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Kaivarainen EI, Rendakov NL, Efremov DA, Nemova NN. Na +/K +-ATPase Activity in Smolts of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792) from the White Sea Exposed to Fresh, Estuarine, and Sea Water. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2021; 501:201-205. [PMID: 34962607 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496621060041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in smolts of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (a salmon species introduced in 1959 into the rivers of the Kola Peninsula) was studied in a ten-day cage experiment with fresh, estuarine, and sea water; the fish were caught during seaward migration in the Indera River of the White Sea basin. The development of tolerance to increased salinity in pink salmon smolts was accompanied by NKA activation. In estuarine water characterized by salinity fluctuations (from fresh to sea water) and in the marine environment (28‰), the NKA activity in pink salmon smolts was significantly higher than in the individuals kept in the cages installed in fresh water. The hypoosmoregulatory ability of pink salmon fry was registered, these data indicated that smoltification in this fish species took place in early ontogenesis. The changes in NKA activity evidenced the readiness of migrating pink salmon fry for the marine phase of their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Kaivarainen
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 185000, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - N L Rendakov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 185000, Petrozavodsk, Russia.
| | - D A Efremov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 185000, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - N N Nemova
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 185000, Petrozavodsk, Russia
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Churova MV, Shulgina NS, Krupnova MY, Efremov DA, Nemova NN. Activity of Energy and Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzymes in the Juvenile Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walb.) during the Transition from Freshwater to a Marine Environment. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235902104004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biochemical adaptations of energy metabolism and some pathways of glucose oxidation during a change in salinity of the environment in larvae and smolts of the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walb.) inhabiting the White Sea were studied. We assayed the activity of energy and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes (cytochrome c oxidase (COХ), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 1-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (1-GPDH), and aldolase) in pink salmon larvae in a short-term aquarium experiment and in pink salmon smolts in a long-term cage experiment simulating the transition of juveniles from freshwater to a marine environment. A decrease in the activity of COX, LDH, 1‑GPDH, and aldolase already in the first hour after the transfer of larvae to seawater was shown. Smolts kept in the estuary and in the sea had low levels of activity of 1-GPDH and aldolase in comparison with individuals from the river. Most likely, in the salmon juveniles studied, there was a redistribution of carbohydrates between the reactions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in favor of anaerobic ATP synthesis. No changes in the enzyme activity of the pentose phosphate pathway, G-6-PDH, were found in either larvae or smolts compared with the individuals kept in freshwater. Maintenance of the required levels of anaerobic metabolism and of the pentose phosphate pathway is probably one of the mechanisms of biochemical adaptation of pink salmon to changes in salinity.
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Gallagher EJ, Harter TS, Brauner CJ. The ontogeny of Na + balance during rapid smoltification in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 191:17-28. [PMID: 32970173 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pink salmon hatch in fresh water, but their highly anadromous life history requires them to migrate into the ocean immediately after gravel-emergence, at a very small size. During their down-river migration these larvae undergo rapid smoltification that completely remodels their osmoregulatory physiology. At this time, the larvae reportedly have high whole-body Na+ contents and we hypothesised that the active accumulation of internal Na+ occurs in preparation for ocean entry. Using a comparative approach, the present study characterised the ontogeny of Na+ regulation in larvae of the anadromous pink salmon and the fresh-water rainbow trout. Our results indicate that larvae from both species actively accumulated Na+; however, whole-body Na+ content was higher in rainbow trout larvae compared to pink salmon. The time-course of this response was similar in the two species, with highest Na+-uptake rates ([Formula: see text]) shortly after yolk sac absorption, but the mechanism of Na+ accumulation differed between the species. Rainbow trout larvae greatly increased [Formula: see text] to overcompensate for a large simultaneous increase in Na+-efflux rate ([Formula: see text]), whereas pink salmon mounted a smaller increase in [Formula: see text] while maintaining tight control over [Formula: see text], which is supported by a significantly lower paracellular permeability. Our results indicate that the transient accumulation of internal Na+ is not a unique feature of the highly anadromous life history in pink salmon and may be a common ontogenetic pattern during larval development in salmonids; and perhaps it is associated with the development of the cardiovascular system during the larvae's transition to a more active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Gallagher
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Till S Harter
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. .,Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Frommel AY, Carless J, Hunt BPV, Brauner CJ. Physiological resilience of pink salmon to naturally occurring ocean acidification. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa059. [PMID: 32765881 PMCID: PMC7397481 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pacific salmon stocks are in decline with climate change named as a contributing factor. The North Pacific coast of British Columbia is characterized by strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity in ocean conditions with upwelling events elevating CO2 levels up to 10-fold those of pre-industrial global averages. Early life stages of pink salmon have been shown to be affected by these CO2 levels, and juveniles naturally migrate through regions of high CO2 during the energetically costly phase of smoltification. To investigate the physiological response of out-migrating wild juvenile pink salmon to these naturally occurring elevated CO2 levels, we captured fish in Georgia Strait, British Columbia and transported them to a marine lab (Hakai Institute, Quadra Island) where fish were exposed to one of three CO2 levels (850, 1500 and 2000 μatm CO2) for 2 weeks. At ½, 1 and 2 weeks of exposure, we measured their weight and length to calculate condition factor (Fulton's K), as well as haematocrit and plasma [Cl-]. At each of these times, two additional stressors were imposed (hypoxia and temperature) to provide further insight into their physiological condition. Juvenile pink salmon were largely robust to elevated CO2 concentrations up to 2000 μatm CO2, with no mortality or change in condition factor over the 2-week exposure duration. After 1 week of exposure, temperature and hypoxia tolerance were significantly reduced in high CO2, an effect that did not persist to 2 weeks of exposure. Haematocrit was increased by 20% after 2 weeks in the CO2 treatments relative to the initial measurements, while plasma [Cl-] was not significantly different. Taken together, these data indicate that juvenile pink salmon are quite resilient to naturally occurring high CO2 levels during their ocean outmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Y Frommel
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Corresponding author: Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Justin Carless
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian P V Hunt
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia,, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Quadra Island, BC, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Brauner CJ, Sackville M, Gallagher Z, Tang S, Nendick L, Farrell AP. Physiological consequences of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha): implications for wild salmon ecology and management, and for salmon aquaculture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:1770-9. [PMID: 22566682 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, are the most abundant wild salmon species and are thought of as an indicator of ecosystem health. The salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is endemic to pink salmon habitat but these ectoparasites have been implicated in reducing local pink salmon populations in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia. This allegation arose largely because juvenile pink salmon migrate past commercial open net salmon farms, which are known to incubate the salmon louse. Juvenile pink salmon are thought to be especially sensitive to this ectoparasite because they enter the sea at such a small size (approx. 0.2 g). Here, we describe how 'no effect' thresholds for salmon louse sublethal impacts on juvenile pink salmon were determined using physiological principles. These data were accepted by environmental managers and are being used to minimize the impact of salmon aquaculture on wild pink salmon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Water balance trumps ion balance for early marine survival of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). J Comp Physiol B 2012; 182:781-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tang S, Lewis A, Sackville M, Nendick L, DiBacco C, Brauner C, Farrell A. Diel vertical distribution of early marine phase juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and behaviour when exposed to salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). CAN J ZOOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/z11-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We observed diel vertical migration patterns in juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)) and tested the hypothesis that fish behaviour is altered by exposure to sea lice copepodids. Experiments involved replicated field deployments of a large (9 m) plankton column, which provided a vertical distribution enclosure under natural light and salinity conditions. Diel vertical distributions of juvenile pink salmon were observed during the first 3 weeks of seawater acclimation in both the presence and the absence of the ectoparasitic salmon louse ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1838)). Immediately upon entering seawater, juvenile pink salmon preferred the top 1 m of the water column, but they moved significantly deeper down the vertical water column as seawater acclimation time increased. A significant diel migration pattern was observed, which involved a preference for the surface at night-time, compared with daytime. When fish in the column were exposed to L. salmonis copepodids for 3 h, 43%–62% of fish became infected, fish expanded their vertical distribution range, and significant changes in vertical distribution patterns were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Tang
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - A.G. Lewis
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - M. Sackville
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - L. Nendick
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - C. DiBacco
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Ecosystem Research Division, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - C.J. Brauner
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A.P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
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Grant AM, Gardner M, Hanson LM, Farrell AP, Brauner CJ. Early life stage salinity tolerance of wild and hatchery-reared juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 77:1282-1292. [PMID: 21039505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Salinity tolerance in wild (Glendale) and hatchery (Quinsam) pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (average mass 0·2 g) was assessed by measuring whole body [Na(+)] and [Cl⁻] after 24 or 72 h exposures to fresh water (FW) and 33, 66 or 100% sea water (SW). Gill Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity was measured following exposure to FW and 100% SW and increased significantly in both populations after a 24 h exposure to 100% SW. Whole body [Na(+)] and whole body [Cl⁻] increased significantly in both populations after 24 h in 33, 66 and 100% SW, where whole body [Cl⁻] differed significantly between Quinsam and Glendale populations. Extending the seawater exposure to 72 h resulted in no further increases in whole body [Na(+)] and whole body [Cl⁻] at any salinity, but there was more variability among the responses of the two populations. Per cent whole body water (c. 81%) was maintained in all groups of fish regardless of salinity exposure or population, indicating that the increase in whole body ion levels may have been related to maintaining water balance as no mortality was observed in this study. Thus, both wild and hatchery juvenile O. gorbuscha tolerated abrupt salinity changes, which triggered an increase in gill Na(+), K(+)-ATPase within 24 h. These results are discussed in terms of the preparedness of emerging O. gorbuscha for the marine phase of their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Grant
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Nendick L, Grant A, Gardner M, Sackville M, Brauner CJ, Farrell AP. Swimming performance and associated ionic disturbance of juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha determined using different acceleration profiles. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 75:1626-1638. [PMID: 20738638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Swimming performance was assessed in juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (body mass<5.0 g) using five different protocols: four constant acceleration tests each with a different acceleration profile (rates of 0.005, 0.011, 0.021 and 0.053 cm s(-2)) and a repeated ramped-critical swimming speed test. Regardless of the swim protocol, the final swimming speeds did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among swim tests and ranged from 4.54 to 5.20 body lengths s(-1). This result supports the hypothesis that at an early life stage, O. gorbuscha display the same fatigue speeds independent of the swimming test utilized. Whole body and plasma [Na+] and [Cl-] measured at the conclusion of these tests were significantly elevated when compared with control values (P<0.05) and appear to be predominantly associated with dehydration rather than net ion gain. Given this finding for a small salmonid, estimates of swim performance can be accurately measured with acceleration tests lasting<10 min, allowing a more rapid processing than is possible with a longer critical swim speed test.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nendick
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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