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Xu Y, Tang L, Nok-iangthong C, Wagner M, Baumann G, Feist F, Bismarck A, Jiang Q. Functionally Gradient Macroporous Polymers: Emulsion Templating Offers Control over Density, Pore Morphology, and Composition. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:5150-5162. [PMID: 38752018 PMCID: PMC11091853 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Gradient macroporous polymers were produced by polymerization of emulsion templates comprising a continuous monomer phase and an internal aqueous template phase. To produce macroporous polymers with gradient composition, pore size, and foam density, we varied the template formulation, droplet size, and internal phase ratio of emulsion templates continuously and stacked those prior to polymerization. Using the outlined approach, it is possible to vary one property along the resulting macroporous polymer while retaining the other properties. The elastic moduli and crush strengths change along the gradient of the macroporous polymers; their mechanical properties are dominated by those of the weakest layers in the gradient. Macroporous polymers with gradient chemical composition and thus stiffness provide both high impact load and energy adsorption, rendering the gradient foam suitable for impact protective applications. We show that dual-dispensing and simultaneous blending of two different emulsion formulations in various ratios results in a fine, bidirectional change of the template composition, enabling the production of true gradient macroporous polymers with a high degree of design freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Xu
- Institute
of Material Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Le Tang
- Institute
of Material Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chanokporn Nok-iangthong
- Institute
of Material Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Wagner
- Institute
for Vehicle Safety, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13 VI, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Baumann
- Institute
for Vehicle Safety, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13 VI, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Feist
- Institute
for Vehicle Safety, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13 VI, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute
of Material Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington
Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Qixiang Jiang
- Institute
of Material Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Pascaud K, Mercé M, Roucher A, Destribats M, Backov R, Schmitt V, Sescousse R, Brouillet F, Sarda S, Ré M. Pickering emulsion as template for porous bioceramics in the perspective of bone regeneration. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Zhou M, Foudazi R. Effect of Cosurfactant on Structure and Properties of Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsions (PolyHIPEs). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7907-7918. [PMID: 34153186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porous polymerized high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) monoliths are synthesized by using Span 80 with different cosurfactants. The results reveal that the void size can be reduced by employing cosurfactants, except for Tween 20. Furthermore, the openness of polyHIPEs changes by using different cosurfactants or by varying their concentration. To further investigate the effect of cosurfactants, we perform rheology measurements on the interface of the aqueous and oil phase. This study demonstrates the important role of interfacial elasticity in the successful preparation of polyHIPEs with different morphologies. Additionally, this study suggests that the increase in interfacial elasticity hinders the formation of interconnections between pores, known as windows. Finally, the compression test is performed to investigate the effect of the pore structure on the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchu Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Reza Foudazi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
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Zhang S, Zhou P, Sun Y, Zhu Y, Zhang K. Fabrication of emulsion-templated polystyrene absorbent using 4-arm star-shaped poly(ɛ-caprolactone) as property defining crosslinker. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Steindl P, Decker H, Retzl B, Jiang Q, Menner A, Bismarck A. Emulsion-templated flexible epoxy foams. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Shirokikh SA, Kulieva LE, Koroleva MY, Yurtov EV. Effect of the Stability of Highly Concentrated Emulsions Containing Styrene–Divinylbenzene Mixtures on the Structure of Highly Porous Copolymers Formed on Their Basis. COLLOID JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x20060137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dupont H, Fouché C, Dourges MA, Schmitt V, Héroguez V. Polymerization of cellulose nanocrystals-based Pickering HIPE towards green porous materials. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 243:116411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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Aldemir Dikici B, Claeyssens F. Basic Principles of Emulsion Templating and Its Use as an Emerging Manufacturing Method of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:875. [PMID: 32903473 PMCID: PMC7435020 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate critical size defects, which cannot heal naturally, by using highly porous matrices called TE scaffolds made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials. There are various manufacturing techniques commonly used to fabricate TE scaffolds. However, in most cases, they do not provide materials with a highly interconnected pore design. Thus, emulsion templating is a promising and convenient route for the fabrication of matrices with up to 99% porosity and high interconnectivity. These matrices have been used for various application areas for decades. Although this polymer structuring technique is older than TE itself, the use of polymerised internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs) in TE is relatively new compared to other scaffold manufacturing techniques. It is likely because it requires a multidisciplinary background including materials science, chemistry and TE although producing emulsion templated scaffolds is practically simple. To date, a number of excellent reviews on emulsion templating have been published by the pioneers in this field in order to explain the chemistry behind this technique and potential areas of use of the emulsion templated structures. This particular review focusses on the key points of how emulsion templated scaffolds can be fabricated for different TE applications. Accordingly, we first explain the basics of emulsion templating and characteristics of PolyHIPE scaffolds. Then, we discuss the role of each ingredient in the emulsion and the impact of the compositional changes and process conditions on the characteristics of PolyHIPEs. Afterward, current fabrication methods of biocompatible PolyHIPE scaffolds and polymerisation routes are detailed, and the functionalisation strategies that can be used to improve the biological activity of PolyHIPE scaffolds are discussed. Finally, the applications of PolyHIPEs on soft and hard TE as well as in vitro models and drug delivery in the literature are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Aldemir Dikici
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Qiao M, Yang X, Zhu Y, Guerin G, Zhang S. Ultralight Aerogels with Hierarchical Porous Structures Prepared from Cellulose Nanocrystal Stabilized Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6421-6428. [PMID: 32432883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-based aerogels with extremely low density and hierarchical porous structure were constructed via a facile Pickering-emulsion-templated strategy. In this method, aminated CNCs (CNC-NH2) were synthesized to stabilize o/w Pickering high internal phase emulsions (Pickering HIPEs). Amino groups were introduced to CNCs to decrease the net surface charges of CNCs, enhance their aggregation, and therefore achieve Pickering HIPEs stabilized by the particles of ultralow content (∼0.1 wt %). A series of CNC aerogels was then obtained by freeze drying these emulsions. The resulting aerogels were ultralight with a density that reached ca. 0.5 mg/cm3 (an order of magnitude lower than that previously reported for CNC aerogels) and an ultrahigh porosity (up to 99.969%). Contributed to the extremely low density, the thermal conductivity of the aerogels was around 0.021 W/(m·K) which is lower than that of air (0.024 W/(m·K)). This novel strategy could be applied to other materials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, to prepare ultralight aerogels with controllable porous structures and unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaocang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gerald Guerin
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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12
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Zhang T, Sanguramath RA, Israel S, Silverstein MS. Emulsion Templating: Porous Polymers and Beyond. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | - Sima Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Michael S. Silverstein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Zhou C, Qiao M, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Chen J. Production of High Internal Phase Emulsion with a Miniature Twin Screw Extruder. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9957-9963. [PMID: 31460088 PMCID: PMC6648423 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Emulsions are traditionally prepared by batched emulsifying an oil phase and aqueous phase with a magnetic/mechanical stirrer, homogenizer, or ultrasonic machine, etc. Herein, high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) produced with a miniature twin screw extruder were first investigated. Adding an oil phase (the mixture of styrene, divinylbenzene, and span 80) and aqueous phase to the inlet of a miniature twin screw extruder, a series of white and viscous HIPEs were obtained at the outlet of the extruder. With the screw rotation speed and the surfactant content varied respectively in the ranges of 50-200 rpm and 5-20%, a series of HIPEs having uniform droplet size were produced. Polymerizing these HIPEs caused a series of polymerized HIPES, which have a well-defined open-cell structure. The method developed herein shows that it is possible to prepare emulsions with oil and water by twin screw extrusion. Also, it may also cause a continuous preparation of HIPEs when the miniature twin screw extruder was replaced by an industrial extruder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianding Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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14
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15
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Roucher A, Emo M, Vibert F, Stébé MJ, Schmitt V, Jonas F, Backov R, Blin JL. Investigation of mixed ionic/nonionic building blocks for the dual templating of macro-mesoporous silica. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 533:385-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Luo X, Yu K, Qian K, Lu X, Sun J. Effects of graphene surface energy on the structure and mechanical properties of phenolic foams. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2017-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Graphene nanoplates (GNPs) and graphene oxide (GO) were used to investigate the effects of surface free energy (SFE) of nanoparticles on the cellular structure and mechanical properties of phenolic nanocomposite foams. The results showed that the SFE of nanoparticles is a key parameter in determining the interfacial action between fillers and matrix before foaming, which in turn determines the energy barrier of bubble nucleation during foaming process. It indicated that the higher interfacial energy of GO brought out the lower Gibbs free energy and smaller driving force for heterogeneous nucleation, leading to smaller cell size with more uniform distribution. According to the effect of SFE in foaming process, different mass fractions of GNPs and GO were used in phenolic foams to investigate the effects of heterogeneous nucleating agent on cell nucleation. As a result, phenolic foam with 0.6 wt% graphene oxide (GO-0.6/PF) exhibited the optimized mechanical properties and cell microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Kejing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
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17
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Kravchenko OG, Gedler G, Kravchenko SG, Feke DL, Manas-Zloczower I. Modeling compressive behavior of open-cell polymerized high internal phase emulsions: effects of density and morphology. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1637-1646. [PMID: 29411831 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The compressive behavior of poly(HIPE) foams was studied using the developed micromechanics based computational model. The model allowed identifying the morphological parameters governing the foam compressive behavior. These parameters comprise: (i) foam density, (ii) Sauter mean diameter of voids calculated from the morphological analysis of the polydispersed microstructure of poly(HIPE), and (iii) polymer/strut characteristic size identified as the height of the curvilinear triangular cross-section. The model prediction compared closely with the experiments and considered both the linear and plateau regions of the compressive poly(HIPE) behavior. The computational model allows the prediction of structure-property relationships for poly(HIPE) foams with various relative densities and open cell microstructure using the input parameters obtained from the morphology characterization of the poly(HIPE). The simulations provide a pathway for understanding how tuning the manufacturing process can enable the optimal foam morphology for targeted mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr G Kravchenko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
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18
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Kovalenko A, Fauquignon M, Brunet T, Mondain-Monval O. Tuning the sound speed in macroporous polymers with a hard or soft matrix. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4526-4532. [PMID: 28589203 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00744b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the factors affecting the sound speed in air-filled macroporous polymer materials at ultrasound frequencies. Due to the presence of large proportion of gas, these porous materials present high compressibility and, as a consequence, low sound speed which may fall down to values as low as 40 m s-1. Using an emulsion-templating method, we synthesize macroporous samples with similar porous structures but with three different matrices, i.e. a hard poly(styrene-divinylbenzene (DVB)) matrix, a soft epoxy-modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix and a very soft polyaddition PDMS matrix. We characterize the matrix mechanical properties by measuring both the bulk modulus K0 and the shear modulus G0. Next, we compare the sound speed measured in porous samples with porosity varying from 0 to 50%. We show that, in agreement with theoretical predictions, the sound speed is mainly controlled by two parameters, the porosity value and the K0/G0 ratio of the polymer matrix. These parameters may be used to control the sound propagation in porous polymers, which opens the way to the realization of gradient-index materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Kovalenko
- University of Bordeaux - CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Pessac, France.
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Zhu Y, Lu Z, Chen J, Zhang S. Preparation of macroporous hydrophobic materials filled with aligned porous hydrophilic domain via emulsion-templated and unidirectional freezing technique. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jianding Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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Quell A, Heitkam S, Drenckhan W, Stubenrauch C. Creating Honeycomb Structures in Porous Polymers by Osmotic Transport. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:451-454. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Quell
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sascha Heitkam
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics; Technische Universität Dresden; 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Wiebke Drenckhan
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides; CNRS; Université Paris-Sud; 91405 Orsay France
| | - Cosima Stubenrauch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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21
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Quell A, Sottmann T, Stubenrauch C. Diving into the Finestructure of Macroporous Polymer Foams Synthesized via Emulsion Templating: A Phase Diagram Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:537-542. [PMID: 28058846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During our studies on emulsion-templated monodisperse polymer foams we found significant differences in the finestructure if the locus of initiation is changed. This motivated us to study the phase behavior of the liquid template. Our studies indicate that the template consists of droplets of three different length scales: The water droplets generated via microfluidics (∼70 μm) are surrounded by a continuous phase in which a w/o emulsion (≤100 nm) coexists with a w/o microemulsion (∼5 nm). We speculate that the w/o-emulsion droplets act as seeds for the porous finestructure observed in AIBN-initiated polymer foams. We have experimental evidence that the w/o emulsion inverts to an o/w emulsion with progressing polymerization. This explains the granular texture observed in KPS-initiated polymer foams. The control of the finestructure is important in the preparation of tailor-made polymer foams because it directly impacts the material's density and thus, in turn, its mechanical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Quell
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Sottmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cosima Stubenrauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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22
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Jiang Q, Menner A, Bismarck A. Robust macroporous polymers: Using polyurethane diacrylate as property defining crosslinker. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Giustiniani A, Guégan P, Marchand M, Poulard C, Drenckhan W. Generation of Silicone Poly-HIPEs with Controlled Pore Sizes via Reactive Emulsion Stabilization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1527-32. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Giustiniani
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Philippe Guégan
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, UMR8232 Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM); Equipe Chimie des Polymères; 4 place Jussieu F-75005 Paris France
| | - Manon Marchand
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Christophe Poulard
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Wiebke Drenckhan
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
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24
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Quell A, de Bergolis B, Drenckhan W, Stubenrauch C. How the Locus of Initiation Influences the Morphology and the Pore Connectivity of a Monodisperse Polymer Foam. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Quell
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring
55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benedetta de Bergolis
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring
55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wiebke Drenckhan
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cosima Stubenrauch
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring
55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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Chu Y, Lu Z, Li J, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Chen J. Preparation of poly (L-lactic acid) with aligned structures by unidirectional freezing. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeqian Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultra-fine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultra-fine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Junjie Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultra-fine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultra-fine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultra-fine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jianding Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultra-fine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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Zimny K, Merlin A, Ba A, Aristégui C, Brunet T, Mondain-Monval O. Soft porous silicone rubbers as key elements for the realization of acoustic metamaterials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:3215-3221. [PMID: 25674832 DOI: 10.1021/la504720f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, macroporous materials made of polydimethylsiloxane, a soft silicone rubber, are prepared using UV polymerization with an emulsion-templating procedure. The porosity of the final materials can be precisely controlled by adjusting the volume of the dispersed phase. We show that the porous structure of the materials is the template of the droplets of the initial emulsions. Mechanical tests show that the materials Young's moduli decrease with the porosity of the materials. Acoustic measurements indicate that, in such a porous elastomeric matrix, the sound speed also decreases dramatically as soon as the porosity increases to attain values of as low as 80 m/s. The results are compared to earlier ones on silica aerogels and are interpreted within the framework of a simple theoretical approach. We show that the very low sound speed value is a consequence of the low value of the polymer shear modulus. This explains why such porous soft silicone rubbers are so efficient at playing the role of slow-soft resonators in acoustic metamaterials. Moreover, the fast rate of polymerization of such UV-curable fluid allows for a facile shaping of the final material as beads or rods in microfluidic devices.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Zimny
- †University of Bordeaux - CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Pessac, France
| | - Aurore Merlin
- †University of Bordeaux - CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Pessac, France
| | - Abdoulaye Ba
- ‡University of Bordeaux - CNRS - INPB, Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie, Talence, France
| | - Christophe Aristégui
- ‡University of Bordeaux - CNRS - INPB, Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie, Talence, France
| | - Thomas Brunet
- ‡University of Bordeaux - CNRS - INPB, Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie, Talence, France
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Zhu Y, Zhang S, Hua Y, Zhang H, Chen J. Synthesis of Latex Particles with a Complex Structure As an Emulsifier of Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials
of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials
of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ye Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials
of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials
of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianding Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials
of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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