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Afify FA, Shata AH, Aboelnaga N, Osama D, Elsayed SW, Saif NA, Mouftah SF, Shawky SM, Mohamed AA, Loay O, Elhadidy M. Emergence of carbapenem resistant gram-negative pathogens with high rate of colistin resistance in Egypt: A cross sectional study to assess resistance trends during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2024; 22:100351. [PMID: 38494251 PMCID: PMC10980871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2024.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The current study investigated the temporal phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends among multi-drug resistant and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from Egyptian clinical settings between 2020 and 2021. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial sensitivity of 111 clinical isolates against a panel of antibiotics were performed. Molecular screening for antibiotic resistance determinants along with integrons and associated gene cassettes was implemented. An alarming rate (98.2%) of these isolates were found to be phenotypically resistant to carbapenem. Although 23.9 % K. pneumoniae isolates were phenotypically resistant to colistin, no mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes were detected. Among carbapenem-resistant isolates, blaNDM and blaOXA-48-like were the most prevalent genetic determinants and were significantly overrepresented among K. pneumoniae. Furthermore, 84.78% of K. pneumoniae isolates co-produced these two carbapenemase genes. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrS and qnrB) were detected among the bacterial species and were significantly more prevalent among K. pneumoniae. Moreover, Class 1 integron was detected in 82% of the bacterial isolates. This study alarmingly reveals elevated resistance to last-resort antibiotics such as carbapenems as well as colistin which impose a considerable burden in the health care settings in Egypt. Our future work will implement high throughput sequencing-based antimicrobial resistance surveillance analysis for characterization of novel AMR determinants. This information could be applied as a step forward to establish a robust antibiotic stewardship program in Egyptian clinical settings, thereby addressing the rising challenges of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma A Afify
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Shata
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nirmeen Aboelnaga
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina Osama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salma W Elsayed
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Saif
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa F Mouftah
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherine M Shawky
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Mohamed
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omar Loay
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Lahiri D, Nag M, Dey A, Sarkar T, Pati S, Ray RR. Nanoparticles Based Antibacterial Vaccines: Novel Strategy to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Namachivayam SR, Dhawde RR, Macaden RS, Dias M, Birdi TJ. Molecular detection of virulence markers to identify diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from Mula-Mutha river, Pune District, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:818-823. [PMID: 34096447 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1930771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study presence of virulence genes in multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from Mula-Mutha river, Pune, India was undertaken. The objective was to understand whether the isolates were of diarrhoeagenic or of environmental origin. This was essential since the river flows through urban and rural parts of Pune and its water is used not only for industrial and agricultural purposes but also for domestic usage. One hundred and two multidrug E. coli isolates were selected from our previous study which detected genes coding for antibiotic resistance as well as identified integrons associated with multidrug resistance. Isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR to detect presence of virulence genes, set1A, set1B, sen astA, aggA, aafA, pet, stx1 and stx. Sequencing was performed to confirm the amplified PCR product. Seven of the 102 E. coli isolates showed gene set1A alone identifying them as Enteroaggregative E. coli. Thus, the findings revealed that majority of drug resistant E. coli were environmental in origin. The presence of antibiotic resistant genes, integrons in the environment as well as diarrhoeagenic E. coli isolates is a warning and calls for efficient public health measures to ensure that untreated sewage and industrial waste does not enter the Mula-Mutha river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanandan R Namachivayam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Ragini S Macaden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, India
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Identification and characterization of two novel IS CR1-associated genes dfrA42 and dfrA43 encoding trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 95:AAC.02010-20. [PMID: 33593833 PMCID: PMC8092886 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02010-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel ISCR1-associated dfr genes, dfrA42 and dfrA43, were identified from trimethoprim (TMP)-resistant Proteus strains and were shown to confer high level TMP resistance (MIC ≥ 1024 mg/L) when cloned into Escherichia coli These genes were hosted by complex class 1 integrons suggesting their potentials for dissemination. Analysis of enzymatic parameters and TMP affinity were performed, suggesting that the mechanism of TMP resistance for these novel DHFRs is the reduction of binding with TMP.
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Adegoke AA, Fatunla OK, Okoh AI. Critical threat associated with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: prioritizing water matrices in addressing total antibiotic resistance. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Sultan I, Rahman S, Jan AT, Siddiqui MT, Mondal AH, Haq QMR. Antibiotics, Resistome and Resistance Mechanisms: A Bacterial Perspective. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2066. [PMID: 30298054 PMCID: PMC6160567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
History of mankind is regarded as struggle against infectious diseases. Rather than observing the withering away of bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a serious global health concern. Medium of antibiotic resistance in bacteria varies greatly and comprises of target protection, target substitution, antibiotic detoxification and block of intracellular antibiotic accumulation. Further aggravation to prevailing situation arose on observing bacteria gradually becoming resistant to different classes of antibiotics through acquisition of resistance genes from same and different genera of bacteria. Attributing bacteria with feature of better adaptability, dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes to minimize effects of antibiotics by various means including horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, and transduction), Mobile genetic elements (plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences, integrons, and integrative-conjugative elements) and bacterial toxin-antitoxin system led to speedy bloom of antibiotic resistance amongst bacteria. Proficiency of bacteria to obtain resistance genes generated an unpleasant situation; a grave, but a lot unacknowledged, feature of resistance gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insha Sultan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
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Suhartono S, Savin MC, Gbur EE. Transmissible Plasmids and Integrons Shift Escherichia coli Population Toward Larger Multiple Drug Resistance Numbers. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:244-252. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suhartono Suhartono
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Mary C. Savin
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Edward E. Gbur
- Agricultural Statistics Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Deng Y, Bao X, Ji L, Chen L, Liu J, Miao J, Chen D, Bian H, Li Y, Yu G. Resistance integrons: class 1, 2 and 3 integrons. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:45. [PMID: 26487554 PMCID: PMC4618277 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As recently indiscriminate abuse of existing antibiotics in both clinical and veterinary treatment leads to proliferation of antibiotic resistance in microbes and poses a dilemma for the future treatment of such bacterial infection, antimicrobial resistance has been considered to be one of the currently leading concerns in global public health, and reported to widely spread and extended to a large variety of microorganisms. In China, as one of the currently worst areas for antibiotics abuse, the annual prescription of antibiotics, including both clinical and veterinary treatment, has approaching 140 gram per person and been roughly estimated to be 10 times higher than that in the United Kingdom, which is considered to be a potential area for the emergence of “Super Bugs”. Based on the integrons surveillance in Guangzhou, China in the past decade, this review thus aimed at summarizing the role of integrons in the perspective of both clinical setting and environment, with the focus on the occurrence and prevalence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xuerui Bao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Lili Ji
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Agro-products Processing, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Junyan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jian Miao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Huawei Bian
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Yanmei Li
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510620, China.
| | - Guangchao Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510620, China.
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Domingues S, Nielsen KM, da Silva GJ. Global dissemination patterns of common gene cassette arrays in class 1 integrons. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:1313-37. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance (MDR), is an increasing problem globally. MDR bacteria are frequently detected in humans and animals from both more- and less-developed countries and pose a serious concern for human health. Infections caused by MDR microbes may increase morbidity and mortality and require use of expensive drugs and prolonged hospitalization. Humans may be exposed to MDR pathogens through exposure to environments at health-care facilities and farms, livestock and companion animals, human food, and exposure to other individuals carrying MDR microbes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classifies drug-resistant foodborne bacteria, including Campylobacter, Salmonella Typhi, nontyphoidal salmonellae, and Shigella, as serious threats. MDR bacteria have been detected in both meat and fresh produce. Salmonellae carrying genes coding for resistance to multiple antibiotics have caused numerous foodborne MDR outbreaks. While there is some level of resistance to antimicrobials in environmental bacteria, the widespread use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has driven the selection of a great variety of microbes with resistance to multiple antimicrobials. MDR bacteria on meat may have originated in veterinary health-care settings or on farms where animals are given antibiotics in feed or to treat infections. Fresh produce may be contaminated by irrigation or wash water containing MDR bacteria. Livestock, fruits, and vegetables may also be contaminated by food handlers, farmers, and animal caretakers who carry MDR bacteria. All potential sources of MDR bacteria should be considered and strategies devised to reduce their presence in foods. Surveillance studies have documented increasing trends in MDR in many pathogens, although there are a few reports of the decline of certain multidrug pathogens. Better coordination of surveillance programs and strategies for controlling use of antimicrobials need to be implemented in both human and animal medicine and agriculture and in countries around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie E Doyle
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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11
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Koczura R, Semkowska A, Mokracka J. Integron-bearing Gram-negative bacteria in lake waters. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:514-9. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Koczura
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
| | - A. Semkowska
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
| | - J. Mokracka
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
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12
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Vaz-Moreira I, Nunes OC, Manaia CM. Bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistance in water habitats: searching the links with the human microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:761-78. [PMID: 24484530 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is one of the most important bacterial habitats on Earth. As such, water represents also a major way of dissemination of bacteria between different environmental compartments. Human activities led to the creation of the so-called urban water cycle, comprising different sectors (waste, surface, drinking water), among which bacteria can hypothetically be exchanged. Therefore, bacteria can be mobilized between unclean water habitats (e.g. wastewater) and clean or pristine water environments (e.g. disinfected and spring drinking water) and eventually reach humans. In addition, bacteria can also transfer mobile genetic elements between different water types, other environments (e.g. soil) and humans. These processes may involve antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. In this review, the hypothesis that some bacteria may share different water compartments and be also hosted by humans is discussed based on the comparison of the bacterial diversity in different types of water and with the human-associated microbiome. The role of such bacteria as potential disseminators of antibiotic resistance and the inference that currently only a small fraction of the clinically relevant antibiotic resistome may be known is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Vaz-Moreira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, Porto, Portugal
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Characteristics of clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from British Columbia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:878956. [PMID: 24199201 PMCID: PMC3807556 DOI: 10.1155/2013/878956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are significant public health threats. Although STEC O157 are recognized foodborne pathogens, non-O157 STEC are also important causes of human disease. We characterized 10 O157:H7 and 15 non-O157 clinical STEC derived from British Columbia (BC). Eae, hlyA, and stx were more frequently observed in STEC O157, and 80 and 100% of isolates possessed stx1 and stx2, respectively. In contrast, stx1 and stx2 occurred in 80 and 40% of non-O157 STEC, respectively. Comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF) revealed three distinct clusters (C). STEC O157 was identified as lineage I (LI; LSPA-6 111111) and clustered as a single group (C1). The cdi gene previously observed only in LII was seen in two LI O157 isolates. CGF C2 strains consisted of diverse non-O157 STEC while C3 included only O103:H25, O118, and O165 serogroup isolates. With the exception of O121 and O165 isolates which were similar in virulence gene complement to STEC O157, C1 O157 STEC produced more Stx2 than non-O157 STEC. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) screening revealed resistance or reduced sensitivity in all strains, with higher levels occurring in non-O157 STEC. One STEC O157 isolate possessed a mobile blaCMY-2 gene transferrable across genre via conjugation.
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Cabello FC, Godfrey HP, Tomova A, Ivanova L, Dölz H, Millanao A, Buschmann AH. Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health. Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:1917-42. [PMID: 23711078 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide growth of aquaculture has been accompanied by a rapid increase in therapeutic and prophylactic usage of antimicrobials including those important in human therapeutics. Approximately 80% of antimicrobials used in aquaculture enter the environment with their activity intact where they select for bacteria whose resistance arises from mutations or more importantly, from mobile genetic elements containing multiple resistance determinants transmissible to other bacteria. Such selection alters biodiversity in aquatic environments and the normal flora of fish and shellfish. The commonality of the mobilome (the total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome) between aquatic and terrestrial bacteria together with the presence of residual antimicrobials, biofilms, and high concentrations of bacteriophages where the aquatic environment may also be contaminated with pathogens of human and animal origin can stimulate exchange of genetic information between aquatic and terrestrial bacteria. Several recently found genetic elements and resistance determinants for quinolones, tetracyclines, and β-lactamases are shared between aquatic bacteria, fish pathogens, and human pathogens, and appear to have originated in aquatic bacteria. Excessive use of antimicrobials in aquaculture can thus potentially negatively impact animal and human health as well as the aquatic environment and should be better assessed and regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Cabello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
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Xia R, Ren Y, Guo X, Xu H. Molecular diversity of class 2 integrons in antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria found in wastewater environments in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:402-14. [PMID: 23264021 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-1034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The molecular architecture of class 2 integrons among gram-negative bacteria from wastewater environments was investigated in Jinan, China. Out of the 391 antibiotic-resistant bacteria found, 38 isolates harboring class 2 integrons encoding potentially transferrable genes that could confer antibiotic resistance were found. These isolates were classified into 19 REP-PCR types. These strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and found to be as follows: Proteus mirabilis (16), Escherichia coli (7), Providencia spp. (7), Proteus spp. (2), P. vulgaris (3), Shigella sp. (1), Citrobacter freundii (1), and Acinetobacter sp. (1). Their class 2 integron cassette arrays were amplified and then either analyzed using PCR-RFLP or sequenced. The typical array dfrA1-sat2-aadA1 was detected in 27 isolates. Six atypical arrays were observed, including three kinds of novel arrangements (linF2(∆attC1)-dfrA1(∆attC2)-aadA1-orf441 or linF2(∆attC1)-dfrA1(∆attC2)-aadA1, dfrA1-catB2-sat2-aadA1, and estX(Vr)-sat2-aadA1) and a hybrid with the 3'CS of class 1 integrons (dfrA1-sat2-aadA1-qacH), and dfrA1-sat1. Twenty-four isolates were also found to carry class 1 integrons with 10 types of gene cassette arrays. Several non-integron-associated antibiotic resistance genes were found, and their transferability was investigated. Results showed that water sources in the Jinan region harbored a diverse community of both typical and atypical class 2 integrons, raising concerns about the overuse of antibiotics and their careless disposal into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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16
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Yim G, Kwong W, Davies J, Miao V. Complex integrons containing qnrB4-ampC (bla(DHA-1)) in plasmids of multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii from wastewater. Can J Microbiol 2012; 59:110-6. [PMID: 23461518 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2012-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial populations in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are increasingly being recognized as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. PCR amplicons for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS were recorded in samples from a WWTP in Vancouver, British Columbia. Six strains of ciprofloxacin-resistant Citrobacter freundii were isolated and found to carry mutations in gyrA and parC, as well as multiple plasmid-borne resistance genes, collectively including qnrB; aac(6')-Ib-cr; β-lactamase-encoding genes from molecular classes A (blaTEM-1), C (ampC), D (blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10); and genes for resistance to 5 other types of antibiotics. In 3 strains, large (>60 kb) plasmids carried qnrB4 and ampC as part of a complex integron in a 14 kb arrangement that has been reported worldwide but, until recently, only among pathogenic strains of Klebsiella. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the qnrB4-ampC regions infers 2 introductions into the WWTP environment. These results suggest recent passage of plasmid-borne fluoroquinolone and β-lactam resistance genes from pathogens to bacteria that may be indigenous inhabitants of WWTPs, thus contributing to an environmental pool of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Yim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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