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Xiaopeng B, Tanaka Y, Ihara E, Hirano K, Nakano K, Hirano M, Oda Y, Nakamura K. Trypsin induces biphasic muscle contraction and relaxation via transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and neurokinin receptors 1/2 in porcine esophageal body. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 797:65-74. [PMID: 28088386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Duodenal reflux of fluids containing trypsin relates to refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Esophageal peristalsis and clearance are important factors in GERD pathogenesis. However, the function of trypsin in esophageal body contractility is not fully understood. In this study, effects of trypsin on circular smooth muscle (CSM) and longitudinal smooth muscle (LSM) of the porcine esophageal body were examined. Trypsin elicited a concentration dependent biphasic response, a major contraction and a subsequent relaxation only in CSM. In CSM, contraction occurred at trypsin concentrations of 100nM and relaxation at 1μM. A proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)2 activating peptide, SLIGKV-NH2 (1mM), induced a monophasic contraction. Those responses were unaffected by tetrodotoxin though abolished by the gap junction uncouplers carbenoxolone and octanol. They were also partially inhibited by a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) antagonist and abolished by combination of neurokinin receptor 1 (NK1) and NK2 antagonists, but not by an NK3 antagonist, suggesting a PAR2-TRPV1-substance P pathway in sensory neurons. Substance P (100nM), an agonist for various NK receptors (NK1, NK2 and NK3) with differing affinities, induced significant contraction in CSM, but not in LSM. The contraction was also blocked by the combination of NK1 and NK2 antagonists, but not by the NK3 antagonist. Moreover, substance P-induced contractions were unaffected by the TRPV1 antagonist, but inhibited by a gap junction uncoupler. In conclusion, trypsin induced a biphasic response only in CSM and this was mediated by PAR2, TRPV1 and NK1/2. Gap junctions were indispensable in this tachykinin-induced response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Xiaopeng
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eikichi Ihara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa Prefecture 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kayoko Nakano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirano
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Wang XY, Lammers WJEP, Bercik P, Huizinga JD. Lack of pyloric interstitial cells of Cajal explains distinct peristaltic motor patterns in stomach and small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G539-49. [PMID: 15860643 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00046.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and propagation velocity of distension-induced peristaltic contractions in the antrum and duodenum are distinctly different and depend on activation of intrinsic excitatory motoneurons as well as pacemaker cells, the interstitial cells of Cajal associated with Auerbach's plexus (ICC-AP). Because ICC are critical for coordination of motor activities along the long axis of many regions in the gut, the role of ICC in antroduodenal coordination was investigated. We used immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, simultaneous multiple electrical recordings in vitro, and videofluoroscopy in vivo in mice and rats. A strongly reduced number of ICC-AP with loss of network characteristics was observed in a 4-mm area in the rat and a 1-mm area in the mouse pyloric region. The pyloric region showed a slow wave-free gap of 4.1 mm in rats and 1.3 mm in mice. Between antrum and duodenum, there was no interaction of electrical activities and in the absence of gastric emptying, there was no coordination of motor activities. When the pyloric sphincter opened, 2.4 s before the front of the antral wave reached the pylorus, the duodenum distended after receiving gastric content and aboral duodenal peristalsis was initiated, often disrupting other motor patterns. The absence of ICC-AP and slow wave activity in the pyloric region allows the antrum and duodenum to have distinct uncoordinated motor activities. Coordination of aborally propagating peristaltic antral and duodenal activity is initiated by opening of the pylorus, which is followed by distention-induced duodenal peristalsis. Throughout this coordinated motor activity, the pacemaker systems in antrum and duodenum remain independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Yu Wang
- Intestinal Disease Research Program and Department of Medicine, McMaster Univ., HSC-3N5C, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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Horiguchi K, Keef KD, Ward SM. Distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal in tunica muscularis of the canine rectoanal region. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284:G756-67. [PMID: 12540367 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00294.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrical and mechanical activity of the circular muscle layer in the rectoanal region of the gastrointestinal tract undergoes considerable changes in the site of dominant pacemaking activity, frequency, and waveform shape. The present study was performed to determine whether changes in the structural organization of the circular layer or in the density, distribution, and ultrastructure of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) could account for this heterogeneity in electrical and mechanical activities. Light microscopy revealed that the structural organization of the circular muscle layer underwent dramatic morphological changes, from a tightly packed layer with poorly defined septa in the proximal rectum to one of discrete muscle bundles separated by large septae in the internal anal sphincter. Kit immunohistochemistry revealed a dense network of ICC along the submucosal and myenteric borders in the rectum, whereas in the internal anal sphincter, ICC were located along the periphery of muscle bundles within the circular layer. Changes in electrical activity within the circular muscle layer can be partially explained by changes in the structure of the muscle layer and changes in the distribution of ICC in the rectoanal region of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Horiguchi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Der T, Bercik P, Donnelly G, Jackson T, Berezin I, Collins SM, Huizinga JD. Interstitial cells of cajal and inflammation-induced motor dysfunction in the mouse small intestine. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1590-9. [PMID: 11113080 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) play an important role in the control of gastrointestinal motility. We aimed to determine a potential role for ICC in the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced motor disorders. METHODS Effects of Trichinella spiralis infection on electrical pacemaker activity, the structure of ICC associated with Auerbach's plexus, and in vivo motor patterns were studied in the mouse small intestine. RESULTS Between days 1 and 15 after infection, structural damage occurred in the network of ICC, particularly in the processes connecting ICC to each other and to smooth muscle cells. This was associated with desynchronization of electrical pacemaker activity. Abnormal slow wave activity occurred, including doubling of frequency and electrical quiescence, leading to the development of ectopic pacemaker activity in vivo. In vivo motor patterns in the small intestine changed from consistent peristaltic contractile activity in control animals to periods of quiescence alternating with both orally and aborally propagating contractile activity in the presence of inflammation. Sixty days after infection, all parameters studied had returned to normal values. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation-induced alterations in the network of ICC of the small intestine associated with Auerbach's plexus lead to disorganization of motor patterns. Because of the strong temporal correlation between damage to the ICC network, electrical uncoupling, the appearance of ectopic pacemaker activity, and the occurrence of retrograde peristalsis, it is concluded that ICC can play a major role in inflammation-induced motor disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Der
- Intestinal Disease Research Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Lammers WJ. Propagation of individual spikes as "patches" of activation in isolated feline duodenum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 278:G297-307. [PMID: 10666055 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.278.2.g297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Asynchrony of spikes has made it difficult to study the spatial and temporal behavior of spikes in the gastrointestinal system. By simultaneously recording from a large number of closely spaced electrodes, we investigated the propagation of individual spikes. Recordings were performed from the serosal surface of the isolated feline duodenum at 240 sites simultaneously. Analysis of the tracings made it possible to reconstruct the propagation of individual spikes. Spikes propagate in the longitudinal and circumferential directions in self-limiting areas or "patches." Conduction within patches may occur in the orad or aborad direction irrespective of the direction of the slow wave. Most of the patches are smaller (<40 mm(2)), although inhomogeneous activation by the preceding slow wave may increase their size. Stimulation by ACh, TTX, or tetraethylammonium does not affect the average patch size but does increase significantly their number and distribution in the duodenum [from 26% (control) to 56%, 61%, and 72%, respectively]. In conclusion, individual spikes activate limited areas or patches in the small intestine, and pharmacological stimulation increases the number and distribution of these patches. In the small intestine, this pattern of activation would induce localized contractions. Contraction could be modulated by the size, number, and distribution of spike patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Lammers
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Lee JC, Thuneberg L, Berezin I, Huizinga JD. Generation of slow waves in membrane potential is an intrinsic property of interstitial cells of Cajal. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:G409-23. [PMID: 10444456 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.2.g409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To reveal the unique intrinsic properties of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of isolated ICC from the adult mouse small intestine were investigated and compared with those of smooth muscle cells. All typical ultrastructural features of in situ ICC were evident in isolated ICC throughout the isolation procedure and short-term culture. With the use of the nystatin perforated patch-clamp technique, ICC demonstrated spontaneous voltage oscillations that were not abolished by hyperpolarization nor by L-type calcium channel blockers. This rhythmic activity occurred at room temperature at a frequency of 13.9 +/- 11.2 cycles/min, with an amplitude of 13.4 +/- 11.2 mV at membrane potentials from -20 to -70 mV. Smooth muscle cells from the same culture only generated voltage-sensitive action potentials above the threshold potential of -35 mV. Hyperpolarization as well as the addition of L-type calcium channel blockers abolished the action potentials. In whole cell voltage-clamp recordings from ICC, a large noninactivating outward current was observed to be activated (5% threshold) at -49.6 mV with a half-activation voltage of -18.7 mV and slope factor of 9.9 mV. In contrast, in smooth muscle cells, smaller outward currents with distinctive transient outward currents were present. In conclusion, the generation of L-type calcium channel blocker-insensitive slow waves in membrane potential is a unique intrinsic property of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lee
- Intestinal Disease Research Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L0N 3Z5
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Huizinga JD. Neural injury, repair, and adaptation in the GI tract. IV. Pathophysiology of GI motility related to interstitial cells of Cajal. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:G381-6. [PMID: 9724247 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.3.g381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the physiological roles played by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in relation to gastrointestinal (GI) motility is still rudimentary. Nevertheless, studies into the pathophysiology of ICC are emerging at a rapid pace. Caution should be exercised, however, in assuming correlations between changes in Kit immunoreactivity, findings of ultrastructural abnormalities in ICC, and the pathophysiology and symptoms of the patients. Recent studies have revealed reduced numbers or the absence of ICC in small intestine and colon that do not exhibit normal peristaltic activity. Furthermore, important evidence is emerging that motor abnormalities in newborns may be associated with delayed maturation of the ICC network. These preliminary clinical studies provide plausible hypotheses toward the pathophysiology of certain motor disorders and strongly encourage basic scientific studies directed toward discovering the intrinsic properties of ICC as well as obtaining a deeper understanding of the physiological roles played by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huizinga
- Intestinal Disease Research Program and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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