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Ejo M, Torrea G, Uwizeye C, Kassa M, Girma Y, Bekele T, Ademe Y, Diro E, Gehre F, Rigouts L, de Jong BC. Genetic diversity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Northwest Ethiopia reveals a predominance of East-African-Indian and Euro-American lineages. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 103:72-80. [PMID: 33189940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study described the population structure of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBc) strains among patients with pulmonary or lymph node tuberculosis (TB) in Northwest Ethiopia and tested the performance of culture isolation and MPT64-based speciation for Lineage 7 (L7). METHODS Patients were recruited between April 2017 and June 2019 in North Gondar, Ethiopia. The MPT64 assay was used to confirm MTBc, and spoligotyping was used to characterize mycobacterial lineages. Line probe assay (LPA) was used to detect resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. RESULTS Among 274 MTBc genotyped isolates, there were five MTBc lineages: L1-L4 and L7 were identified, with predominant East-African-Indian (L3) (53.6%) and Euro-American (L4) (40.1%) strains, and low prevalence (2.6%) of Ethiopia L7. The genotypes were similarly distributed between pulmonary and lymph node TB, and all lineages were equally isolated by culture and recognized as MTBc by the MPT64 assay. Additionally, LPA showed that 259 (94.5%) MTBc were susceptible to both rifampicin and isoniazid, and one (0.4%) was multi-drug resistant (resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid). CONCLUSION These findings show that TB in North Gondar, Ethiopia, is mainly caused by L3 and L4 strains, with low rates of L7, confirmed as MTBc by MPT64 assay and with limited resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrat Ejo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Meseret Kassa
- TB Culture Laboratory, University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yilak Girma
- TB Culture Laboratory, University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tiruzer Bekele
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yilkal Ademe
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Diro
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Florian Gehre
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium; Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; East African Community Secretariat (EAC), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isoniazid monoresistant and multidrug-resistant in Rio Grande do Sul, a tuberculosis high-burden state in Brazil. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 110:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Coll P, García de Viedma D. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 36:233-240. [PMID: 29463429 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of genotyping tools allowed us to discriminate between the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained in the laboratory. The differentiation between single strains opened the door to molecular epidemiology studies, which had helped us to progress in our knowledge of how this pathogen is transmitted in the progressively more complex socio-epidemiological scenario. The genetic stability of this microorganism led to develop specific methodologies, which are thoroughly revised in this chapter. In addition to their application in epidemiology, we review, how they can offer a response to different diagnostic and clinical challenges. Finally, we focus on describing the novel genomic revolution we are experiencing in the analysis of tuberculosis, the methodology in which it is based and the novel possibilities it offers, including new routes of integrating both the molecular and genomic languages in innovative post-genomic proposals, better suited to our real-life context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Coll
- Servicio Microbiología, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, España; Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona, , Bellaterra, España; Institut de Recerca, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.
| | - Darío García de Viedma
- Servicio Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España; CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, España.
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Sanoussi CN, Affolabi D, Rigouts L, Anagonou S, de Jong B. Genotypic characterization directly applied to sputum improves the detection of Mycobacterium africanum West African 1, under-represented in positive cultures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005900. [PMID: 28863143 PMCID: PMC5599059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBc) lineages between direct genotyping (on sputum) and indirect genotyping (on culture), to characterize potential culture bias against difficult growers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Smear-positive sputa from consecutive new tuberculosis patients diagnosed in Cotonou, (Benin) were included, before patients had started treatment. An aliquot of decontaminated sputum was used for direct spoligotyping, and another aliquot was cultured on Löwenstein Jensen (LJ) medium (90 days), for indirect spoligotyping. After DNA extraction, spoligotyping was done according to the standard method for all specimens, and patterns obtained from sputa were compared versus those from the derived culture isolates. From 199 patient's sputa, 146 (73.4%) yielded a positive culture. In total, direct spoligotyping yielded a pattern in 98.5% (196/199) of the specimens, versus 73.4% (146/199) for indirect spoligotyping on cultures. There was good agreement between sputum- and isolate derived patterns: 94.4% (135/143) at spoligotype level and 96.5% (138/143) at (sub)lineage level. Two of the 8 pairs with discrepant pattern were suggestive of mixed infection in sputum. Ancestral lineages (Lineage 1, and M. africanum Lineages 5 and 6) were less likely to grow in culture (OR = 0.30, 95%CI (0.14 to 0.64), p = 0.0016); especially Lineage 5 (OR = 0.37 95%CI (0.17 to 0.79), p = 0.010). Among modern lineages, Lineage 4 was over-represented in positive-culture specimens (OR = 3.01, 95%CI (1.4 to 6.51), p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS/ SIGNIFICANCE Ancestral lineages, especially M. africanum West African 1 (Lineage 5), are less likely to grow in culture relative to modern lineages, especially M. tuberculosis Euro-American (Lineage 4). Direct spoligotyping on smear positive sputum is effective and efficient compared to indirect spoligotyping of cultures. It allows for a more accurate unbiased determination of the population structure of the M. tuberculosis complex. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02744469.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. N’Dira Sanoussi
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie de Cotonou, National Tuberculosis Programme, Cotonou, Benin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dissou Affolabi
- Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie de Cotonou, National Tuberculosis Programme, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Séverin Anagonou
- Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie de Cotonou, National Tuberculosis Programme, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Bouke de Jong
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Difference in Antibody Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens in Japanese Tuberculosis Patients Infected with the Beijing/Non-Beijing Genotype. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4797856. [PMID: 28182078 PMCID: PMC5274661 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4797856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Beijing genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), notorious for its virulence and predisposition to relapse, could be identified by spoligotyping based on genetic heterogeneity. The plasma samples from 20 cases of Beijing and 16 cases of non-Beijing MTB infected individuals and 24 healthy controls (HCs) were collected, and antibodies against 11 antigens (Rv0679c142Asn, Rv0679c142Lys, Ag85B, Ag85A, ARC, TDM-M, TDM-K, HBHA, MDP-1, LAM, and TBGL) were measured by ELISA. Compared to the HCs, the MTB infected subjects showed higher titers of anti-Ag85B IgG (positivity 58.2%) and anti-ACR IgG (positivity 48.2%). Of note, anti-ACR IgG showed higher titer in Beijing MTB infected tuberculosis (TB) patients than in HC (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05), while the levels of anti-Ag85B, anti-TBGL, anti-TDM-K, and anti-TDM-M IgG were higher in non-Beijing TB patients than in HC. Moreover, anti-Ag85B IgG showed higher response in non-Beijing TB patients than in Beijing TB patients (p < 0.05; sensitivity, 76.9% versus 44.4%). The sensitivity and specificity analysis showed that 78.8% Beijing infected individuals were negative in anti-TBGL-IgG or/and anti-Ag85B-IgG, while 75.0% of those were positive in anti-TBGL-IgA or/and anti-ACR-IgG tests. These results indicate the possibility of developing antibody-based test to identify Beijing MTB.
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Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the Latin American Mediterranean Lineage, Wrongly Identified as Mycobacterium pinnipedii (Spoligotype International Type 863 [SIT863]), Causing Active Tuberculosis in South Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 53:3805-11. [PMID: 26400784 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02012-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently detected the spoligotype patterns of strains of Mycobacterium pinnipedii, a species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, in sputum samples from nine cases with pulmonary tuberculosis residing in Porto Alegre, South Brazil. Because this species is rarely encountered in humans, we further characterized these nine isolates by additional genotyping techniques, including 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing, verification of the loci TbD1, RD9, pks15/1, RD(Rio), and fbpC, the insertion of IS6110 at a site specific to the M. tuberculosis Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) lineage, and whole-genome sequencing. The combined analysis of these markers revealed that the isolates are in fact M. tuberculosis and more specifically belong to the LAM genotype. Most of these isolates (n8) were shown to be multidrug resistant (MDR), which prompted us to perform partial sequencing of the rpoA, rpoB, rpoC, katG, and inhA genes. Seven isolates (77.8%) carried the S315T mutation in katG, and one of these (11%) also presented the C((-17)T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in inhA. Interestingly, six of the MDR isolates also presented an undescribed insertion of 12 nucleotides (CCA GAA CAA CCC) in codon 516 of rpoB. No putative compensatory mutation was found in either rpoA or rpoC. This is the first report of an M. tuberculosis LAM family strain with a convergent M. pinnipedii spoligotype. These spoligotypes are observed in genotype databases at a modest frequency, highlighting that care must be taken when identifying isolates in the M. tuberculosis complex on the basis of single genetic markers.
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Nogueira CL, Prim RI, Senna SG, Rovaris DB, Maurici R, Rossetti ML, Couvin D, Rastogi N, Bazzo ML. First insight into the molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 97:57-64. [PMID: 26980497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is useful for understanding disease transmission dynamics, and to establish strategic measures for TB control and prevention. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical, epidemiological and molecular characteristics of MTBC clinical isolates from Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. During one-year period, 406 clinical isolates of MTBC were collected from Central Laboratory of Public Health and typed by spoligotyping. Demographic and clinical data were collected from the Brazilian National Mandatory Disease Reporting System. The majority of cases occurred in highest population densities regions and about 50% had some condition associated with TB. Among all isolates, 5.7% were MDR, which showed association with drug addiction. LAM was the most predominant lineage with 47.5%, followed by the T superfamily with 25.9% and Haarlem with 12.3%. The MST showed two major groups: the first was formed mainly by the LAM lineage and the second was mainly formed by the T and Haarlem lineages. Others lineages were distributed in peripheral positions. This study provides the first insight into the population structure of M. tuberculosis in SC State. Spoligotyping and other genotyping analyses are important to establish strategic measures for TB control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Lourenço Nogueira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Campus Universitário, s/n. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Ivan Prim
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Campus Universitário, s/n. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Simone Gonçalves Senna
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Campus Universitário, s/n. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Darcita Büerger Rovaris
- Laboratório Central Do Estado de Santa Catarina - LACEN/SC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Rosemeri Maurici
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Campus Universitário, s/n. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Rossetti
- Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde Do Rio Grande Do Sul - FEEPS/RS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.
| | - David Couvin
- WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Nalin Rastogi
- WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Maria Luiza Bazzo
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Campus Universitário, s/n. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Unis G, Ribeiro AW, Esteves LS, Spies FS, Picon PD, Dalla Costa ER, Rossetti MLR. Tuberculosis recurrence in a high incidence setting for HIV and tuberculosis in Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:548. [PMID: 25338623 PMCID: PMC4215011 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To compare epidemiological data between recurrent cases after cure (RC), distinguishing relapse from reinfection, after dropout (RD) and new cases (NC) in an ambulatory setting in a TB-endemic country. Methods Records of patients who started treatment for pulmonary TB between 2004 and 2010 in a TB clinic were reviewed. Epidemiological data were analyzed. Spoligotyping and MIRU patterns were used to determine relapse or reinfection in 13 RC available. Results Of the eligible group (1449), 1060 were NC (73.2%), among the recurrent cases, 203 (14%) were RC and 186 (12.8%) were RD. Of RC, 171 (84.2%) occurred later than 6 months after a previous episode, 13 had available DNA, in 4 (30.7%) the disease was attributed to reinfection and in 9 (69.3%), to relapse. Comparing RC to NC, HIV (p < 0.0001) was independent risk factor for RC. When RC and RD were compared, alcohol abuse (p = 0.001) and treatment noncompliance (p = 0.006) were more frequent in RD. Conclusions HIV is the sole more important associated factor for RC. This finding points the need to improve the approach to manage TB in order to decrease the chance for exposure especially in vulnerable people with increased risk of developing disease and to improve DOTS strategy to deal with factors associated to treatment noncompliance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0548-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kuhleis D, Ribeiro AW, Costa ERD, Cafrune PI, Schmid KB, Costa LLD, Ribeiro MO, Zaha A, Rossetti MLR. Tuberculosis in a southern Brazilian prison. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:909-15. [PMID: 23147148 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000700012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) in prisons has been described as an alarming public health problem in many countries, especially in developing nations. The objective of this study was to conduct a survey among prisoners with TB respiratory symptoms in order to estimate the incidence of the disease, to analyze the drug susceptibility profile and genotype the isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the city of Charqueadas, southern of Brazil. The TB incidence was 55/1,900 inhabitants in the prison; this corresponds to an incidence of 3,789/100,000 inhabitants, with a prevalence of 72/1,900 (4,960/100,000 inhabitants). Drug susceptibility test was performed and, among the analyzed isolates, 85% were susceptible to all drugs tested and 15% were resistant to at least one drug, of which 89% were resistant only to isoniazid (INH) or in combination with another drug. The genotype classification of spoligotyping analysis showed that 40% of the isolates belong to LAM family, 22% to T family, 17.5% to Haarlem family, 12.5% to U family and 3% to X family. The shared international spoligotypes most frequently found were 729 (27%), 50 (9.5%), 42 (8%), 53 (8%) and 863 (8%). In conclusion, it was observed that TB in this specific population had been caused, mostly, by strains that have been transmitted in the last few years, as demonstrated by the large level of genotype clustering. In addition, it was found specific large clusters, which were not often found in the general population from the same period and in the same region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Kuhleis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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Genotyping and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains observed in a tuberculosis high-burden municipality in Northeast, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 17:338-45. [PMID: 23607922 PMCID: PMC9427382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study has used a combination of clinical information, spoligotyping, and georeferencing system to elucidate the genetic diversity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates circulating in a TB-prevalent municipality of Northeast Brazil. Methods A total of 115 M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis patients from January 2007 to March 2008 in Fortaleza. Drug susceptibility and spoligotyping assays were performed and place of residence of the patients were georeferenced. Results Of the M. tuberculosis strains studied, 51 (44.3%) isolates were resistant to at least one drug (R-TB) and 64 (55.7%) were sensitive to all the drugs tested (S-TB). A high frequency of resistance was found in previously treated cases (84%) and among new cases (16%; p < 0.001). A total of 74 (64%) isolates were grouped into 22 spoligotyped lineages, while 41 (36%) isolates were identified as new. Among the predominant genotypes, 33% were Latim American Mediterranean (LAM), 12% Haarlem (H), and 5% U. There was no association of geographic distribution of RT-TB patients as compared to the controls and also the geographic location to the spoligotype patterns. The geospatial analysis revealed that 24 (23%) patients (hot spot zones) either shared the same residence or lived in a close neighborhood of a case. Among these concentration zones, the patients lived in the same residence and shared a common genotype pattern and resistance pattern. Discussion It was observed that the spoligopatterns family distribution was similar to that reported for South America, prevailing the LAM and H lineages. A high rate-case among the resistant TB group occurs as a result of transmitted and acquired resistance. A more effective surveillance program is needed in order to succeed in reducing tuberculosis in Northeast Brazil.
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Perizzolo PF, Dalla Costa ER, Ribeiro AW, Spies FS, Ribeiro MO, Dias CF, Unis G, Almeida da Silva P, Gomes HM, Suffys PN, Rossetti MLR. Characteristics of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in southern Brazil. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:56-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kato-Maeda M, Metcalfe JZ, Flores L. Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: application in epidemiologic studies. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:203-16. [PMID: 21366420 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotyping is used to track specific isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a community. It has been successfully used in epidemiologic research (termed 'molecular epidemiology') to study the transmission dynamics of TB. In this article, we review the genetic markers used in molecular epidemiologic studies including the use of whole-genome sequencing technology. We also review the public health application of molecular epidemiologic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Kato-Maeda
- University of California, San Francisco, Francis J Curry National Tuberculosis Center, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 100, Room 109, Mail box 0841, San Francisco, CA 94110-0111, USA
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