PCR, and Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Other immuno-based biosensor kits are readily available for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Though these methods claim to be highly sensitive and specific, each method has its drawbacks. This review discusses the different molecular diagnostic techniques applied for the diagnosis of leptospirosis; elaborating on each method’s sensitivity, specificity, and detection time and the different samples of water, blood, and urine used.
Collapse
|
2
|
Going Micro in Leptospirosis Kidney Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040698. [PMID: 35203344 PMCID: PMC8869946 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic and waterborne disease worldwide. It is a neglected infectious disease caused by Leptospira spp., as well as a reemerging disease and global public health problem with respect to morbidity and mortality both in humans and animals. Leptospirosis emerges as a leading cause of acute febrile illness along with hepatorenal injury in many countries, including Thailand. While most affected persons are symptomatic in acute disease, which is always difficult to differentiate from other tropical diseases, there is growing evidence of subtle manifestations that cause unrecognized chronic symptoms. The kidney is one of the common organs affected by Leptospires. Although acute kidney injury in the spectrum of interstitial nephritis is a well-described characteristic in severe leptospirosis, chronic kidney disease from leptospirosis is widely discussed. Early recognition of severe leptospirosis leads to reduce morbidity and mortality. Thus, in this review, we highlight the spectrum of characteristics involved in leptospirosis kidney disease and the use of serologic and molecular methods, as well as the treatments of severe leptospirosis.
Collapse
|
3
|
The role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2148. [PMID: 35140240 PMCID: PMC8828929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a common global zoonotic disease of man and all farm animals. Although most leptospiral infections in sheep and goats are asymptomatic, they may play a role in the epidemiology of the disease by the spread of Leptospira through the urine. This study was carried out to evaluate the role of sheep and goats in the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Blood and urine samples were taken from 210 goats and 246 sheep. To detect antibodies, sera samples were tested with 8 live serovars of L. interrogans (Hardjo, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, Ballum, Icterhemorrhagiae, Tarasovi, and Australis) by MAT. Then, urine samples were tested by Nested PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene for detection of pathogenic Leptospira. Results of MAT showed that 10.95% of goats and 8.53% of sheep had antibodies against at least one examined serovars. In both species, the highest reacting was L. i. Pomona with a rate of 68.18% and 56% in sheep and goats, respectively. Moreover, in PCR, 2 (0.95%) urine samples of goat and 12 (4.87%) urine samples of sheep were positive. All of the MAT positive studied animals were PCR negative and, statistical analysis showed that there was no relationship and agreement between the results of PCR and MAT in sheep (kappa = − 0.07, p > 0.05) and goats (kappa = − 0.02, p > 0.05). Finally, it is concluded that sheep and goats can excrete L. interrogans in the urine and thus transmit them to other animals and humans.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramírez-Pizarro F, Silva-de la Fuente C, Hernández-Orellana C, López J, Madrid V, Fernández Í, Martín N, González-Acuña D, Sandoval D, Ortega R, Landaeta-Aqueveque C. Zoonotic Pathogens in the American Mink in Its Southernmost Distribution. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:908-914. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Silva-de la Fuente
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Juana López
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Verónica Madrid
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ítalo Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicolás Martín
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | | | - Daniel Sandoval
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - René Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanitation workers from Portugal: Is there evidence of Leptospira spp? J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:738-740. [PMID: 30777720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospires are spirochetes of Leptospira genus. Infection in humans occurs by penetration into the mucous membranes, or into the skin (small wounds or abrasions). Humans are infected when they contact with urine of rodents, the main reservoirs. We aimed to evaluate the presence of anti-Leptospira spp antibodies and leptospiral DNA in sanitation workers (occupational group with increased risk) from Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region (Portugal). Blood samples were collected from 347 sanitation workers, being applied a questionnaire to analyze exposure to rodents and preventive measures. The samples were screened by MACROLepto-test, for the presence of antibodies against pathogenic leptospires. "Positive" and "Non conclusive" samples were then tested with Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Two nested-PCR protocols (primers LeptoA-LeptoB and lipL32) were applied for Leptospira spp DNA detection. It was not observed anti-Leptospira spp antibodies in the worker's samples. However, it was detected non-pathogenic leptospires in a serum sample. Furthermore, 77% had previously seen rodents in the workplace and 94% always used Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Despite the regular presence of rodents in their workplace, the use of PPE and hygiene measures seemed to be able to prevent the workers contact with this infectious agent.
Collapse
|
6
|
Monica N, Rathinasabapathi P, Ramya M. Development of real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RealAmp) method for sensitive and rapid detection of pathogenic and nonpathogenicLeptospira. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:196-203. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N.I. Monica
- Department of Genetic Engineering; School of Bioengineering; SRM Institute of Science and Technology; Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu India
| | - P. Rathinasabapathi
- Department of Genetic Engineering; School of Bioengineering; SRM Institute of Science and Technology; Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu India
| | - M. Ramya
- Department of Genetic Engineering; School of Bioengineering; SRM Institute of Science and Technology; Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Correa JP, Bucarey SA, Cattan PE, Landaeta-Aqueveque C, Ramírez-Estrada J. Renal carriage of Leptospira species in rodents from Mediterranean Chile: The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) as a relevant host in agricultural lands. Acta Trop 2017; 176:105-108. [PMID: 28760479 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the renal carriage of Leptospira species in rodent communities from Mediterranean Chile using a PCR technique. We found that animals inhabiting agricultural areas were almost three times more infected than in wild areas (14.4% vs. 4.4%). The Norwegian rat (Rattus norvegicus), an invasive murid ubiquitous in the country, was the most infected species (38.1%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juana P Correa
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sergio A Bucarey
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pedro E Cattan
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán, Chile.
| | - Juan Ramírez-Estrada
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hsu YH, Chou SJ, Chang CC, Pan MJ, Yang WC, Lin CF, Chan KW. Development and validation of a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of pathogenic Leptospira species in clinical materials. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 141:55-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Natural Infection of Leptospira Species in the Native Rodents Degu (Octodon degus) and Darwin's Pericote (Phyllotis darwini) in Mediterranean Ecosystem of Chile. J Wildl Dis 2017; 53:677-680. [DOI: 10.7589/2016-11-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Schreier S, Doungchawee G, Chadsuthi S, Triampo D, Triampo W. Leptospirosis: current situation and trends of specific laboratory tests. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:263-80. [PMID: 23445200 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is re-emerging as a worldwide zoonosis and is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Human leptospirosis is associated with high temperature and humidity. Laboratory tests are indispensible for the early diagnosis and proper disease management. The demand for suitable leptospirosis point-of-care diagnostic tests grows with the awareness and number of incidences. Confirmation is achieved by the microscopic agglutination test, bacterial cultivation, PCR or histopathologic methods. However, high costs, poor standardization and/or elaborate sample preparation prevent routine use at the point of care. Cost-efficient, but insensitive serological methods dominate the diagnostic landscape and, likewise, urgently need improvement toward greater compliance with some of the point-of-care criteria. Combined application of antigen and antibody detection methods increases accuracy, but also new development or transfer of diagnostic technologies should be considered useful. Nano- and microparticle technology may play a key role in improving future antigen detection methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schreier
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Azizi S, Tajbakhsh E, Hajimirzaei MR, Gholami Varnamkhast M, Sadeghian H, Oryan A. Evaluation of ‘white-spotted kidneys’ associated with leptospirosis by polymerase chain reaction based LipL32 gene in slaughtered cows. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2012; 83:69. [DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v83i1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of white spots in the kidneys of cattle at slaughter (so-called white-spotted kidneys) can be an indication of infection with Leptospira, a spirochaete of public health concern because it causes zoonotic disease. In this study, 24 kidneys of 180 slaughtered cows (13.3%) showed focal to multifocal white spots at inspection. These kidneys, together with matching urine (n = 18) and blood (n = 24) samples, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the LipL32 gene. Leptospiral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in 19 (79.2%) out of 24 kidneys, as well as 7 (29.2%) blood and 10 (55.5%) urine samples of cows with white spots in their kidneys. Histopathological findings revealed multifocal infiltration of mononuclear cells, including lymphocytes and a few plasma cells in the renal interstitial tissues. In addition, 14 apparently normal kidneys and associated urine and blood samples were similarly examined by PCR but did not provide any positive results. In this study, high detection of leptospirosis in kidneys with interstitial nephritis suggests that Leptospira spp. are associated with white spotted kidneys. The present findings indicate that white spotted kidneys can be due to leptospirosis in this region in southwestern Iran, which indicates an increased risk of zoonotic disease. The data show that LipL32-based primers are useful for PCR-based diagnosis of leptospirosis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Vasconcellos FA, Coutinho ML, da Silva ÉF, Fernandes CP, Monte LG, Seyffert N, Dellagostin OA, Aleixo JAG. Testing different antigen capture ELISA formats for detection of Leptospira spp. in human blood serum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
14
|
HATAZOE T, HOBO S, YAMASHITA N, KOMATSU K, MISUMI K. Case study of equine leptospirosis associated with renal failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.12935/jvma.62.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi HATAZOE
- Kyushu Stallion Station, The Japan Bloodhorse Breeders' Association,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bomfim MRQ, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Koury MC. Detection of pathogenic leptospires in urine from naturally infected cattle by nested PCR. Vet J 2008; 178:251-6. [PMID: 17869555 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers from the LipL32 sequence of Leptospira spp. was used to detect shedding of pathogenic leptospires in urine from naturally infected cattle. Amplicons (497bp) were obtained from 21 pathogenic reference serovars belonging to four species (L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. santarosai, L. kirschneri). DNA was amplified from 26/30 urine samples taken from cattle with suspected leptospirosis and from leptospires cultivated from 10 of these samples. The limit of detection of DNA in the clinical samples was 200pg and the nested PCR detected all pathogenic reference serovars of Leptospira spp. tested. No PCR products were amplified using DNA from other common bacterial species from the bovine urogenital tract or urine, or from the non-pathogenic L. biflexa Andamana serovar. The nested PCR exhibited high specificity and sensitivity for detection of pathogenic serovars in urine from cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Quaresma Bomfim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos, 6627, CP 486, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fernandes CPH, Seixas FK, Coutinho ML, Vasconcellos FA, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR, Dellagostin OA, Aleixo JAG. An Immunomagnetic Separation-PCR Method for Detection of PathogenicLeptospirain Biological Fluids. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2008; 27:381-6. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2008.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ângela Nunes Moreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Fundação Universidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Guimarães Aleixo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Leptospirosis is among the most important zoonotic diseases worldwide. Completion of the genomic sequences of leptospires has facilitated advances in diagnosis and prevention of the disease, and yielded insight into its pathogenesis. This article reviews this research, emphasizing recent progress. RECENT FINDINGS Leptospirosis is caused by a group of highly invasive spiral bacteria (spirochetes) that can infect both people and animals. Spirochetes can survive in the environment and host, and therefore outer membrane and secretory proteins that interact with the host are of considerable interest in leptospire research. The genetic approach to studying pathogenesis is hindered by fastidious growth of pathogenic leptospires. Integrated genomic and proteomic approaches, however, have yielded enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. Furthermore, studies of innate immune response to the organism have enhanced our understanding of host susceptibility and resistance to infection. In-silico analysis and high-throughput cloning and expression have had major impacts on efforts to develop vaccine candidates and diagnostic reagents. SUMMARY In the future, we must effectively utilize the wealth of genetic information to combat the disease. More studies into genetics, immune mechanisms that may be exploited to prevent leptospirosis, and pathogenesis of the disease are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan U M Palaniappan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|