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Cost-Effectiveness of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs: A Prospective Multicenter Study of Real-World Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9972386. [PMID: 34745311 PMCID: PMC8568544 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9972386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This real-world, multicenter, prospective study aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness of prevalent oral antidiabetic drugs, including traditional Chinese medicine and its compounds, used in China. Type 2 diabetes patients initiated on one or several of the most prevalent antidiabetic drugs were recruited on the baseline and followed up over one year with no restriction on drug discontinuation, switching, and add-on. Different drugs were evaluated on their efficacy, adverse effect (AE), health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and cost. Treatments were defined as the intent-to-treat in the primary analysis and on-treatment in the sensitivity analyses. A rich set of patients' baseline characteristics was collected and controlled using the multivariate linear model in the primary analysis and inverse probability weighting and double selection—a machine learning algorithm—in the sensitivity analyses. Estimates of “raw” outcomes, which are not adjusted by covariates and calculated as subgroup means, show that the use of Xiaoke Pill alone and in combination is among the most effective therapies with 50% and 54% of patients reaching the control target of HbA1c < 6.5%. In terms of cost, Xiaoke Pill and gliclazide, which cost participants 4,350 and 5,150 RMB per year on average, are among the least costly therapies. After adjusting patient characteristics, monotherapy and combination therapy using the Xiaoke Pill again display the best control rates, of 45% and 43% against 33% of metformin. Regarding cost, the Xiaoke Pill costs a patient 5,340 RMB per year, in sharp contrast with 8,550 RMB for metformin and 10,330 RMB for acarbose. Our study suggests that the use of Xiaoke Pill—alone or in combination—is associated with better glycemic control and lower cost than some allopathic medications such as metformin or acarbose and shows a similar incidence of hypoglycemia.
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Liu P, Peng QH, Tong P, Li WJ. Astragalus polysaccharides suppresses high glucose-induced metabolic memory in retinal pigment epithelial cells through inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction-induced apoptosis by regulating miR-195. Mol Med 2019; 25:21. [PMID: 31117931 PMCID: PMC6530096 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic memory contributes to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is the complication of diabetes. But it's still unknown how to prevent the metabolic memory to treat the DR. In our study, we want to examine the function of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) in the metabolic memory of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) pretreated with high glucose (HG). METHODS ARPE-19 and PRPE cells were exposed to HG followed by normal glucose (NG) treatment with or without APS. QPCR was used to examine the levels of miR-195 and Bcl-2. MDA and SOD detection assays were used to examine the oxidative stress level. Western blotting and immunostaining were applied to detect the protein level of mitochondrial damage and apoptotic signaling pathway. Flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were used to analyze cell apoptosis. Luciferase assay was used to examine the direct target of miR-195. RESULTS APS treatment significantly decreased the expression of miR-195, while increased the expression of Bcl-2 with optimized dosages which were induced by HG treatment, even after replacing the HG with NG. And we found Bcl-2 was the direct target of miR-195. APS alleviated the oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis induced by HG and HG + NG treatments in RPE cells via regulating miR-195. Furthermore, we found overexpression of miR-195 abolished the alleviated effects of APS on the HG-treated RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS APS suppressed high glucose-induced metabolic memory in retinal pigment epithelial cells through inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction-induced apoptosis by regulating miR-195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hua Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.138, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Guo Z, Lou Y, Kong M, Luo Q, Liu Z, Wu J. A Systematic Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics on Astragali Radix: Implications for Astragali Radix as a Personalized Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1463. [PMID: 30909474 PMCID: PMC6470777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragali radix (AR) is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical practices indicate that AR possesses various biological functions, including potent immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and antitumor activities. To date, more than 200 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from AR. Among them, isoflavonoids, saponins and polysaccharides are the three main types of beneficial compounds responsible for its pharmacological activities and therapeutic efficacy. After ingestion of AR, the metabolism and biotransformation of the bioactive compounds were extensive in vivo. The isoflavonoids and saponins and their metabolites are the major type of constituents absorbed in plasma. The bioavailability barrier (BB), which is mainly composed of efflux transporters and conjugating enzymes, is expected to have a significant impact on the bioavailability of AR. This review summarizes studies on the phytochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics on AR. Additionally, the use of AR as a personalized medicine based on the BB is also discussed, which may provide beneficial information to achieve a better and more accurate therapeutic response of AR in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Guo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Yanmei Lou
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Muyan Kong
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Qing Luo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 999078, China.
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Huang J, Yin L, Dong L, Quan H, Chen R, Hua S, Ma J, Guo D, Fu X. Quality evaluation for Radix Astragali based on fingerprint, indicative components selection and QAMS. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4343. [PMID: 30003570 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radix Astragali (RA) is one of the most widely used Chinese herbs prescribed in many Chinese formulas to reinforce 'Qi' and treat vital energy deficiency. This study combined fingerprinting with quantitative analysis multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) to improve the quality control standard for RA on the basis of existing quality control methods of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS technique was used to evaluate the quality of RA by fingerprinting and QAMS. Using the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation and anti-anoxic activities to screen characteristic components of RA, the calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (CG), ononin, astragaloside IV, astragaloside II, calycosin and astrageloside I significantly inhibited ear edema in mice, the calycosin and CG had good antioxidant activity and the astragaloside I had a significant anti-hypoxia activity. Astragaloside I, astragaloside II, astragaloside IV, ononin, calycosin and CG had significant pharmacological actions. These components were comprehensively used as the indicative components for the quality control of RA. Astragaloside I was used as the internal standard of the relative correction factors of CG (13.45), ononin (0.51), calycosin (12.08), astragaloside IV (0.73) and astragaloside II (0.81). Astragaloside I and CG were used as internal standards of the relative correction factors of the flavonoids and saponins of ononin (1.11), calycosin (0.04), astragaloside IV (0.73) and astragaloside II (0.81). The study combined fingerprinting with QAMS to improve the quality control standard for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Shizuishan Maternal and Child Health Care Family Planning Service Center, Shizuishan, China
| | - Lin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hongfeng Quan
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shiyao Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiahua Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xueyan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine, Yinchuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), Yinchuan, China
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An NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach to Unravel the Preventive Effect of Water-Soluble Extract from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Mice. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091543. [PMID: 28914810 PMCID: PMC6151757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo (D. officinale) is a precious herbal medicine. In this study, we investigated metabolic mechanism underlying the effect of D. officinale water extract (DOWE) on diabetes prevention in mice after streptozotocin (STZ) exposure using NMR-based metabolomics. Interestingly, we found a decrease in blood glucose and an increase in liver glycogen in mice pretreated with DOWE after STZ exposure. The DOWE pretreatment significantly increased citrate and glutamine in the serum as well as creatine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamine, glutathione and taurine in the liver of STZ-treated mice. Furthermore, serum glucose was significantly negatively correlated with citrate, pyruvate, alanine, isoleucine, histidine and glutamine in the serum as well as alanine and taurine in the liver. These findings suggest that the effect of DOWE on diabetes prevention may be linked to increases in liver glycogen and taurine as well as the up-regulation of energy and amino acid metabolism.
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Dou HY, Wang YY, Yang N, Heng ML, Zhou X, Bu HE, Xu F, Zhao TN, Huang H, Wang HW. Association between genetic variants and characteristic symptoms of type 2 diabetes: A matched case-control study. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 23:415-424. [PMID: 26919830 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of genetic variants with characteristic symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A matched case-control study was performed to investigate the association between common variants in four genes (CDKAL1, GLIS3, GRK5, and TCF7L2) and symptoms of T2DM. Symptoms were examined with questionnaire for 710 subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cell by salting-out procedure. Genotyping was carried out by direct sequencing of the unpurified polymerase chain reaction products. RESULT Most of the T2DM patients pressented characteristic symptoms, such as feeling weak in limbs (P =0.0057), hand tremor (P =0.0208), bradymasesis (P =0.0234), and polyuria (P =0.0051). Some of the T2DM patients shared characteristic symptoms, such as desire for cold drinks (P =0.0304), polyphagia (P =0.0051), and furred tongue (P =0.028). The impaired glucose regulation (IGR) cases took only one characteristic symptom of frequent micturition (P =0.0422). GLIS3 rs7034200 and GRK5 rs10886471 were significantly associated with increased T2DM risk (GLIS3 rs7034200 under dominant model: P=0.0307; GRK5 rs10886471 under recessive model: P=0.0092). However, only the rs10886471 polymorphism in GRK5 showed a significant effect on both differentiated symptoms and T2DM risk. The C-allele was involved in both dampness-heat encumbering Pi (Spleen) syndrome (P =0.047) and qi-yin deficiency syndrome (P =0.002) via increased GRK5 expression. CONCLUSIONS Both T2DM and IGR exhibited its corresponding characteristic symptoms. The variants of GRK5 were involved with both qi-yin deficiency syndrome and dampness-heat encumbering Pi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ying Dou
- Department of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Ming-Li Heng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Huai-En Bu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Tie-Niu Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hong-Wu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Chan CC, Zhang HW, Chan K, Lin ZX. Xiaoke Pill () and anti-diabetic drugs: A review on clinical evidence of possible herb-drug interactions. Chin J Integr Med 2016:10.1007/s11655-015-2106-5. [PMID: 26825080 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically analyze the clinically-based evidence of herb-drug interaction on Xiaoke Pill () and its concomitant use with anti-diabetic drugs. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM), Traditional Chinese Medical Database System (TCMDS), China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI) and Wangfang Databases were searched. Levels of Evidence and Severity Level of Interaction were used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. RESULTS A total of 27 studies published in Chinese, including 2 randomized controlled trials, 3 case series and 22 case reports, were included. Eighteen herbdrug interactions were reported involving Xiaoke Pill as monotherapy, while 6 herb-drug interactions occurred associated with Xiaoke Pill in combination with anti-diabetic drugs. The clinical results of herb-drug interaction of Xiaoke Pill were reported as additive blood glucose-lowering effects with anti-diabetic drugs, including benefifi cial and adverse hypoglycemic effects, anaphylactic shock and severe hair loss. Of these interactions 82.8% were reported to be associated with potential deterioration of the patients' conditions including hypoglycemic coma, stroke, mental disorder and even death. CONCLUSIONS This review helped establish the clinically-based evidence about herb-drug interaction of Xiaoke Pill and its concomitant use with anti-diabetic drugs. The fifi ndings would help arouse the awareness of both health professionals and the general public to avoid the adverse herb-drug interactions of Xiaoke Pill in healthcare and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuk-Ching Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin Chan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia.
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Gu C, Zeng Y, Tang Z, Wang C, He Y, Feng X, Zhou L. Astragalus polysaccharides affect insulin resistance by regulating the hepatic SIRT1-PGC-1α/PPARα-FGF21 signaling pathway in male Sprague Dawley rats undergoing catch-up growth. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6451-60. [PMID: 26323321 PMCID: PMC4626146 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on insulin resistance by modulation of hepatic sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α/PPARα-fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: A normal control group, a catch-up growth group and an APS-treated (APS-G) group. The latter two groups underwent food restriction for 4 weeks, prior to being provided with a high fat diet, which was available ad libitum. The APS-G group was orally treated with APS for 8 weeks, whereas the other groups were administered saline. Body weight was measured and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted after 8 weeks. The plasma glucose and insulin levels obtained from the OGTT were assayed, and hepatic morphology was observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of PGC-1α/PPARα, and the protein expression levels of SIRT1, FGF21 and nuclear factor-κB were quantified in the liver and serum. APS treatment suppressed abnormal glycolipid metabolism and insulin resistance following 8 weeks of catch-up growth by improving hepatic SIRT1-PPARα-FGF21 intracellular signaling and reducing chronic inflammation, and by partially attenuating hepatic steatosis. The suppressive effects of APS on liver acetylation and glycolipid metabolism-associated molecules contributed to the observed suppression of insulin resistance. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of APS on insulin resistance requires further research in order to be elucidated. Rapid and long-term treatment with APS may provide a novel, safe and effective therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Yipeng Zeng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Zhaosheng Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Chaoxun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Yanju He
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Xinge Feng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
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Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in microglial cells: regulation of protein kinase B and nuclear factor-κB signaling. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:205-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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The role of central nervous system on hypoglycemia and the feasibility of the brain theory in traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2014; 12:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(14)60008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Astragalus polysaccharide suppresses skeletal muscle myostatin expression in diabetes: involvement of ROS-ERK and NF-κB pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:782497. [PMID: 24454989 PMCID: PMC3880770 DOI: 10.1155/2013/782497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The antidiabetes drug astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is capable of increasing insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and improving whole-body glucose homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that skeletal muscle secreted growth factor myostatin plays an important role in regulating insulin signaling and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that regulation of skeletal muscle myostatin expression may be involved in the improvement of insulin sensitivity by APS. Methods. APS was administered to 13-week-old diabetic KKAy and nondiabetic C57BL/6J mice for 8 weeks. Complementary studies examined APS effects on the saturated acid palmitate-induced insulin resistance and myostatin expression in C2C12 cells. Results. APS treatment ameliorated hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance and decreased the elevation of myostatin expression and malondialdehyde production in skeletal muscle of noninsulin-dependent diabetic KKAy mice. In C2C12 cells in vitro, saturated acid palmitate-induced impaired glucose uptake, overproduction of ROS, activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and NF-κB were partially restored by APS treatment. The protective effects of APS were mimicked by ERK and NF-κB inhibitors, respectively. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates elevated myostatin expression in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic KKAy mice and in cultured C2C12 cells exposed to palmitate. APS is capable of improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing myostatin expression in skeletal muscle through downregulating ROS-ERK-NF-κB pathway.
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Agyemang K, Han L, Liu E, Zhang Y, Wang T, Gao X. Recent Advances in Astragalus membranaceus Anti-Diabetic Research: Pharmacological Effects of Its Phytochemical Constituents. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:654643. [PMID: 24348714 PMCID: PMC3855992 DOI: 10.1155/2013/654643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The disease burden of diabetes mellitus is increasing throughout the world. The need for more potent drugs to complement the present anti-diabetic drugs has become an imperative. Astragalus membranaceus, a key component of most Chinese herbal anti-diabetic formulas, has been an important prospect for lead anti-diabetic compounds. It has been progressively studied for its anti-diabetic properties. Ethnopharmacological studies have established its potential to alleviate diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have sought to relate its chemical constituents to types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Its total polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids fractions and several isolated compounds have been the most studied. The total polysaccharides fraction demonstrated activity to both types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. This paper discusses the anti-diabetic effects and pharmacological action of the chemical constituents in relation to types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojo Agyemang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Erwei Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
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Ji L, Tong X, Wang H, Tian H, Zhou H, Zhang L, Li Q, Wang Y, Li H, Liu M, Yang H, Gao Y, Li Y, Li Q, Guo X, Yang G, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Ning G, Chen Y, Paul S. Efficacy and safety of traditional chinese medicine for diabetes: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56703. [PMID: 23460810 PMCID: PMC3584095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of diabetes mellitus with Traditional Chinese Medicine has a long history. The aim of this study is to establish the safety and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine combined with glibenclamide to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS In a controlled, double blind, multicentre non-inferiority trial, 800 patients with unsatisfactory glycemic control (fasting glucose 7-13 mmol/L and HbA1c 7-11%) were randomly assigned to receive Xiaoke Pill, a compound of Chinese herbs combined with glibenclamide, or Glibenclamide in two study groups - drug naive group, and patients previously treated with metformin monotherapy (metformin group). Outcome measures at 48 weeks were the incidence and rate of hypoglycemia, mean difference in HbA1c, and proportion of patients with HbA1c<6.5%. FINDINGS In drug naïve group, the total hypoglycemia rate and the mild hypoglycemic episode in the Xiaoke Pill arm were 38% (p = 0.024) and 41% (p = 0.002) less compared to Glibenclamide arm; in Metformin group, the average annual rate of hypoglycemia was 62% lower in Xiaoke Pill arm (p = 0.003). Respective mean changes in HbA1c from baseline were -0.70% and -0.66% for Xiaoke Pill and Glibenclamide, with a between-group difference (95% CI) of -0.04% (-0.20, 0.12) in the drug naïve group, and those in metformin group were -0.45% and -0.59%, 0.14% (-0.12, 0.39) respectively. The respective proportions of patients with a HbA1c level <6.5% were 26.6% and 23.4% in the drug naïve group and 20.1% and 18.9% in the metformin group. INTERPRETATION In patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control, treatment with Xiaoke Pill led to significant reduction in risk of hypoglycemia and similar improvements in glycemic control after 48 weeks compared to Glibenclamide. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Register number, ChiCTR-TRC-08000074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linong Ji
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- China Academy of Chinese Medicial Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Peking University of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qifu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yizhong Wang
- The Central Hospital of China Aerospace Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- China Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Yang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbin Gao
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dongfang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Zhongshan University Sun Yai-sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Quanmin Li
- General Hospital of PLA Second Artillery, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongai Zhang
- Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Jiaotong University Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sanjoy Paul
- Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Centre, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Huang W, Yu J, Jia X, Xiong L, Li N, Wen X. Zhenqing recipe improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity by repressing hepatic FOXO1 in type 2 diabetic rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:721-33. [PMID: 22809027 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) plays an important role in glucose metabolism at the gene transcription level. Increased FOXO1 activity results in hyperglycemia by promoting the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and inhibiting glucokinase (GK). This study evaluates the effect of Zhenqing Recipe (ZQR), a Chinese herbal medicine, on hyperglycemia and its molecular mechanisms. Type 2 diabetic rats, developed by high-fat diet combined with low-dose STZ injections, were randomly divided into untreated diabetic, ZQR and metformin group. Normal rats served as control. After an eight-week treatment, fasting blood glucose was significantly decreased and insulin sensitivity index was obviously increased in the ZQR group. ZQR also improved the oral glucose tolerance. Compared with the control group, the mRNA levels of PEPCK and G6Pase were significantly elevated, while GK mRNA expression was decreased in the liver of untreated diabetic rats. ZQR significantly reduced the mRNA levels of PEPCK and G6Pase, and increased GK mRNA expression. The hepatic mRNA and protein expression of FOXO1 in the untreated diabetic group was markedly increased compared to controls. The administration of ZQR significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of hepatic FOXO1. The data suggest that ZQR improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, which is accompanied with regulating mRNA expression of GK and gluconeogenic genes. This anti-diabetic effect of ZQR is due to its ability to repress hepatic FOXO1 at the mRNA and protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfan Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Endocrinology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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15
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Tong XL, Dong L, Chen L, Zhen Z. Treatment of Diabetes Using Traditional Chinese Medicine: Past, Present and Future. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:877-86. [PMID: 22928822 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major medical problem that imperils public health. Over two thousand years ago, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) called diabetes-related symptoms "Xiaoke" disease. In ancient China, TCM and Chinese herbal medicines were used widely in treating Xiaoke and abundant experience has been accumulated. This article discusses the TCM theory on diabetes and its achievements in the prevention and treatment of diabetes in the past. Using Chinese herbal medicine, recent progress in diabetes therapeutics, including data from clinical trials, are presented. Mechanistic studies from basic research are discussed. Yin-yang balance and a holistic approach of TCM may complement diabetes treatment in Western medicine. With continuous efforts, TCM could play a more important role in fighting this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Tong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Liu Dong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhong Zhen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
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16
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Attenuating effect of Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy model. J Nat Med 2012; 67:86-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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