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Fossati P, Stefanini FM, Ravasio G, Coerezza U. Welfare of invertebrates: a pilot study on a new land snail stunning technique. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8378. [PMID: 38600133 PMCID: PMC11006846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The almost complete absence of regulations to protect invertebrates is a common condition in legal systems, including the European one, especially when it comes to invertebrates intended for human consumption. Thus, in the vast majority of cases, edible invertebrates do not receive even the most basic protection at slaughter. Despite recent research indicating that invertebrates are capable of feeling pain and stress, the humane step of stunning is not used on them. This is also the case for land snails, which are gastropod invertebrates whose consumption has now reached significant levels, already involving tonnes and that is expected to increase significantly as edible snail farming becomes more popular as a relatively low-cost, easy-to-perform, and sustainable alternative animal husbandry, thereby making land snails an increasingly economically important species. This paper presents and investigates a proposed stunning method based on the immersion of mollusks in CO2-supplemented and refrigerated water that could be used in the snail meat production chain to reduce the slaughter suffering of millions of these invertebrates. To this end, body condition descriptors (hemolymph parameters) in snails were determined before and after CO2 treatment in cold water, while generating useful data for defining a preliminary set of reference intervals for basal values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fossati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy - ESP, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria, 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Federico M Stefanini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy - ESP, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria, 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Umberto Coerezza
- Veterinary Department and Safety of Foods of Animal Origin - ATS Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Wang M, Qiu Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Qin W, Guan W, Li G, Yu H, Dai C, Li R, Ma Z. Dual characteristics of Bellamya aeruginosa encountering Microcystis aeruginosa: Algal control and toxin depuration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114596. [PMID: 36738609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The benthic gastropods Bellamya aeruginosa (B. aeruginosa) is ubiquitous in freshwater in China and neighboring countries with great edible value. It has been recognized as a potential manipulator to control harmful algal blooms due to its filtration on algal cells. In this study, the control effect of B. aeruginosa on toxic and non-toxic Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), and the accumulation and depuration of microcystins (MCs) in the snail were systematically explored. Results indicated that although toxic M. aeruginosa could protect itself via producing MCs, the introduction of B. aeruginosa could still effectively inhibit the algae with cell density below 1 × 106 cells/mL. Hepatopancreas was the primary target of MCs in all tissues of B. aeruginosa, presenting a maximum of 3089.60 ng/g DW when exposed to toxic M. aeruginosa of 1.0 × 107 cells/mL. The enrichment of MCs in other tissues following the order of digestive tract > gonad > mantle > muscle. Interestingly, snail could again excrete previously enriched MCs when transferred to non-toxic M. aeruginosa, giving rise to over 80% reduction of MCs in the body. After depuration, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of free MCs in intact individuals and the edible parts of B. aeruginosa were both lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI). These results implicated that B. aeruginosa could control low density of M. aeruginosa in spring. Particularly, the snail could be perfectly safe to consume by purifying for a while after using as manipulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yutao Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenli Qin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hengguo Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chuanjun Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Renhui Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zengling Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Zhang MZ, Du YL, Qin XC, Zhao YJ, Wang JZ, Zhang ZY. Study on the behaviour of dormancy breaking inCathaica fasciola(Draparnaud 1801) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2015.1044886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Staikou A, Tachtatzis G, Feidantsis K, Michaelidis B. Field studies on the annual activity and the metabolic responses of a land snail population living in high altitude. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 191:1-8. [PMID: 26408810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the metabolic cold adaptation hypothesis (MCA), we investigated a) the life and activity cycle characteristics and b) the metabolic responses of the endemic land snail species Cattania trizona olympica living at 1100m altitude in Olympus mountain (Greece). Field observations on the annual activity cycle of C. trizona olympica revealed that snails' activity was restricted mainly between the end of May and September, when the higher temperatures were recorded, while first matings were recorded in July and the last ones in mid September indicating a restricted favorable time period for reproduction. The activities of enzymes of intermediate metabolism showed a periodic seasonal pattern of change which seems to be closely related to the pattern of annual changes of air temperature and most of them exhibited higher activities during the coldest and warmest periods of the year. Moreover the data indicate a distinct differentiation of fuel oxidation during arousal and reproductive periods with lipid oxidation, apart from carbohydrates, contributing significantly to ATP turnover during reproductive activity. The higher enzymatic activities, determined in the tissues of C. trizona olympica than the corresponding ones determined in the tissues of the land snail species living at low altitudes, might indicate higher sensitivity of the intermediate metabolism and ATP turnover in C. trizona olympica to changes in environmental factors. Although the latter seems to be in line with the MCA hypothesis, it needs further investigation on metabolic rates to support it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Staikou
- Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Tachtatzis
- Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Physiological and biochemical responses to cold and drought in the rock-dwelling pulmonate snail, Chondrina avenacea. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 183:749-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Effects of temperature and photoperiod on glucose, glycerol and glycogen concentrations in Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 in spring and autumn. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10125-011-0021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zimmermann MR, Luth KE, Camp LE, Esch GW. Population and Infection Dynamics of Daubaylia potomaca (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in Helisoma anceps. J Parasitol 2011; 97:384-8. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2603.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Nicolai A, Filser J, Lenz R, Bertrand C, Charrier M. Adjustment of metabolite composition in the haemolymph to seasonal variations in the land snail Helix pomatia. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 181:457-66. [PMID: 21136264 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In temperate regions, land snails are subjected to subzero temperatures in winter and hot temperatures often associated to drought in summer. The response to these environmental factors is usually a state of inactivity, hibernation and aestivation, respectively, in a temperature and humidity buffered refuge, accompanied by physiological adjustments to resist cold or heat stress. We investigated how environmental factors in the microhabitat and body condition influence the metabolite composition of haemolymph of the endangered species Helix pomatia. We used UPLC and GC-MS techniques and analyzed annual biochemical variations in a multivariate model. Hibernation and activity months differed in metabolite composition. Snails used photoperiod as cue for seasonal climatic variations to initiate a physiological state and were also highly sensitive to temperature variations, therefore constantly adjusting their physiological processes. Galactose levels gave evidence for the persistence of metabolic activity with energy expenditure during hibernation and for high reproductive activity in June. Triglycerides accumulated prior to hibernation might act as cryoprotectants or energy reserves. During the last month of hibernation snails activated physiological processes related to arousal. During activity, protein metabolism was reflected by high amino acid level. An exceptional aestivation period was observed in April giving evidence for heat stress responses, like the protection of cells from dehydration by polyols and saccharides, the membrane stabilization by cholesterol and enhanced metabolism using the anaerobic succinic acid pathway to sustain costly stress responses. In conclusion, physiological adjustments to environmental variations in Helix pomatia involve water loss regulation, cryoprotectant or heatprotectant accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Nicolai
- University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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The Connection Between Oxidative Stress and Estivation in Gastropods and Anurans. AESTIVATION 2010; 49:47-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02421-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nowakowska A, Świderska-Kołacz G, Rogalska J, Caputa M. Effect of winter torpor upon antioxidative defence in Helix pomatia. CAN J ZOOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/z09-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arousal of land snails from torpor is inseparably connected with an increase in oxygen consumption leading to oxidative stress. Therefore, activity of antioxidant defence system (antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione) and degree of oxidative damage (concentration of malondialdehyde as an index of lipid peroxidation) in the snail Helix pomatia L., 1758 were tested to check whether torpid snails are able to activate their antioxidative defence against oxidative damage prior to arousal from winter torpor. Snails, which were collected from their natural habitats, were tested at the beginning, in the middle part, and at the end of winter torpor. Active snails collected in autumn and spring were taken as control groups. Snails were immediately killed and their foot, hepatopancreas, and kidney were used for the biochemical assays. Winter torpor induced significant changes in activities of the crucial antioxidant substances. The lowest activities were observed at the beginning of torpor, whereas activity of some of these enzymes was significantly enhanced prior to spring arousal. Reduced glutathione concentration did not show time-dependent changes during winter torpor. MDA (1,3-propanedial) level was elevated in the kidney and foot but was unchanged in the hepatopancreas. In conclusion, the snail H. pomatia is able to maintain REDOX balance necessary to prevent oxidative injury during arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowakowska
- N. Copernicus University, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Gagarina Street 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Swiętokrzyska Street 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Grażyna Świderska-Kołacz
- N. Copernicus University, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Gagarina Street 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Swiętokrzyska Street 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- N. Copernicus University, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Gagarina Street 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Swiętokrzyska Street 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Michał Caputa
- N. Copernicus University, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Gagarina Street 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Swiętokrzyska Street 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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Zbikowska E, Kobak J, Zbikowski J, Kaklewski J. Infestation of Lymnaea stagnalis by digenean flukes in the Jeziorak Lake. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:434-9. [PMID: 16596414 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The low number of articles on naturally trematode-infected snails results from the difficulty to obtain the quantitatively representative material. The main aim of our study was to check which age (size) groups of snails are the most susceptible to trematode invasion. Furthermore, we examined in which season the parasite prevalence is the highest. We collected Lymnaea stagnalis individuals in a nearshore zone of the Jeziorak Lake (the longest Polish lake located in northern Poland). The shell height of the snails was measured and the infestation by trematode larvae was determined. The logistic regression has shown that parasite prevalence increased significantly with the snail size (with the individuals >30 mm being the most infected), the distance from the beginning of the year (i.e., month) and the vicinity of summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Zbikowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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