1
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Hiesmayr BC, Krzemień W, Bała M. Quantum error channels in high energetic photonic systems. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9672. [PMID: 38671255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In medical applications-such as positron emission tomography (PET)-511 keV photons that experience Compton scattering are studied. We present a consistent framework based on quantum error-correction channels-intensively studied in quantum computing-to fully describe the quantum information-theoretic content of high energetic photons undergoing Compton scattering, characterized by the Klein-Nishina formula in unoriented matter. In this way, we can predict the expected spatial distribution of two or more, pure or mixed, polarization entangled or separable photons. This framework allows us to characterize the accessible and inaccessible information for different parameter ranges. It also answers the question of how to describe successive multi-photon scattering. In addition our formalism provides a complete framework for dealing with single and all multi-partite errors that can occur in the propagation, providing the basis for modeling future dedicated experiments that will then have applications in medicine, such as reducing errors in PET imaging or exploring possibilities for quantum-based diagnostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Hiesmayr
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Währingerstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - W Krzemień
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Soltana 7, 05-400, Otwock, Swierk, Poland
| | - M Bała
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Soltana 7, 05-400, Otwock, Swierk, Poland
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2
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Moskal P, Czerwiński E, Raj J, Bass SD, Beyene EY, Chug N, Coussat A, Curceanu C, Dadgar M, Das M, Dulski K, Gajos A, Gorgol M, Hiesmayr BC, Jasińska B, Kacprzak K, Kaplanoglu T, Kapłon Ł, Klimaszewski K, Konieczka P, Korcyl G, Kozik T, Krzemień W, Kumar D, Moyo S, Mryka W, Niedźwiecki S, Parzych S, Del Río EP, Raczyński L, Sharma S, Choudhary S, Shopa RY, Silarski M, Skurzok M, Stępień EŁ, Tanty P, Ardebili FT, Ardebili KT, Eliyan KV, Wiślicki W. Discrete symmetries tested at 10 -4 precision using linear polarization of photons from positronium annihilations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:78. [PMID: 38167270 PMCID: PMC10761870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Discrete symmetries play an important role in particle physics with violation of CP connected to the matter-antimatter imbalance in the Universe. We report the most precise test of P, T and CP invariance in decays of ortho-positronium, performed with methodology involving polarization of photons from these decays. Positronium, the simplest bound state of an electron and positron, is of recent interest with discrepancies reported between measured hyperfine energy structure and theory at the level of 10-4 signaling a need for better understanding of the positronium system at this level. We test discrete symmetries using photon polarizations determined via Compton scattering in the dedicated J-PET tomograph on an event-by-event basis and without the need to control the spin of the positronium with an external magnetic field, in contrast to previous experiments. Our result is consistent with QED expectations at the level of 0.0007 and one standard deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Moskal
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Eryk Czerwiński
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Juhi Raj
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Steven D Bass
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Kitzbühel Centre for Physics, Kitzbühel, Austria
| | - Ermias Y Beyene
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Neha Chug
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aurélien Coussat
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Meysam Dadgar
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Manish Das
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Dulski
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksander Gajos
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Gorgol
- Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Bożena Jasińska
- Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kacprzak
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tevfik Kaplanoglu
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kapłon
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Klimaszewski
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Paweł Konieczka
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Korcyl
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kozik
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzemień
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Simbarashe Moyo
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktor Mryka
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon Niedźwiecki
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon Parzych
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elena Pérez Del Río
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lech Raczyński
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Sushil Sharma
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Shivani Choudhary
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Roman Y Shopa
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Michał Silarski
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skurzok
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Ł Stępień
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pooja Tanty
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Faranak Tayefi Ardebili
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Keyvan Tayefi Ardebili
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kavya Valsan Eliyan
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wiślicki
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
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3
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Ivashkin A, Abdurashitov D, Baranov A, Guber F, Morozov S, Musin S, Strizhak A, Tkachev I. Testing entanglement of annihilation photons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7559. [PMID: 37160981 PMCID: PMC10170125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a new experimental study of the quantum entanglement of photon pairs produced in positron-electron annihilation at rest. Each annihilation photon has an energy that is five orders of magnitude higher than the energy of photons in optical experiments. It provides a unique opportunity for controlled Compton pre-scattering of initial photons before the polarization measurements. The experimental setup includes a system of Compton polarimeters to measure the angular correlations of annihilation photons in initial and thus prepared pre-scattered states. For the first time, a direct comparison of the polarization correlations of initial and pre-scattered annihilation photons has been carried out. The angular distributions of scattered in polarimeters photons turned out to be the same for both types of events. Moreover, the correlation function in the Bell's inequality is also the same for both states. We discuss the implications of our results for quantum measurement theory and for the quantum-entangled positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Baranov
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS, Moscow, 117312, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, 115409, Russia
| | - Fedor Guber
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Sultan Musin
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS, Moscow, 117312, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexander Strizhak
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS, Moscow, 117312, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, 141701, Russia
| | - Igor Tkachev
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS, Moscow, 117312, Russia
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4
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Eckstein M, Horodecki P. Probing the limits of quantum theory with quantum information at subnuclear scales. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern quantum engineering techniques enabled successful foundational tests of quantum mechanics. Yet, the universal validity of quantum postulates is an open question. Here we propose a new theoretical framework of Q-data tests, which recognizes the established validity of quantum theory, but allows for more general—‘post-quantum’—scenarios in certain physical regimes. It can accommodate a large class of models with modified quantum wave dynamics, correlations beyond entanglement or general probabilistic postulates. We discuss its experimental implementation suited to probe the nature of strong nuclear interactions. In contrast to the present accelerator experiments, it shifts the focus from high-luminosity beam physics to individual particle coherent control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Eckstein
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 11, 30–348 Kraków, Poland
- Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, ul. Szczepańska 1/5, 31-011 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Horodecki
- International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, National Quantum Information Centre, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Abstract
Abstract
In this partial review and partial attempt at vision of what may be the future of dedicated brain PET scanners, the key implementations of the PET technique, we postulate that we are still on a development path and there is still a lot to be done in order to develop optimal brain imagers. Optimized for particular imaging tasks and protocols, and also mobile, that can be used outside the PET center, in addition to the expected improvements in sensitivity and resolution. For this multi-application concept to be more practical, flexible, adaptable designs are preferred. This task is greatly facilitated by the improved TOF performance that allows for more open, adjustable, limited angular coverage geometries without creating image artifacts. As achieving uniform very high resolution in the whole body is not practical due to technological limits and high costs, hybrid systems using a moderate-resolution total body scanner (such as J-PET) combined with a very high performing brain imager could be a very attractive approach. As well, as using magnification inserts in the total body or long-axial length imagers to visualize selected targets with higher resolution. In addition, multigamma imagers combining PET with Compton imaging should be developed to enable multitracer imaging.
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6
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Moskal P, Dulski K, Chug N, Curceanu C, Czerwiński E, Dadgar M, Gajewski J, Gajos A, Grudzień G, Hiesmayr BC, Kacprzak K, Kapłon Ł, Karimi H, Klimaszewski K, Korcyl G, Kowalski P, Kozik T, Krawczyk N, Krzemień W, Kubicz E, Małczak P, Niedźwiecki S, Pawlik-Niedźwiecka M, Pędziwiatr M, Raczyński L, Raj J, Ruciński A, Sharma S, Shopa RY, Silarski M, Skurzok M, Stępień EŁ, Szczepanek M, Tayefi F, Wiślicki W. Positronium imaging with the novel multiphoton PET scanner. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh4394. [PMID: 34644101 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In vivo assessment of cancer and precise location of altered tissues at initial stages of molecular disorders are important diagnostic challenges. Positronium is copiously formed in the free molecular spaces in the patient’s body during positron emission tomography (PET). The positronium properties vary according to the size of inter- and intramolecular voids and the concentration of molecules in them such as, e.g., molecular oxygen, O2; therefore, positronium imaging may provide information about disease progression during the initial stages of molecular alterations. Current PET systems do not allow acquisition of positronium images. This study presents a new method that enables positronium imaging by simultaneous registration of annihilation photons and deexcitation photons from pharmaceuticals labeled with radionuclides. The first positronium imaging of a phantom built from cardiac myxoma and adipose tissue is demonstrated. It is anticipated that positronium imaging will substantially enhance the specificity of PET diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Moskal
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Dulski
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Neha Chug
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Eryk Czerwiński
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Meysam Dadgar
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Gajewski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksander Gajos
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Grudzień
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantology, John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Kacprzak
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kapłon
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Hanieh Karimi
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Klimaszewski
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Korcyl
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalski
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kozik
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Nikodem Krawczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzemień
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kubicz
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Małczak
- 2nd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon Niedźwiecki
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Pawlik-Niedźwiecka
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Pędziwiatr
- 2nd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lech Raczyński
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Juhi Raj
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Antoni Ruciński
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sushil Sharma
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Roman Y Shopa
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Michał Silarski
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skurzok
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Ł Stępień
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Szczepanek
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Faranak Tayefi
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wiślicki
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
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7
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Moskal P, Kowalski P, Shopa RY, Raczyński L, Baran J, Chug N, Curceanu C, Czerwiński E, Dadgar M, Dulski K, Gajos A, Hiesmayr BC, Kacprzak K, Kapłon Ł, Kisielewska D, Klimaszewski K, Kopka P, Korcyl G, Krawczyk N, Krzemień W, Kubicz E, Niedźwiecki S, Parzych S, Raj J, Sharma S, Shivani S, Stępień E, Tayefi F, Wiślicki W. Simulating NEMA characteristics of the modular total-body J-PET scanner-an economic total-body PET from plastic scintillators. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34289460 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac16bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the presented research is estimation of the performance characteristics of the economic total-body Jagiellonian-PET system (TB-J-PET) constructed from plastic scintillators. The characteristics are estimated according to the NEMA NU-2-2018 standards utilizing the GATE package. The simulated detector consists of 24 modules, each built out of 32 plastic scintillator strips (each with cross section of 6 mm times 30 mm and length of 140 or 200 cm) arranged in two layers in regular 24-sided polygon circumscribing a circle with the diameter of 78.6 cm. For the TB-J-PET with an axial field-of-view (AFOV) of 200 cm, a spatial resolutions (SRs) of 3.7 mm (transversal) and 4.9 mm (axial) are achieved. The noise equivalent count rate (NECR) peak of 630 kcps is expected at 30 kBq cc-1. Activity concentration and the sensitivity at the center amounts to 38 cps kBq-1. The scatter fraction (SF) is estimated to 36.2 %. The values of SF and SR are comparable to those obtained for the state-of-the-art clinical PET scanners and the first total-body tomographs: uExplorer and PennPET. With respect to the standard PET systems with AFOV in the range from 16 to 26 cm, the TB-J-PET is characterized by an increase in NECR approximately by factor of 4 and by the increase of the whole-body sensitivity by factor of 12.6 to 38. The time-of-flight resolution for the TB-J-PET is expected to be at the level of CRT = 240 ps full width at half maximum. For the TB-J-PET with an AFOV of 140 cm, an image quality of the reconstructed images of a NEMA IEC phantom was presented with a contrast recovery coefficient and a background variability parameters. The increase of the whole-body sensitivity and NECR estimated for the TB-J-PET with respect to current commercial PET systems makes the TB-J-PET a promising cost-effective solution for the broad clinical applications of total-body PET scanners. TB-J-PET may constitute an economic alternative for the crystal TB-PET scanners, since plastic scintillators are much cheaper than BGO or LYSO crystals and axial arrangement of the strips significantly reduces the costs of readout electronics and SiPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moskal
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - P Kowalski
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - R Y Shopa
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - L Raczyński
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - J Baran
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Cracow, Poland
| | - N Chug
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - C Curceanu
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - E Czerwiński
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - M Dadgar
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - K Dulski
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - A Gajos
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - B C Hiesmayr
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Kacprzak
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Ł Kapłon
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - D Kisielewska
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - K Klimaszewski
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - P Kopka
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - G Korcyl
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - N Krawczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - W Krzemień
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - E Kubicz
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Sz Niedźwiecki
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Sz Parzych
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - J Raj
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - S Sharma
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - S Shivani
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - E Stępień
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - F Tayefi
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.,Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - W Wiślicki
- Department of Complex Systems, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
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8
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Sarrut D, Bała M, Bardiès M, Bert J, Chauvin M, Chatzipapas K, Dupont M, Etxebeste A, M Fanchon L, Jan S, Kayal G, S Kirov A, Kowalski P, Krzemien W, Labour J, Lenz M, Loudos G, Mehadji B, Ménard L, Morel C, Papadimitroulas P, Rafecas M, Salvadori J, Seiter D, Stockhoff M, Testa E, Trigila C, Pietrzyk U, Vandenberghe S, Verdier MA, Visvikis D, Ziemons K, Zvolský M, Roncali E. Advanced Monte Carlo simulations of emission tomography imaging systems with GATE. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:10.1088/1361-6560/abf276. [PMID: 33770774 PMCID: PMC10549966 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abf276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Built on top of the Geant4 toolkit, GATE is collaboratively developed for more than 15 years to design Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear-based imaging systems. It is, in particular, used by researchers and industrials to design, optimize, understand and create innovative emission tomography systems. In this paper, we reviewed the recent developments that have been proposed to simulate modern detectors and provide a comprehensive report on imaging systems that have been simulated and evaluated in GATE. Additionally, some methodological developments that are not specific for imaging but that can improve detector modeling and provide computation time gains, such as Variance Reduction Techniques and Artificial Intelligence integration, are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sarrut
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1294, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Manuel Bardiès
- Cancer Research Institute of Montpellier, U1194 INSERM/ICM/Montpellier University, 208 Av des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Julien Bert
- LaTIM, INSERM UMR 1101, IBRBS, Faculty of Medicine, Univ Brest, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29238, Brest, France
| | - Maxime Chauvin
- CRCT, UMR 1037, INSERM, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Ane Etxebeste
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1294, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Louise M Fanchon
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Jan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Gunjan Kayal
- CRCT, UMR 1037, INSERM, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- SCK CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Assen S Kirov
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Paweł Kowalski
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzemien
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Joey Labour
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1294, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Mirjam Lenz
- FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - George Loudos
- Bioemission Technology Solutions (BIOEMTECH), Alexandras Av. 116, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Laurent Ménard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay France
| | | | | | - Magdalena Rafecas
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julien Salvadori
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Nancyclotep molecular imaging platform, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Daniel Seiter
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, United States of America
| | - Mariele Stockhoff
- Medical Image and Signal Processing (MEDISIP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Etienne Testa
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carlotta Trigila
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 United States of America
| | - Uwe Pietrzyk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Marc-Antoine Verdier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay France
| | - Dimitris Visvikis
- LaTIM, INSERM UMR 1101, IBRBS, Faculty of Medicine, Univ Brest, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29238, Brest, France
| | - Karl Ziemons
- FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Milan Zvolský
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emilie Roncali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 United States of America
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9
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Watts DP, Bordes J, Brown JR, Cherlin A, Newton R, Allison J, Bashkanov M, Efthimiou N, Zachariou NA. Photon quantum entanglement in the MeV regime and its application in PET imaging. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2646. [PMID: 33976168 PMCID: PMC8113573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a widely-used imaging modality for medical research and clinical diagnosis. Imaging of the radiotracer is obtained from the detected hit positions of the two positron annihilation photons in a detector array. The image is degraded by backgrounds from random coincidences and in-patient scatter events which require correction. In addition to the geometric information, the two annihilation photons are predicted to be produced in a quantum-entangled state, resulting in enhanced correlations between their subsequent interaction processes. To explore this, the predicted entanglement in linear polarisation for the two photons was incorporated into a simulation and tested by comparison with experimental data from a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) PET demonstrator apparatus. Adapted apparati also enabled correlation measurements where one of the photons had undergone a prior scatter process. We show that the entangled simulation describes the measured correlations and, through simulation of a larger preclinical PET scanner, illustrate a simple method to quantify and remove the unwanted backgrounds in PET using the quantum entanglement information alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Watts
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
| | - J Bordes
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - A Cherlin
- Kromek Group, Sedgefield, County Durham, UK
| | - R Newton
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - J Allison
- Geant4 Associates International Ltd., Hebden Bridge, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Bashkanov
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - N Efthimiou
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
- PET Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - N A Zachariou
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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10
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Sensitivity of Discrete Symmetry Tests in the Positronium System with the J-PET Detector. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12081268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of certain angular correlations in the three-photon annihilations of the triplet state of positronium, the electron–positron bound state, may be used as a probe of potential CP and CPT-violating effects in the leptonic sector. We present the perspectives of CP and CPT tests using this process recorded with a novel detection system for photons in the positron annihilation energy range, the Jagiellonian Positron Emission Tomography (J-PET). We demonstrate the capability of this system to register three-photon annihilations with an unprecedented range of kinematical configurations and to measure the CPT-odd correlation between positronium spin and annihilation plane orientation with a precision improved by at least an order of magnitude with respect to present results. We also discuss the means to control and reduce detector asymmetries in order to allow J-PET to set the first measurement of the correlation between positronium spin and momentum of the most energetic annihilation photon which has never been studied to date.
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11
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Estimating relationship between the time over threshold and energy loss by photons in plastic scintillators used in the J-PET scanner. EJNMMI Phys 2020; 7:39. [PMID: 32504254 PMCID: PMC7275104 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-020-00306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The time-over-threshold (TOT) technique is being used widely due to itsimplications in developing the multi-channel readouts, mainly when fast signal processing is required. Using the TOT technique, as a measure of energy loss instead of charge integration methods, significantly reduces the signal readout costs by combining the time and energy information. Therefore, this approach can potentially be utilized in J-PET tomograph which is built from plastic scintillators characterized by fast light signals. The drawback in adopting this technique lies in the non-linear correlation between input energy loss and TOT of the signal. The main motivation behind this work is to develop the relationship between TOT and energy loss and validate it by the J-PET tomograph setup. METHODS The experiment was performed using a 22Na beta emitter source placed in the center of the J-PET tomograph. This isotope produces photons of two different energies: 511 keV photons from the positron annihilation (direct annihilation or through the formation of a para-positronium atom or pick-off process of ortho-positronium atoms) and a 1275 keV prompt photon. This allows the study of the correlation between TOT values and energy loss for energy ranges up to 1000 keV. Since the photon interacts predominantly via Compton scattering inside the plastic scintillator, there is no direct information of the energy deposition. However, using the J-PET geometry, one can measure the scattering angle of the interacting photon. Since the 22Na source emits photons of two different energies, it is necessary to know unambiguously the energy of incident photons and their corresponding scattering angles in order to estimate energy deposition. In summary, this work presents a dedicated algorithm developed to tag photons of different energies and studying their scattering angles to calculate the energy deposition by the interacting photons. RESULTS A new method was elaborated to measure the energy loss by photons interacting with plastic scintillators used in the J-PET tomograph. We find the relationship between the energy loss and TOT is non-linear and can be described by the functions TOT = A0 + A1 * ln(E dep + A2) + A3 * (ln(E dep + A2))2 and TOT = A0 - A1 * A2[Formula: see text]. In addition, we also introduced a theoretical model to calculate the TOT as a function of energy loss in plastic scintillators. CONCLUSIONS A relationship between TOT and energy loss by photons interacting inside the plastic scintillators used in J-PET scanner is established for a deposited energy range of 100-1000 keV.
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12
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Hiesmayr BC, Moskal P. Witnessing Entanglement In Compton Scattering Processes Via Mutually Unbiased Bases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8166. [PMID: 31160617 PMCID: PMC6546736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a quantum information theoretic version of the Klein-Nishina formula. This formulation singles out the quantity, the a priori visibility, that quantifies the ability to deduce the polarisation property of single photons. The Kraus-type structure allows a straightforward generalisation to the multiphoton cases, relevant in the decay of positronium which is utilized e.g. for metabolic PET-imaging (Positron- Emission- Tomograph). Predicted by theory but never experimentally proven, the two- or three-photon states should be entangled. We provide an experimentally feasible method to witness entanglement for these processes via MUBs (Mutually Unbiased Bases), exploiting Bohr's complementarity. Last but not least we present explicit cases exemplifying the interrelation of geometry and entanglement including relations to its potentiality for teleportation schemes or Bell inequality violations or in future for detecting cancer in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix C Hiesmayr
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Pawel Moskal
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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