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Bansal A, Weech S, Barnett-Cowan M. Movement-Contingent Time Flow in Virtual Reality Causes Temporal Recalibration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4378. [PMID: 30867525 PMCID: PMC6416345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) provides a valuable research tool for studying what occurs when sensorimotor feedback loops are manipulated. Here we measured whether exposure to a novel temporal relationship between action and sensory reaction in VR causes recalibration of time perception. We asked 31 participants to perform time perception tasks where the interval of a moving probe was reproduced using continuous or discrete motor methods. These time perception tasks were completed pre- and post-exposure to dynamic VR content in a block-counterbalanced order. One group of participants experienced a standard VR task ("normal-time"), while another group had their real-world movements coupled to the flow of time in the virtual space ("movement contingent time-flow; MCTF"). We expected this novel action-perception relationship to affect continuous motor time perception performance, but not discrete motor time perception. The results indicated duration-dependent recalibration specific to a motor task involving continuous movement such that the probe intervals were under-estimated by approximately 15% following exposure to VR with the MCTF manipulation. Control tasks in VR and non-VR settings produced similar results to those of the normal-time VR group, confirming the specificity of the MCTF manipulation. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential impact of VR on sensorimotor recalibration. Understanding this process will be valuable for the development and implementation of rehabilitation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Bansal
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Séamas Weech
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Woods AJ, Cohen R, Marsiske M, Alexander GE, Czaja SJ, Wu S. Augmenting cognitive training in older adults (The ACT Study): Design and Methods of a Phase III tDCS and cognitive training trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 65:19-32. [PMID: 29313802 PMCID: PMC5803439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults over age 65 represent the fastest growing population in the US. Decline in cognitive abilities is a hallmark of advanced age and is associated with loss of independence and dementia risk. There is a pressing need to develop effective interventions for slowing or reversing the cognitive aging process. While certain forms of cognitive training have shown promise in this area, effects only sometimes transfer to neuropsychological tests within or outside the trained domain. This paper describes a NIA-funded Phase III adaptive multisite randomized clinical trial, examining whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of frontal cortices enhances neurocognitive outcomes achieved from cognitive training in older adults experiencing age-related cognitive decline: the Augmenting Cognitive Training in Older Adults study (ACT). METHODS ACT will enroll 360 participants aged 65 to 89 with age-related cognitive decline, but not dementia. Participants will undergo cognitive training intervention or education training-control combined with tDCS or sham tDCS control. Cognitive training employs a suite of eight adaptive training tasks focused on attention/speed of processing and working memory from Posit Science BrainHQ. Training control involves exposure to educational nature/history videos and related content questions of the same interval/duration as the cognitive training. Participants are assessed at baseline, after training (12weeks), and 12-month follow-up on our primary outcome measure, NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition Composite Score, as well as a comprehensive neurocognitive, functional, clinical and multimodal neuroimaging battery. SIGNIFICANCE The findings from this study have the potential to significantly enhance efforts to ameliorate cognitive aging and slow dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research Program, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, United States.
| | - Ronald Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research Program, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, United States
| | - Michael Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research Program, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, United States
| | - Gene E Alexander
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Programs, BIO5 Institute, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Sara J Czaja
- Center on Aging, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, United States
| | - Samuel Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, United States
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Vicario CM, Felmingham K. The Perception of Time Is Underestimated in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:121. [PMID: 29686631 PMCID: PMC5900033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has revealed reduced temporal discounting (i.e., increased capacity to delay reward) and altered interoceptive awareness in anorexia nervosa (AN). In line with the research linking temporal underestimation with a reduced tendency to devalue a reward and reduced interoceptive awareness, we tested the hypothesis that time duration might be underestimated in AN. Our findings revealed that patients with AN displayed lower timing accuracy in the form of timing underestimation compared with controls. These results were not predicted by clinical, demographic factors, attention, and working memory performance of the participants. The evidence of a temporal underestimation bias in AN might be clinically relevant to explain their abnormal motivation in pursuing a long-term restrictive diet, in line with the evidence that increasing the subjective temporal proximity of remote future goals can boost motivation and the actual behavior to reach them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo M Vicario
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e degli Studi Culturali, Messina, Italy.,Department of Psychology and Neurosciences Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kim Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Matamales M, Skrbis Z, Bailey MR, Balsam PD, Balleine BW, Götz J, Bertran-Gonzalez J. A corticostriatal deficit promotes temporal distortion of automatic action in ageing. eLife 2017; 6:29908. [PMID: 29058672 PMCID: PMC5677368 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of motor skills involves implementing action sequences that increase task efficiency while reducing cognitive loads. This learning capacity depends on specific cortico-basal ganglia circuits that are affected by normal ageing. Here, combining a series of novel behavioural tasks with extensive neuronal mapping and targeted cell manipulations in mice, we explored how ageing of cortico-basal ganglia networks alters the microstructure of action throughout sequence learning. We found that, after extended training, aged mice produced shorter actions and displayed squeezed automatic behaviours characterised by ultrafast oligomeric action chunks that correlated with deficient reorganisation of corticostriatal activity. Chemogenetic disruption of a striatal subcircuit in young mice reproduced age-related within-sequence features, and the introduction of an action-related feedback cue temporarily restored normal sequence structure in aged mice. Our results reveal static properties of aged cortico-basal ganglia networks that introduce temporal limits to action automaticity, something that can compromise procedural learning in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Matamales
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zala Skrbis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew R Bailey
- Psychology Department, Columbia University, Broadway, United States
| | - Peter D Balsam
- Psychology Department, Barnard College, Columbia University, Broadway, United States
| | - Bernard W Balleine
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jesus Bertran-Gonzalez
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Vanneste S, Baudouin A, Bouazzaoui B, Taconnat L. Age-related differences in time-based prospective memory: The role of time estimation in the clock monitoring strategy. Memory 2015; 24:812-25. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1054837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Role of Personal and Methodological Factors in Time Perception. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-014-0279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Anderson JW, Rueda A, Schmitter-Edgecombe M. The stability of time estimation in older adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2014; 78:259-76. [PMID: 25265680 DOI: 10.2190/ag.78.3.c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to correctly estimate time is important for many daily activities, such as cooking and driving. This study investigated the stability time estimation in healthy older adults and compared them to healthy younger adults. Participants were tested and retested across the duration of 1 year. Using a prospective paradigm, verbal estimates were provided for intervals of 10, 25, 45, and 60 seconds. Although the older adults demonstrated a greater magnitude of error in their time estimates than younger adults, their time estimates remained stable across the 1-year duration. This suggests that instability in time estimates across two time points is unlikely to account for the discrepant task findings in the aging and verbal time estimation literature.
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Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Barreto M, Spear LP. Age-related differences in impulsivity among adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Neurosci 2012; 126:735-41. [PMID: 22889309 DOI: 10.1037/a0029697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is an ontogenetic period characterized by numerous hormonal, neural, and behavioral changes. In animal models, adolescents exhibit greater levels of novelty-seeking behavior and risk-taking relative to adults, behaviors associated in humans with increases in impulsivity and elevated propensities to engage in drug and alcohol seeking behaviors. The current series of experiments sought to explore possible age-related differences in impulsivity when indexed using delay discounting in adolescent (postnatal day [P] 25-27) and adult (P68-71) female (Experiment 1) and male (Experiment 2) Sprague-Dawley rats. In both experiments, adolescents exhibited significantly greater levels of impulsive-like behavior in this test relative to adults-even when data were adjusted to account for baseline differences in activity levels (i.e., general nose-poking behavior) across age. Taken together, these results extend to both sexes previous findings of adolescent-associated elevations in impulsivity observed among male mice using delay discounting, as well as among male rats using other procedures to index impulsivity. That these age differences were observed among both male and female rats suggests that impulsivity may be a pervasive feature of adolescence, and contributes to the expression of risky behaviors during this ontogenetic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Doremus-Fitzwater
- Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Accuracy of estimation of time-intervals has received marginal attention in psychogeriatrics. We examined presumed differences in this time measure in participants with dementia (PWD) versus participants without dementia (PWoutD), further subdivided into specific diagnoses and performance subgroups. We also studied its demographic, clinical, and cognitive correlates and predictors. A diagnostic role was hypothesized. METHODS Forty-three individuals (27 PWD: 16 dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), 11 vascular dementia (VaD); 16 PWoutD: 10 major depressive disorder (MDD), 6 normal) were interviewed with the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly - Revised (CAMDEX-R) that permits the registration of this time measure. Demographic, clinical, and cognitive data were obtained. RESULTS Neither absolute accuracy of estimation of duration of interview nor its transformed logarithm were significantly different between PWD and PWoutD, or between DAT and VaD participants. MDD participants performed significantly poorer than normal and did not differ from PWD, and the PWD relatively better performing subgroup. The logarithm of absolute accuracy of estimation correlated with some clinical and cognitive variables. Only a measure of depression and of impaired judgment could significantly predict it. CONCLUSIONS The absolute accuracy of estimation of time-intervals did not differ between the major groups and the main diagnoses subgroups. It was associated with a variety of clinical and cognitive measures, and was predicted by the composite constructs of depression and impaired judgment. The diagnostic value of this measure in the psychogeriatric clinic is questionable, and limited to "worried" well individuals.
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Categorization Abilities for Emotional and Nonemotional Stimuli in Patients With Alcohol-related Korsakoff Syndrome. Cogn Behav Neurol 2010; 23:89-97. [DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e3181d83aa4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bo J, Borza V, Seidler RD. Age-related declines in visuospatial working memory correlate with deficits in explicit motor sequence learning. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:2744-54. [PMID: 19726728 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00393.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that older adults exhibit deficits in motor sequence learning, but the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Our recent work has shown that visuospatial working-memory capacity predicts the rate of motor sequence learning and the length of motor chunks formed during explicit sequence learning in young adults. In the current study, we evaluate whether age-related deficits in working memory explain the reduced rate of motor sequence learning in older adults. We found that older adults exhibited a correlation between visuospatial working-memory capacity and motor sequence chunk length, as we observed previously in young adults. In addition, older adults exhibited an overall reduction in both working-memory capacity and motor chunk length compared with that of young adults. However, individual variations in visuospatial working-memory capacity did not correlate with the rate of learning in older adults. These results indicate that working memory declines with age at least partially explain age-related differences in explicit motor sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bo
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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The effects of Parkinson's disease and age on syncopated finger movements. Brain Res 2009; 1290:12-20. [PMID: 19596277 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In young healthy adults, syncopated finger movements (movements between consecutive beats) are characterized by a frequency-dependent change in phase at movement rates near 2 Hz. A similar frequency-dependent phase transition is observed during bimanual anti-phase (asymmetric) tasks in healthy young adults, but this transition frequency is significantly lowered in both patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and older adults. To date, no study has examined the transition frequency associated with unimanual syncopated movements in patients with PD or older adults. This study examined the effects of movement frequency on the performance of unconstrained syncopated index finger flexion movements in patients with PD, older adult subjects matched to patients with PD, and young adult subjects. Syncopated movements were paced by an acoustic tone that increased in frequency from 1 to 3 Hz in 0.25 Hz increments. Movement phase was quantified and the movement frequency where subjects transitioned from syncopation to synchronization was compared between groups. The principal finding was a marked impairment in the ability of patients with PD to perform syncopated movements when off medication. Medication did not significantly improve performance. In addition, the transition frequency for older adult subjects was lower than young adult subjects. These findings demonstrate that, similar to bimanual tasks, the coordination dynamics associated with unimanual syncopated finger movements transition from a stable to an unstable pattern at significantly lower frequencies in patients with PD and older adults compared to young adults.
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Feedback-related processes during a time-production task in young and older adults. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:407-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wild-Wall N, Willemssen R, Falkenstein M, Beste C. Time estimation in healthy ageing and neurodegenerative basal ganglia disorders. Neurosci Lett 2008; 442:34-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Rueda AD. Time estimation and episodic memory following traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2008; 30:212-23. [PMID: 18938673 DOI: 10.1080/13803390701363803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Katsuura T, Yasuda T, Shimomura Y, Iwanaga K. Effects of monochromatic light on time sense for short intervals. J Physiol Anthropol 2007; 26:95-100. [PMID: 17435350 DOI: 10.2114/jpa2.26.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of monochromatic light on the time sense and the central nervous system. Nine young adult volunteers participated in this study. They were exposed to red-light and blue-light environments (illuminance was kept at 310 lx). We evaluated the time sense by time-production tests of 90 s and 180 s and measured the P300 event-related potentials during an auditory oddball task. The 90-s time intervals produced by subjects in the two monochromatic light conditions were not significantly different. However, the 180-s time interval produced in the red-light condition (163.2+/-50.4 s) was significantly (p<0.05) shorter than that in the blue-light condition (199.0+/-54.4 s). The peak latency of P300 in the red light (322.2+/-26.6 ms) was found to be significantly (p<0.05) shorter also than that in the blue light (332.6+/-20.2 ms). The feelings measured by the visual analogue scales in the two light conditions were not significantly different. These results indicate that the time sense ran faster in the red-light than in the blue-light condition. We suggest that the higher activity in the central nervous system that is accounted for by the shorter latency of P300 is related to the acceleration of the time sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Katsuura
- Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Japan.
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