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Zhang Q, Zhang S. Effects of Feed per Tooth and Radial Depth of Cut on Amplitude Parameters and Power Spectral Density of a Machined Surface. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061323. [PMID: 32183304 PMCID: PMC7142539 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface topography and roughness significantly affect the functional properties of engineering parts. In this study, a mathematical model simulating the surface topography in end milling is presented and verified by milling experiments. The three dimensional (3D) surface amplitude parameters (arithmetic average deviation Sba and root mean square deviation Sq) of the milled surface were calculated by using the model and the effects of the product (p) and ratio (r) of radial depth of cut ae and feed per tooth fz on amplitude parameters were researched. To evaluate the lateral characteristics of the milled surface, one dimensional (1D) power spectral densities (PSD) along both feed and step-over direction were calculated and investigated. It was found that fz affects 1D PSD along both directions, whereas ae affects 1D PSD along the step-over direction. An angular spectrum, derived from the area power spectral density (APSD), was employed to research the spatial distribution of spectral energy on the milled surface. Furthermore, the influences of p and r on the PSD properties were researched. It was found that r is the significant factor that influences the direction of surface energy spectrum distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China;
- Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China;
- Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Correspondence:
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Pang X, Wu JP, Allison GT, Xu J, Rubenson J, Zheng MH, Lloyd DG, Gardiner B, Wang A, Kirk TB. Three dimensional microstructural network of elastin, collagen, and cells in Achilles tendons. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1203-1214. [PMID: 27002477 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Similar to most biological tissues, the biomechanical, and functional characteristics of the Achilles tendon are closely related to its composition and microstructure. It is commonly reported that type I collagen is the predominant component of tendons and is mainly responsible for the tissue's function. Although elastin has been found in varying proportions in other connective tissues, previous studies report that tendons contain very small quantities of elastin. However, the morphology and the microstructural relationship among the elastic fibres, collagen, and cells in tendon tissue have not been well examined. We hypothesize the elastic fibres, as another fibrillar component in the extracellular matrix, have a unique role in mechanical function and microstructural arrangement in Achilles tendons. It has been shown that elastic fibres present a close connection with the tenocytes. The close relationship of the three components has been revealed as a distinct, integrated and complex microstructural network. Notably, a "spiral" structure within fibril bundles in Achilles tendons was observed in some samples in specialized regions. This study substantiates the hierarchical system of the spatial microstructure of tendon, including the mapping of collagen, elastin and tenocytes, with 3-dimensional confocal images. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1203-1214, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3D Imaging and Bioengineering Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Jian-Ping Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3D Imaging and Bioengineering Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Garry T Allison
- The School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- The School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonas Rubenson
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.,School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ming-Hao Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David G Lloyd
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bruce Gardiner
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Allan Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia.,St John of God Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Brett Kirk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3D Imaging and Bioengineering Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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Wu JP, Swift BJ, Becker T, Squelch A, Wang A, Zheng YC, Zhao X, Xu J, Xue W, Zheng M, Lloyd D, Kirk TB. High-resolution study of the 3D collagen fibrillary matrix of Achilles tendons without tissue labelling and dehydrating. J Microsc 2017; 266:273-287. [PMID: 28252807 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the collagen structure of an Achilles tendon is critical to comprehend the physiology, biomechanics, homeostasis and remodelling of the tissue. Despite intensive studies, there are still uncertainties regarding the microstructure. The majority of studies have examined the longitudinally arranged collagen fibrils as they are primarily attributed to the principal tensile strength of the tendon. Few studies have considered the structural integrity of the entire three-dimensional (3D) collagen meshwork, and how the longitudinal collagen fibrils are integrated as a strong unit in a 3D domain to provide the tendons with the essential tensile properties. Using second harmonic generation imaging, a 3D imaging technique was developed and used to study the 3D collagen matrix in the midportion of Achilles tendons without tissue labelling and dehydration. Therefore, the 3D collagen structure is presented in a condition closely representative of the in vivo status. Atomic force microscopy studies have confirmed that second harmonic generation reveals the internal collagen matrix of tendons in 3D at a fibril level. Achilles tendons primarily contain longitudinal collagen fibrils that braid spatially into a dense rope-like collagen meshwork and are encapsulated or wound tightly by the oblique collagen fibrils emanating from the epitenon region. The arrangement of the collagen fibrils provides the longitudinal fibrils with essential structural integrity and endows the tendon with the unique mechanical function for withstanding tensile stresses. A novel 3D microscopic method has been developed to examine the 3D collagen microstructure of tendons without tissue dehydrating and labelling. The study also provides new knowledge about the collagen microstructure in an Achilles tendon, which enables understanding of the function of the tissue. The knowledge may be important for applying surgical and tissue engineering techniques to tendon reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Wu
- 3D Imaging and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Australia
- The School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin John Swift
- College of Engineering & Computer Science, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Thomas Becker
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew Squelch
- Pawsey Supercomputing Centre and Department of Exploration Geophysics, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Australia
| | - Allan Wang
- St John of God Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yong-Chang Zheng
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- The School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Lloyd
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Brett Kirk
- 3D Imaging and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Australia
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Taylor ZA, Kirk TB, Miller K. Confocal arthroscopy-based patient-specific constitutive models of cartilaginous tissues - II: prediction of reaction force history of meniscal cartilage specimens. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2007; 10:327-36. [PMID: 17852176 DOI: 10.1080/10255840701336828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical framework developed in a companion paper (Part I) is used to derive estimates of mechanical response of two meniscal cartilage specimens. The previously developed framework consisted of a constitutive model capable of incorporating confocal image-derived tissue microstructural data. In the present paper (Part II) fibre and matrix constitutive parameters are first estimated from mechanical testing of a batch of specimens similar to, but independent from those under consideration. Image analysis techniques which allow estimation of tissue microstructural parameters form confocal images are presented. The constitutive model and image-derived structural parameters are then used to predict the reaction force history of the two meniscal specimens subjected to partially confined compression. The predictions are made on the basis of the specimens' individual structural condition as assessed by confocal microscopy and involve no tuning of material parameters. Although the model does not reproduce all features of the experimental curves, as an unfitted estimate of mechanical response the prediction is quite accurate. In light of the obtained results it is judged that more general non-invasive estimation of tissue mechanical properties is possible using the developed framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeike A Taylor
- Intelligent Systems for Medicine Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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