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A mechanistic and empirical review of antcins, a new class of phytosterols of formosan fungi origin. J Food Drug Anal 2020; 28:38-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Antcin-H Isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea Inhibits Renal Cancer Cell Invasion Partly through Inactivation of FAK-ERK-C/EBP- β/c-Fos-MMP-7 Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5052870. [PMID: 29234409 PMCID: PMC5688354 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5052870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antcin-H, a natural triterpene, is purified from a famous anticancer medicinal mushroom, Antrodia cinnamomea, in Taiwan. This study showed that antcin-H inhibited the growth of human renal carcinoma 786-0 cells; the IC50 value (for 48 h) was 170 μM. Besides, the migration and invasion of 786-0 cells were suppressed by antcin-H under noncytotoxic concentrations (<100 μM); these events were accompanied by inhibition of FAK and Src kinase activities, decrease of paxillin phosphorylation, impairment of lamellipodium formation, and upregulation of TIMPs and downregulation of MMPs, especially MMP-7 expression. Luciferase reporter assay showed that antcin-H repressed the MMP-7 promoter activity, in parallel to inhibiting c-Fos/AP-1 and C/EBP-β transactivation abilities. Moreover, antcin-H suppressed the activity of ERK1/2 and decreased the binding ability of C/EBP-β and c-Fos on the upstream/enhancer region of MMP-7 promoter. Overall, this study demonstrated that the anti-invasive effect of antcin-H in human renal carcinoma 786-0 cells might be at least in part by abrogating focal adhesion complex and lamellipodium formation through inhibiting the Src/FAK-paxillin signaling pathways and decreasing MMP-7 expression through suppressing the ERK1/2-AP-1/c-Fos and C/EBP-β signaling axis. Our findings provide the evidence that antcin-H may be an active component existing in A. cinnamomea with anticancer effect.
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Lai CI, Chu YL, Ho CT, Su YC, Kuo YH, Sheen LY. Antcin K, an active triterpenoid from the fruiting bodies of basswood cultivated Antrodia cinnamomea, induces mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 6:48-56. [PMID: 26870680 PMCID: PMC4737972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Taiwan as per the 2011 statistics and ranks fourth in cancer-related mortality in the world. Recent researches have shown that Antrodia cinnamomea, a Taiwan-specific medicinal mushroom, has biological activities, including hepatoprotection, anti-inflammation, antihepatitis B virus activity, and anticancer activity. In the present study, the antiproliferative activity and molecular mechanisms of antcin K, the most abundant ergostane triterpenoid from the fruiting bodies of basswood cultivated A. cinnamomea, were investigated using human hepatoma Hep 3B cells. The results showed that antcin K effectively reduced Hep 3B cells viability within 48 hours. Antcin K induced phosphatidylserine exposure, chromatin condensation, and DNA damage, but did not significantly increase autophagosome content or cause cell expansion and cell lysis. Thus, the principal mode of Hep 3B cells death induced by antcin K was apoptosis, rather than autophagy or necrosis. In-depth investigation of the molecular mechanisms revealed that antcin K first promoted reactive oxygen species generation and adenosine triphosphate depletion, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and resulting in mitochondrial membrane permeability changes. After losing the mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-independent and caspase-dependent apoptosis-related proteins were released, including HtrA2, apoptotic-induced factor, endonuclease G, and cytochrome c. Cytochrome c activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, and cut downstream protein PARP, ultimately leading to cell apoptosis. These results suggested that antcin K induced mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Coupled with these findings, antcin K has a potential to be a complementary agent in liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-I Lai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Mater's Degree Program in Food Science, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen YJ, Chung TY, Chen WY, Chen CY, Lee MR, Jinn TR, Tc Tzen J. Detecting metabolites of different transition metal-lithospermate B complexes after intravenous injection in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:937-44. [PMID: 24989253 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Lithospermate B (LSB) isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is an effective Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitor and used to treat congestive heart failure. The inhibition of LSB on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase is potentiated by forming complexes with transition metal ions. Here we investigated the safety and metabolites of different transition metal-LSB complexes in rats. METHODS LSB complexed with six different transition metal ions (Mg(2+), Zn(2+), Cr(3+), Co(2+), Ni(2+) and Mn(2+)) were prepared. Adult male SD rats were injected with the different metal-LSB complexes (50 mg/kg, iv), and their bile and blood samples were collected. The metabolites of the metal-LSB complexes in the samples were analyzed using mass spectroscopy. RESULTS In rats injected with LSB complexed with Mg(2+), Zn(2+), Cr(3+), Ni(2+) or Mn(2+), LSB and its four putative metabolites were equivalently detected in their bile samples. Mn(2+)-LSB exhibited distinct metabolite profiles compared with the other four metal-LSB complexes. The four putative metabolites were identified as 3-monomethyl-LSB, 3,3''-dimethyl-LSB, 3,3'''-dimethyl-LSB and 3,3'',3'''-trimethyl-LSB. The tracking of successive bile samples of rats injected with Mg(2+)-LSB, Zn(2+)-LSB and Mn(2+)-LSB concurrently demonstrated that LSB was firstly methylated at position 3, then at position 3'', and, finally, the 3''' hydroxyl group. All rats injected with Co(2+)-LSB died. CONCLUSION Zn(2+)-LSB, Cr(3+)-LSB, Ni(2+)-LSB or Mn(2+)-LSB produces identical four methylated metabolites of LSB in rats, and seemed to be as safe as LSB or Mg(2+)-LSB.
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Yang PY, Hu DN, Liu FS. Cytotoxic effect and induction of apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells by Antrodia camphorata. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 41:1169-80. [PMID: 24117076 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata is a Chinese herb indigenous to Taiwan. Previous reports demonstrated that it could induce apoptosis in some cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the apoptotic effect of the crude extract of A. camphorata in cervical cancer cells. Two human cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa and C-33A, were treated with extract of A. camphorata (10-1000 μg/mL). We found that A. camphorata extract was cytotoxic to both cervical cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner as examined by MTT assay. Treatment with A. camphorata extract at 400 μg/mL induced a 2.3- and 4.4-fold increase in oligonucleosome formation from the cleaved chromosomal DNA in HeLa and C-33A cells, respectively. A. camphorata extract also activated caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities and increased the cytosolic level of cytochrome c in both cell lines as the dosage increased. Furthermore, A. camphorata extract increased expressions of Bak, Bad and Bim, while decreasing expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL of the Bcl-2 family proteins in HeLa and C-33A cells. The expression of IAP proteins, XIAP and survivin, was also decreased in both cervical cancer cells after treatment with A. camphorata. Our in vitro study suggests that A. camphorata is cytotoxic to cervical cancer cells through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic mechanisms. It could be used as a novel phytotherapeutic agent or auxiliary therapy in the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
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Lu MC, El-Shazly M, Wu TY, Du YC, Chang TT, Chen CF, Hsu YM, Lai KH, Chiu CP, Chang FR, Wu YC. Recent research and development of Antrodia cinnamomea. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:124-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lin NH, Chung TY, Li FY, Chen HA, Tzen JTC. Enhancing the potency of lithospermate B for inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase activity by forming transition metal ion complexes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:893-900. [PMID: 23685954 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether replacing Mg(2+) in magnesium lithospermate B (Mg-LSB) isolated from danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) with other metal ions could affect its potency in inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. METHODS Eight metal ions (Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Cr(3+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), and Zn(2+)) were used to form complexes with LSB. The activity of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase was determined by measuring the amount of inorganic phosphate (Pi) liberated from ATP. Human adrenergic neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y was used to assess the intracellular Ca(2+) level fluctuation and cell viability. The metal binding site on LSB and the binding mode of the metal-LSB complexes were detected by NMR and visible spectroscopy, respectively. RESULTS The potencies of LSB complexed with Cr(3+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), or Ni(2+) increased by approximately 5 times compared to the naturally occurring LSB and Mg-LSB. The IC50 values of Cr-LSB, Mn-LSB, Co-LSB, Ni-LSB, LSB, and Mg-LSB in inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity were 23, 17, 26, 25, 101, and 128 μmol/L, respectively. After treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with the transition metal-LSB complexes (25 μmol/L), the intracellular Ca(2+) level was substantially elevated, and the cells were viable for one day. The transition metals, as exemplified by Co(2+), appeared to be coordinated by two carboxylate groups and one carbonyl group of LSB. Titration of LSB against Co(2+) demonstrated that the Co-LSB complex was formed with a Co(2+):LSB molar ratio of 1:2 or 1:1, when [Co(2+)] was less than half of the [LSB] or higher than the [LSB], respectively. CONCLUSION LSB complexed with Cr(3+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), or Ni(2+) are stable, non-toxic and more potent in inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. The transition metal-LSB complexes have the potential to be superior substitutes for cardiac glycosides in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
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Chen YC, Chiu HL, Chao CY, Lin WH, Chao LK, Huang GJ, Kuo YH. New Anti-Inflammatory Aromatic Components from Antrodia camphorata. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4629-39. [PMID: 23443162 PMCID: PMC3634465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14034629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new benzenoids, 3-isopropenyl-2-methoxy-6-methyl-4,5-methylenedioxyphenol (1), 2-hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy-3,3′-dimethyl-5,6,5′,6′-bimethylenedioxybiphenyl (2), 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-2,2′-dimethyl-5,6,5′,6′-bimethylenedioxybiphenyl (3), together with two known benzenoids, 2,3,6-trimethoxy-5-methylphenol (4) and 2,3-methylenedioxy-4-methoxy-5-methylphenol (5), were isolated from Antrodia camphorata. Our results support that compounds 1–5 potently inhibited LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values of compounds 1, 3 and 5 were 1.8 ± 0.2, 18.8 ± 0.6 and 0.8 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Chen
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.C.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - His-Lin Chiu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.C.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Che-Yi Chao
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 412, Taiwan; E-Mail: cychao@asia,edu.tw
| | - Wen-Hsin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Louis Kuoping Chao
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.C.); (H.-L.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (G.-J.H.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +886-4-220-533-66 (ext. 5508) (G.-J.H.); +886-4-220533-66 (ext. 5709) (Y.-H.K.); Fax: +886-4-220-716-93 (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.C.); (H.-L.C.)
- Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (G.-J.H.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +886-4-220-533-66 (ext. 5508) (G.-J.H.); +886-4-220533-66 (ext. 5709) (Y.-H.K.); Fax: +886-4-220-716-93 (Y.-H.K.)
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