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Ozmen O, Asci H, Uysal D, Ilhan I, Taner R, Arlıoglu M, Milletsever A, Tasan S. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of cannabidiol on lung injury secondary to cardiac ischemia model in rats via PERK/NRF2/CHOP/BCL2 pathway. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39048516 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2384904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and oxidative stress are key players in lung injury stemming from cardiac ischemia (LISCI). Cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrates tissue-protective properties through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic characteristics. This study aims to assess the preventive (p-CBD) and therapeutic (t-CBD) effects of CBD on LISCI. METHODS Forty male Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups: control (CON), LISCI, p-CBD, and t-CBD. The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 30 min of ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Lung tissues were then extracted for histopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic, and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Histopathologically, marked hyperemia, increased septal tissue thickness, and inflammatory cell infiltrations were observed in the lung tissues of the LISCI group. Spectrophotometrically, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels were elevated, while total antioxidant status levels were decreased. Immunohistochemically, expressions of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), interleukin-6 (IL6) were increased. In genetic analyses, PERK and CHOP expressions were increased, whereas Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein (BCL2) expressions were decreased. These parameters were alleviated by both prophylactic and therapeutic CBD treatment protocols. CONCLUSION In LISCI-induced damage, both endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress, along with oxidative and inflammatory markers, were triggered, resulting in lung cell damage. However, both p-CBD and t-CBD treatments effectively reversed these mechanisms, normalizing all histopathological, biochemical, and PCR parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ozmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Halil Asci
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Dincer Uysal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ilter Ilhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rumeysa Taner
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Science, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Melih Arlıoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Adem Milletsever
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Serife Tasan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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Zhang S, Yan F, Luan F, Chai Y, Li N, Wang YW, Chen ZL, Xu DQ, Tang YP. The pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic drugs for myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155649. [PMID: 38653154 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death and disability, with myocardial ischemia being the predominant type that poses a significant threat to humans. Reperfusion, an essential therapeutic approach, promptly reinstates blood circulation to the ischemic myocardium and stands as the most efficacious clinical method for myocardial preservation. Nevertheless, the restoration of blood flow associated with this process can potentially induce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), thereby diminishing the effectiveness of reperfusion and impacting patient prognosis. Therefore, it is of great significance to prevent and treat MIRI. PURPOSE MIRI is an important factor affecting the prognosis of patients, and there is no specific in-clinic treatment plan. In this review, we have endeavored to summarize its pathological mechanisms and therapeutic drugs to provide more powerful evidence for clinical application. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline and Google Scholar with a core focus on the pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic drugs of MIRI. RESULTS Accumulated evidence revealed that oxidative stress, calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, energy metabolism disorder, ferroptosis, inflammatory reaction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, pyroptosis and autophagy regulation have been shown to participate in the process, and that the occurrence and development of MIRI are related to plenty of signaling pathways. Currently, a range of chemical drugs, natural products, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations have demonstrated the ability to mitigate MIRI by targeting various mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS At present, most of the research focuses on animal and cell experiments, and the regulatory mechanisms of each signaling pathway are still unclear. The translation of experimental findings into clinical practice remains incomplete, necessitating further exploration through large-scale, multi-center randomized controlled trials. Given the absence of a specific drug for MIRI, the identification of therapeutic agents to reduce myocardial ischemia is of utmost significance. For the future, it is imperative to enhance our understanding of the pathological mechanism underlying MIRI, continuously investigate and develop novel pharmaceutical agents, expedite the clinical translation of these drugs, and foster innovative approaches that integrate TCM with Western medicine. These efforts will facilitate the emergence of fresh perspectives for the clinical management of MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fei Luan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Chen
- International Programs Office, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ding-Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Huang C, Ou Z, Kong L, Huang Y, Yang W, He J, Yang M, Wu J, Xiang S, Zhou Y, Yi J. Betulinic acid attenuates T-2 toxin-induced lung injury by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Toxicon 2024; 241:107652. [PMID: 38395262 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, a type-A trichothecene mycotoxin, exists ubiquitously in mildewed foods and feeds. Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from plants, has the effect of relieving inflammation and oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether BA mitigates lung impairment caused by T-2 toxin and elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results indicated that T-2 toxin triggered the inflammatory cell infiltration, morphological alterations and cell apoptosis in the lungs. It is gratifying that BA ameliorated T-2 toxin-caused lung injury. The protein expression of nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and the markers of antioxidative capability were improved in T-2 toxin induced lung injury by BA mediated protection. Simultaneously, BA supplementation could suppress T-2 toxin-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent inflammatory response and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Therefore, T-2 toxin gave rise to pulmonary toxicity, but these changes were moderated by BA administration through regulation of the Nrf2/MAPK/NF-κB pathway, which maybe offer a viable alternative for mitigating the lung impairments caused by the mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Huang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Zhaoping Ou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Li Kong
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - You Huang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Wenjiang Yang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Jiayu He
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Mingqi Yang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Siting Xiang
- Medical College, Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Medical College, Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang, China.
| | - Jine Yi
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Dicle Y, Aydin E, Seker U. Investigation of the protective activity of baicalein on the lungs via regulation of various cellular responses in rats exposed to experimental sepsis. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfad112. [PMID: 38178997 PMCID: PMC10762668 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds In the present study, a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced experimental sepsis rat model was used to explore the effects of baicalein on inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress as well as the possible regulatory role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Methods For that purpose, 42 Wistar albino rats were equally divided into control, sham, sepsis, B50 + S, B100 + S, S + B50, and S + B100 groups. The B50 + S and B100 + S groups received baicalein before the induction of sepsis, while the S + B50 and S + B100 groups received baicalein afterwards. Experimental sepsis in related groups is generated through ligation of cecum and a puncture in cecal wall. Serum samples were used for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) analyses, and tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH), IL-6, and NF-κB levels were measured. Results Compared to the control group, there were significantly increases in the serum TNF-α, IL-6, tissue MDA, and NF-κB levels and decreases in the tissue SOD and GSH levels in the septic group (P < 0.05). Compared to the septic group, inflammation and oxidative stress were reduced in the baicalein-treated groups. Although all of the pre- and post-treatment protocols alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress to varying degrees, pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg was the most successful. Conclusions Findings of this study indicated that baicalein has the potential to reduce sepsis-related oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs and that pathological outcomes could be regulated via NF-κB transcription factor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Dicle
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mardin Artuklu University, 47200, Mardin, Türkiye
| | - Elif Aydin
- Tavsanli Vocational School of Health Services, Kutahya Health Sciences University, 43300, Kutahya, Türkiye
| | - Ugur Seker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mardin Artuklu University, 47200, Mardin, Türkiye
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Bayram P, Aksak Karamese S, Ozdemir B, Salum C, Erol HS, Karamese M. Two flavonoids, baicalein and naringin, are effective as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agents in a rat model of polymicrobial sepsis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2023; 45:597-606. [PMID: 36988563 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2197143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, our aim was to investigate the possible protective and therapeutic effects of these two flavonoids, baicalein, and naringin, in 50 and 100 mg/kg doses applied both before and after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedures in a polymicrobial sepsis rat model, and evaluate the possible contribution of oxidative and inflammatory markers by immunological, biochemical, molecular, and histopathological methods. METHODS Sixty-six Wistar albino rats were divided into 11 groups. The pro-inflammatory (TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta, and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-beta and IL-10) cytokine levels were measured by ELISA technique. CD3, CD68, and nuclear factor kappa B positivity rates were detected by immunohistochemical methods. Oxidative stress parameters (MDA, SOD, and GSH) were measured by tissue biochemistry. RESULTS Sepsis caused a significant increase in all pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and MDA activity. Also, it led to an increase in the positivities of CD3, CD68, and NF-κB markers. However, especially pre-CLP doses of baicalein and naringin inhibited the inflammation process by suppressing pro-inflammatory and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, as well as regulating the oxidative stress process by normalizing the oxidant/anti-oxidant enzyme levels. CONCLUSION Both pre- and post-application of baicalein and naringin are quite effective to prevent sepsis-caused cellular processes. This protective and therapeutic effects by baicalein and naringin in animals with sepsis seems to be originated from the high antioxidant capacity and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Thus, those natural agents may prove to be valuable protective agent against septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Bayram
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | | | - Bengul Ozdemir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Salum
- Department of Physiology, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Karamese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
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Lu P, Li X, Li B, Li X, Wang C, Liu Z, Ji Y, Wang X, Wen Z, Fan J, Yi C, Song M, Wang X. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c suppresses ferroptosis and alleviates acute lung injury induced by myocardial ischemia reperfusion via PPARγ signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175835. [PMID: 37290680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening complication of cardiac surgery that has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Epithelial ferroptosis is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of ALI. MOTS-c has been reported to play a role in regulating inflammation and sepsis-associated ALI. The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of MOTS-c on myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MIR)-induced ALI and ferroptosis. In humans, we used ELISA kits to investigate MOTS-c and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In vivo, we pretreated Sprague-Dawley rats with MOTS-c, Ferrostatin-1 and Fe-citrate(Ⅲ). We conducted Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and detection of ferroptosis-related genes in MIR-induced ALI rats. In vitro, we evaluated the effect of MOTS-c on hypoxia regeneration (HR)-induced mouse lung epithelial-12 (MLE-12) ferroptosis and analyzed the expression of PPARγ through western blotting. We found that circulating MOTS-c levels were decreased in postoperative ALI patients after off-pump CABG, and that ferroptosis contributed to ALI induced by MIR in rats. MOTS-c suppressed ferroptosis and alleviated ALI induced by MIR, and the protective effect of MOTS-c- was dependent on PPARγ signaling pathway. Additionally, HR promoted ferroptosis in MLE-12 cells, and MOTS-c inhibited ferroptosis against HR through the PPARγ signaling pathway. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of MOTS-c for improving postoperative ALI induced by cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PR China
| | - Xiaopei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PR China
| | - Ben Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PR China
| | - Chufan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PR China
| | | | - Yumeng Ji
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PR China
| | - Xufeng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PR China
| | - Ziang Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PR China
| | - Jidan Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chenlong Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meijuan Song
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PR China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Ye Z, Zhang F, Wang P, Ran Y, Liu C, Lu J, Zhang M, Yao L. BAICALEIN RELIEVES BRAIN INJURY VIA INHIBITING FERROPTOSIS AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN A RAT MODEL OF CARDIAC ARREST. Shock 2023; 59:434-441. [PMID: 36427096 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Cardiac arrest (CA) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ferroptosis are proven pathological mechanisms implicated in neuronal damage. Baicalein, a ferroptosis Inhibitor, improved outcomes after traumatic brain injury. We aimed to explore the effects of baicalein on brain injury via ferroptosis and ER stress in a rat model of CA.Methods: Cardiac arrest models were established in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The sham group (n = 6) was untreated with inducing ventricular fibrillation to cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Survival rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6). Ferroptosis inhibitor and ER stress agonist were administered separately and together in three groups. There was no drug intervention in the remaining group. The neurological deficit scores were recorded. Characteristics of ferroptosis were observed. And the associated protein of ferroptosis and ER stress were determined by Western blot. Cerebral ROS production was measured by using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate as the oxidative fluorescent probe. Results: Baicalein treatment improved neurological outcomes and decreased neurocyte injuries compared with CPR group. The changes of ferroptosis, more specifically, iron content, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), reactive oxygen species (ROS), arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and mitochondrial characteristics, were observed in brain tissue after ROSC. ALOX15 was lower in baicalein group than in CPR group. The morphology and structure of mitochondria in baicalein group were better than in CPR group. The ER stress markers, glucose-regulated protein 78, activating Transcription Factor 4 and C/EBP homologous protein was lower in baicalein group compared with CPR group. ROS in tunicamycin group was higher than in CPR group. And ROS in baicalein +tunicamycin group was lower than in tunicamycin group. Conclusion: Ferroptosis and ER stress are both involved in brain injury after ROSC. Baicalein alleviates brain injury via suppressing the ferroptosis and ER stress, and reduces ROS partly through inhibiting ER stress. Baicalein is a potential drug to relieve brain injury after ROSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Yingqi Ran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinming Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingtao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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Tan YQ, Lin F, Ding YK, Dai S, Liang YX, Zhang YS, Li J, Chen HW. Pharmacological properties of total flavonoids in Scutellaria baicalensis for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154458. [PMID: 36152591 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scutellaria baicalensis, a medicinal herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has been recorded in the Chinese, European, and British Pharmacopoeias. The medicinal properties of this plant are attributed to the total flavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis (TFSB), particularly the main component, baicalin. This study provides a systematic and comprehensive list of the identified TFSB components and their chemical structures. The quality control process, pharmacokinetics, clinical application, and safety of Scutellaria baicalensis are discussed, and its pharmacological effect on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is detailed. Finally, the future research trends and prospects of this medicinal plant are provided. METHODS The Chinese and English papers related to TFSB were collected from the PubMed and CNKI databases using the relevant keywords. To highlight the pharmacological mechanism, clinical application, and safety of TFSB, the collected articles were screened and classified based on their research content. RESULTS TFSB contains at least 100 different kinds of flavonoids, of which baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, wogonoside, scutellarin, and scutellarein are the main active ingredients. The preparation process of TFSB is relatively well established, and the extraction rate can be significantly increased by enzymatic pretreatment and ultrasonication. The low oral availability of TFSB may be effectively enhanced using nanoformulations. The available pharmacokinetic data show that flavonoid glycosides and aglycones with the same parent nucleus may be converted to structures that are conducive to absorption in vivo. Moreover, TFSB can protect against CVDs by inhibiting apoptosis, regulating oxidative stress response, participating in inflammatory response, protecting against myocardial fibrosis, inhibiting myocardial hypertrophy, and regulating blood vessels. In terms of clinical application and animal safety, the available studies show that TFSB can be applied in a wide range of clinical treatments and is safe to use is animals. CONCLUSION This article systematically reviews the therapeutic effect and underlying pharmacological mechanism of TFSB against CVDs. The available studies clearly suggest that TFSB has great potential for the treatment of CVDs and is worthy of in-depth research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fei Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100 Henan, China
| | - Yu-Kun Ding
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shuang Dai
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying-Xin Liang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou 545007, China
| | - Yun-Shu Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Heng-Wen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T in Prediction and Diagnosis of Early Postoperative Hypoxemia after Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9120416. [PMID: 36547413 PMCID: PMC9783538 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship of preoperative high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) with early postoperative hypoxemia (EPH) following off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Records of patients undergoing OPCAB between 2018 and 2022 were reviewed. Baseline characteristics and postoperative arterial blood gas analysis were derived from the cardiovascular surgery electronic medical records. Preoperative hs-cTnT levels were measured routinely in all patients. Logistic regression analyses were performed to test the association of preoperative hs-cTnT with EPH. A total of 318 OPCAB patients were included, who had a preoperative hs-cTnT test available for review. Before surgery, 198 patients (62%) had a rise in hs-cTnT level (≥14 ng/L) and 127 patients (40%) had a more severe hs-cTnT level (≥25 ng/L). The preoperative hs-cTnT level was associated with EPH (odds ratio per ng/L, 1.86; 95% confidence interval 1.30−2.68; p < 0.001), prolonged intensive care unit stay (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval 1.08−2.32; p = 0.019), and delayed extubating time (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval 1.15−2.34; p = 0.007). On multivariable analysis, adjusted for BMI, hypertension, smoking status, serum creatinine, and cardiac function, preoperative hs-cTnT remained an independent factor associated with EPH. Elevation of hs-cTnT concentrations are significantly associated with EPH after OPCAB. Review of presurgical hs-cTnT concentration may help identify patients who would benefit from OPCAB to improve surgical risk assessment.
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Gao ZD, Yan HD, Wu NH, Yao Q, Wan BB, Liu XF, Zhang ZW, Chen QJ, Huang CP. Mechanistic insights into the amelioration effects of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by baicalein: An integrated systems pharmacology study and experimental validation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2022; 73-74:102121. [PMID: 35283292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury is an acute progressive respiratory failure caused by several of non-cardiogenic factors which involves in excessive amplification or uncontrolled inflammatory response. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the protective effect of baicalein against acute lung injury induced by LPS and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Forty-eight SPF male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, dexamethasone group and baicalein low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups. After 5 days of adaptive feeding, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS and dissected after 12 h. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, ELISA assay, immunofluorescence assay and Western-Blot were applied to appraise microstructural changes and protein expressions of lung tissues. Systems pharmacology study was used to evaluate the protection of baicalein on acute lung injury. FINDINGS The results showed that baicalein administration could significantly inhibit LPS-induced lung morphological changes, inhibit inflammatory response and pyroptosis. A total of forty-three potential targets of baicalein and acute lung injury were obtained. And PI3K-Akt, TNF and NF-κB were mainly signaling pathways. It is worth mentioning that this experiment also confirmed that NLRP3, caspase-1 and other inflammasome are involved in pyroptosis. CONCLUSION Baicalein has protected against LPS-induced lung tissues injury via inhibiting inflammatory response and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China
| | - Hai-Dong Yan
- Ward 2 of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affliated Hospital, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China
| | - Ning-Hua Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China
| | - Qing Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China
| | - Bin-Bin Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China
| | - Xiu-Fen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China
| | - Zhen-Wang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China
| | - Qing-Jie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China.
| | - Cui-Ping Huang
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xiannning, 437100, PR China.
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Tang CY, Lai CC, Huang PH, Yang AH, Chiang SC, Huang PC, Tseng KW, Huang CH. Magnolol reduces myocardial injury induced by renal ischemia and reperfusion. J Chin Med Assoc 2022; 85:584-596. [PMID: 35385419 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnolol is a component of the bark of Magnolia officinalis, which is a traditional herbal remedy used in China. In this study, we investigated whether magnolol can reduce myocardial injury induced by renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). METHODS Renal I/R was elicited by a 60-minute occlusion of the bilateral renal arteries and a 24-hour reperfusion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Magnolol was administered intravenously 10 minutes before renal I/R to evaluate its effects on myocardial injury induced by renal I/R. RESULTS Renal I/R significantly increased the serum levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cardiac troponin I and caused myocardial damage. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive nuclei and caspase-3 activation was significantly increased in the myocardium, indicating increase of apoptosis. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular dysfunction, as evidenced by reduction of left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening. Furthermore, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were significantly elevated, while the IL-10 level was suppressed. However, intravenously, pretreatment with magnolol at doses of 0.003 and 0.006 mg/kg 10 minutes before renal I/R significantly prevented the increases of CPK, LDH, and cardiac troponin I levels, as well as the histological damage and the apoptosis in the myocardium. Echocardiography showed significant improvement of left ventricular function. Furthermore, the increases in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the decrease in IL-10 were significantly limited, while Bcl-2 was increased and Bax was decreased in the myocardium. Phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 was increased, while phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase was reduced. CONCLUSION Magnolol reduces myocardial injury induced by renal I/R. The underlying mechanisms for this effect might be related to modulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the limiting of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Tang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Chi Lai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - An-Han Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Chiung Chiang
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Chao Huang
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Wei Tseng
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Hsiung Huang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Improvement of Bronchial Immune Hypersensitivity Reaction Using Extracts from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramatuelle and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3173823. [PMID: 34931126 PMCID: PMC8684525 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3173823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramatuelle and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (skullcap) have been used as safe raw materials for drinking or as traditional medicines in Korea. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of ovalbumin-induced asthma in a mouse model. After establishing the model, mice were treated with a mixture of chrysanthemum and skullcap extracts at different mixing ratios (6 : 4, 7 : 3, and 8 : 2). Immune cell counts and the production of various inflammatory cytokines were measured using biochemical tests. Among the mixtures tested, the 7 : 3 ratio (CS73) showed the most pronounced effects. CS73 significantly reduced the levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-17E in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic mice. In addition, CS73 treatment significantly increased the production of IL-2 and interferon-γ and decreased the production of immunoglobulin E, histamine, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in asthmatic mice compared to the control group. Our results suggest that the combination of chrysanthemum and skullcap extracts, especially at a 7 : 3 ratio, can be used to improve bronchial health and contribute to improved public health.
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Liskova A, Koklesova L, Samec M, Abdellatif B, Zhai K, Siddiqui M, Šudomová M, Hassan ST, Kudela E, Biringer K, Giordano FA, Büsselberg D, Golubnitschaja O, Kubatka P. Targeting phytoprotection in the COVID-19-induced lung damage and associated systemic effects-the evidence-based 3PM proposition to mitigate individual risks. EPMA J 2021; 12:325-347. [PMID: 34367380 PMCID: PMC8329620 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The risks related to the COVID-19 are multi-faceted including but by far not restricted to the following: direct health risks by poorly understood effects of COVID-19 infection, overloaded capacities of healthcare units, restricted and slowed down care of patients with non-communicable disorders such as cancer, neurologic and cardiovascular pathologies, among others; social risks-restricted and broken social contacts, isolation, professional disruption, explosion of aggression in the society, violence in the familial environment; mental risks-loneliness, helplessness, defenceless, depressions; and economic risks-slowed down industrial productivity, broken delivery chains, unemployment, bankrupted SMEs, inflation, decreased capacity of the state to perform socially important programs and to support socio-economically weak subgroups in the population. Directly or indirectly, the above listed risks will get reflected in a healthcare occupation and workload which is a tremendous long-term challenge for the healthcare capacity and robustness. The article does not pretend to provide solutions for all kind of health risks. However, it aims to present the scientific evidence of great clinical utility for primary, secondary, and tertiary care to protect affected individuals in a cost-effective manner. To this end, due to pronounced antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties, naturally occurring plant substances are capable to protect affected individuals against COVID-19-associated life-threatening complications such as lung damage. Furthermore, they can be highly effective, if being applied to secondary and tertiary care of noncommunicable diseases under pandemic condition. Thus, the stratification of patients evaluating specific health conditions such as sleep quality, periodontitis, smoking, chronic inflammation and diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity, vascular dysfunction, and cancers would enable effective managemenet of COVID-19-associated complications in primary, secondary, and tertiary care in the context of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (3PM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marek Samec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Basma Abdellatif
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, 24144 Qatar
| | - Kevin Zhai
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, 24144 Qatar
| | - Manaal Siddiqui
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, 24144 Qatar
| | - Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klášter 1, 66461, Rajhrad, Czech Republic
| | - Sherif T.S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Kudela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Biringer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, 24144 Qatar
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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Liu SD, Timur Y, Xu L, Meng WX, Sun B, Qiu DY. Inhibiting the ROCK Pathway Ameliorates Acute Lung Injury in Mice following Myocardial Ischemia/reperfusion. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:931-946. [PMID: 33655821 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1887887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of Y-27632, a selective inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (ROCK), in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Mice were randomized into Sham, I/R, and Y-27632 (10, 20 or 30 mg/kg) + I/R groups, and hemodynamics, infarcted area, the protein concentration, neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were assessed. Pathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; protein and gene expression were measured by Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); and apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. ROCK1 and ROCK2 expression was up-regulated in lung tissues of I/R mice compared to sham mice. Y-27632 decreased the protein concentration and the neutrophils in BALF in I/R mice, improved hemodynamics and reduced infarct size (IS)/area at risk (AAR) ratio. In addition, pathological changes in lung tissues of Y-27632-treated mice were mitigated, and these alterations were accompanied by decreases in MDA levels in lung tissues and increases in SOD and GSH-Px levels. Moreover, in I/R group, the number of apoptotic cells in lung tissue was higher than that in sham group, and p53, Caspase-3 and Bax expression was up-regulated; however, following treatment with Y-27632 (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg), these changes were reversed. Inhibition of ROCK pathway by Y-27632 ameliorated ALI in myocardial I/R mice by mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Dian Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yagudin Timur
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Central Laboratory of Scientific Research, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei-Xin Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong-Yun Qiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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15
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He YQ, Zhou CC, Yu LY, Wang L, Deng JL, Tao YL, Zhang F, Chen WS. Natural product derived phytochemicals in managing acute lung injury by multiple mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105224. [PMID: 33007416 PMCID: PMC7522693 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as common life-threatening lung diseases with high mortality rates are mostly associated with acute and severe inflammation in lungs. With increasing in-depth studies of ALI/ARDS, significant breakthroughs have been made, however, there are still no effective pharmacological therapies for treatment of ALI/ARDS. Especially, the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is ravaging the globe, and causes severe respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, developing new drugs for therapy of ALI/ARDS is in great demand, which might also be helpful for treatment of COVID-19. Natural compounds have always inspired drug development, and numerous natural products have shown potential therapeutic effects on ALI/ARDS. Therefore, this review focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of natural compounds on ALI and the underlying mechanisms. Overall, the review discusses 159 compounds and summarizes more than 400 references to present the protective effects of natural compounds against ALI and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiong He
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Can-Can Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lu-Yao Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiu-Ling Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Long Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Wan-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Yao J, Zhao F, Xu Y, Zhao K, Quan H, Su Y, Hao P, Liu J, Yu B, Yao M, Ma X, Liao Z, Lan X. Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of Two Dracocephalum Plants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4374801. [PMID: 33457408 PMCID: PMC7787725 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4374801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dracocephalum tanguticum and Dracocephalum moldavica are important herbs from Lamiaceae and have great medicinal value. We used the Illumina sequencing technology to sequence the complete chloroplast genome of D. tanguticum and D. moldavica and then conducted de novo assembly. The two chloroplast genomes have a typical quadripartite structure, with the gene's lengths of 82,221 bp and 81,450 bp, large single-copy region's (LSC) lengths of 82,221 bp and 81,450 bp, and small single-copy region's (SSC) lengths of 17,363 bp and 17,066 bp, inverted repeat region's (IR) lengths of 51,370 bp and 51,352 bp, respectively. The GC content of the two chloroplast genomes was 37.80% and 37.83%, respectively. The chloroplast genomes of the two plants encode 133 and 132 genes, respectively, among which there are 88 and 87 protein-coding genes, respectively, as well as 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Among them, the rps2 gene is unique to D. tanguticum, which is not found in D. moldavica. Through SSR analysis, we also found 6 mutation hotspot regions, which can be used as molecular markers for taxonomic studies. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Dracocephalum was more closely related to Mentha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Yao
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Center, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Center, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
| | - Yuanjiang Xu
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Center, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Tibet Plateau (Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University), Ministry of Education, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
| | - Kaihui Zhao
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Center, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
| | - Hong Quan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Center, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Tibet Plateau (Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University), Ministry of Education, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
| | - Yanjie Su
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Center, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
| | - Peiyu Hao
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Center, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Benxia Yu
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Min Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Center, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
- Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Wang M, Dong Y, Wu J, Li H, Zhang Y, Fan S, Li D. Baicalein ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced injuries by rebalancing gut microbiota and inhibiting apoptosis. Life Sci 2020; 261:118463. [PMID: 32950576 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ionizing radiation (IR) induces injuries to the hematopoietic and intestinal systems, which are the leading cause of death. Baicalein, a plant-derived flavonoid, shows anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation effects in many diseases. In this study, we evaluated the effects and mechanism of baicalein on IR induced intestinal and hematopoietic injuries. MAIN METHODS Mice were divided into three groups: Control, IR and IR + Baicalein. All of mice were intraperitoneally administered with 100 mg/kg baicalein or normal saline for 1 h before IR, and then a day post-IR. The changes in intestinal structure, function and molecular expression were observed by pathological experiments and western blot. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to analyze gut microbiota and further predicted metabolic pathways through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Hematopoietic function was evaluated by peripheral blood cells count and by flow cytometry analysis of hematopoietic cells composition. KEY FINDINGS Baicalein improved intestinal structure and the ability of proliferation and regeneration after mice exposed to IR, in which the rebalance of gut microbial composition played an important role. KEGG results showed that p53-related apoptotic pathways played important roles in the composition changes of gut microbiota. Then we observed that baicalein inhibited the activation of p53 and p53 mediated mitochondrial apoptosis and death receptor apoptosis in the intestine. In addition, IR induced injuries to hematopoietic system also could be ameliorated by baicalein. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide new insights into the mechanism of baicalein and support the potential of baicalein as a radioprotective medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuanyang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Deguan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
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18
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Flavonoids and Mitochondria: Activation of Cytoprotective Pathways? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133060. [PMID: 32635481 PMCID: PMC7412508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of diverse mechanisms that lead to cytoprotection have been described to date. Perhaps, not surprisingly, the role of mitochondria in these phenomena is notable. In addition to being metabolic centers, due to their role in cell catabolism, ATP synthesis, and biosynthesis these organelles are triggers and/or end-effectors of a large number of signaling pathways. Their role in the regulation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species signaling is well documented. In this review, we aim to characterize the prospects of influencing cytoprotective mitochondrial signaling routes by natural substances of plant origin, namely, flavonoids (e.g., flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones). Flavonoids are a family of widely distributed plant secondary metabolites known for their beneficial effects on human health and are widely applied in traditional medicine. Their pharmacological characteristics include antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties. Here, we focus on presenting mitochondria-mediated cytoprotection against various insults. Thus, the role of flavonoids as antioxidants and modulators of antioxidant cellular response, apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, and fission and fusion is reported. Finally, an emerging field of flavonoid-mediated changes in the activity of mitochondrial ion channels and their role in cytoprotection is outlined.
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Protective Role of mTOR in Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Involvement of Inflammation and Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7861290. [PMID: 31827701 PMCID: PMC6885218 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7861290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is a common phenomenon after liver resection and transplantation, which often results in liver graft dysfunction such as delayed graft function and primary nonfunction. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, which coordinates cell growth and metabolism through sensing environmental inputs under physiological or pathological conditions, involved in the pathophysiological process of IR injury. In this review, we mainly present current evidence of the beneficial role of mTOR in modulating inflammation and autophagy under liver IR to provide some evidence for the potential therapies for liver IR injury.
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Zuo Z, Zuo PF, Sheng ZL, Wang X, Ding JD, Ma GS. Tetramethylprazine attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through modulation of autophagy. Life Sci 2019; 239:117016. [PMID: 31678281 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effects of tetramethylprazine (TMP) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury and its underlying mechanisms. MI/R rat model and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) cardiomyocytes model were established. CK level and LDH activity were detected to evaluate MI/R and H/R injury. Cell viability was determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell apoptosis were identified by flow cytometry and autophagy were detected by western blot. Treatment with TMP significantly reduced CK level and LDH activity and decreased myocardial infarct size in MI/R rats. TMP reduced autophagy dysfunction induced by MI/R. Moreover, TMP treatment decreased H/R-induced injury and attenuated autophagy dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. Inhibiting autophagic flux with chloroquine (CQ) decreased the cardioprotection exerted by TMP in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, the effects of TMP on the modulation of autophagy were inhibited by LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) in H/R cardiomyocytes. Our findings suggested TMP exerted cardioprotection against MI/R injury by decreasing Beclin-1 associated autophagy dysfunction through PI3K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing City, JiangSu province, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing City, JiangSu province, China
| | - Zu-Long Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing City, JiangSu province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing City, JiangSu province, China
| | - Jian-Dong Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing City, JiangSu province, China.
| | - Gen-Shan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing City, JiangSu province, China.
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Chang WT, Li CQ, Hsu CW, Lee C, Huang HH, Yuan CS, Chen WJ, Vanden Hoek TL, Shao ZH, Li J. Baicalein Cardioprotection via Oxidant Scavenging and Akt-Nitric Oxide Signaling: Identification of Early Reperfusion Phase as the Critical Therapeutic Window. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1043-1056. [PMID: 31311299 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein is a natural flavonoid with anti-oxidant activities protecting against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Previous studies suggest that oxidative burst early after reperfusion accelerates cell death. We therefore investigated the critical therapeutic window of baicalein by examining the timing of baicalein treatment in relation to its oxidant modulating and cytoprotective effects. Using an established chick cardiomyocyte model of I/R, we administered baicalein at various time points after reperfusion and assessed cell viability and the profiles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and Akt phosphorylation. Baicalein administered at the onset of reperfusion resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction of cell death (25 μM 48.2±1.9%, 50μM 43.8±1.5%, 100μM 36.6±2.1%, vs. I/R control 57.3±1.4%, all p<0.05). Baicalein (100μM) timely and effectively scavenged ROS burst and enhanced NO production in the early reperfusion phase. Cotreatment with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-NAME (200μM) partially abrogated the cytoprotective effect. Baicalein (100μM) given after reperfusion lost protective effect in a time-dependent manner with cytoprotection completely lost if >60min. Even with only 15-min delay after reperfusion, the ROS scavenging effect was abolished and the NO enhancing effect markedly reduced. The phosphorylation of Akt, an upstream regulator of eNOS, also diminished as the delay lengthened. In conclusion, baicalein treatment after reperfusion confers cardioprotection in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The critical therapeutic window lies in the early reperfusion phase, during which ROS scavenging and Akt-eNOS mediated NO signaling are most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tien Chang
- *Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,†Cardiology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chang-Qing Li
- ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Advanced Resuscitation Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chin-Wan Hsu
- §Department of Emergency Medicine, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chunpei Lee
- ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Advanced Resuscitation Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hsien-Hao Huang
- ¶Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- ∥Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wen-Jone Chen
- *Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,†Cardiology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Terry L Vanden Hoek
- ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Advanced Resuscitation Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zuo-Hui Shao
- ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Advanced Resuscitation Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jing Li
- ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Advanced Resuscitation Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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The Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Scutellaria baicalensis Provides Insight into Intraspecific and Interspecific Chloroplast Genome Diversity in Scutellaria. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8090227. [PMID: 28902130 PMCID: PMC5615360 DOI: 10.3390/genes8090227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) is the source of the well-known traditional Chinese medicine “HuangQin” (Radix Scutellariae). Natural sources of S. baicalensis are rapidly declining due to high market demand and overexploitation. Moreover, the commercial products of Radix Scutellariae have often been found to contain adulterants in recent years, which may give rise to issues regarding drug efficacy and safety. In this study, we developed valuable chloroplast molecular resources by comparing intraspecific and interspecific chloroplast genome. The S. baicalensis chloroplast genome is a circular molecule consisting of two single-copy regions separated by a pair of inverted repeats. Comparative analyses of three Scutellaria chloroplast genomes revealed six variable regions (trnH-psbA, trnK-rps16, petN-psbM, trnT-trnL, petA-psbJ, and ycf1) that could be used as DNA barcodes. There were 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and 29 indels between the two S. baicalensis genotypes. All of the indels occurred within non-coding regions. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Scutellarioideae is a sister taxon to Lamioideae. These resources could be used to explore the variation present in Scutellaria populations and for further evolutionary, phylogenetic, barcoding and genetic engineering studies, in addition to effective exploration and conservation of S. baicalensis.
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