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Pan Y, Hao N, Liu N, Zhao Y, Cheng X, Ku Y, Hu Y. Mnemonic-trained brain tuning to a regular odd-even pattern subserves digit memory in children. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:27. [PMID: 37567915 PMCID: PMC10421878 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-023-00177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
It is said that our species use mnemonics - that "magic of memorization" - to engrave an enormous amount of information in the brain. Yet, it is unclear how mnemonics affect memory and what the neural underpinnings are. In this electroencephalography study, we examined the hypotheses whether mnemonic training improved processing-efficiency and/or altered encoding-pattern to support memory enhancement. By 22-day training of a digit-image mnemonic (a custom memory technique used by world-class mnemonists), a group of children showed increased short-term memory after training, but with limited gain generalization. This training resulted in regular odd-even neural patterns (i.e., enhanced P200 and theta power during the encoding of digits at even- versus odd- positions in a sequence). Critically, the P200 and theta power effects predicted the training-induced memory improvement. These findings provide evidence of how mnemonics alter encoding pattern, as reflected in functional brain organization, to support memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Psychology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Yijie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Cheng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen Unviersity, Guangzhou, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Kamkar S, Moghaddam HA, Lashgari R, Erlhagen W. Brain-inspired multiple-target tracking using Dynamic Neural Fields. Neural Netw 2022; 151:121-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jenkins GW, Samuelson LK, Penny W, Spencer JP. Learning words in space and time: Contrasting models of the suspicious coincidence effect. Cognition 2021; 210:104576. [PMID: 33540277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In their 2007b Psychological Review paper, Xu and Tenenbaum found that early word learning follows the classic logic of the "suspicious coincidence effect:" when presented with a novel name ('fep') and three identical exemplars (three Labradors), word learners generalized novel names more narrowly than when presented with a single exemplar (one Labrador). Xu and Tenenbaum predicted the suspicious coincidence effect based on a Bayesian model of word learning and demonstrated that no other theory captured this effect. Recent empirical studies have revealed, however, that the effect is influenced by factors seemingly outside the purview of the Bayesian account. A process-based perspective correctly predicted that when exemplars are shown sequentially, the effect is eliminated or reversed (Spencer, Perone, Smith, & Samuelson, 2011). Here, we present a new, formal account of the suspicious coincidence effect using a generalization of a Dynamic Neural Field (DNF) model of word learning. The DNF model captures both the original finding and its reversal with sequential presentation. We compare the DNF model's performance with that of a more flexible version of the Bayesian model that allows both strong and weak sampling assumptions. Model comparison results show that the dynamic field account provides a better fit to the empirical data. We discuss the implications of the DNF model with respect to broader contrasts between Bayesian and process-level models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W Jenkins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, USA
| | | | - Will Penny
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, UK
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Cochrane A, Simmering V, Green CS. Fluid intelligence is related to capacity in memory as well as attention: Evidence from middle childhood and adulthood. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221353. [PMID: 31437203 PMCID: PMC6705795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fluid intelligence emerges from the interactions of various cognitive processes. Although some classic models characterize intelligence as a unitary "general ability," many distinct lines of research have suggested that it is possible to at least partially decompose intelligence into a set of subsidiary cognitive functions. Much of this work has focused on the relationship between intelligence and working memory, and more specifically between intelligence and the capacity-loading aspects of working memory. These theories focus on domain-general processing capacity limitations, rather than limitations specifically linked to working memory tasks. Performance on other capacity-constrained tasks, even those that have typically been given the label of "attention tasks," may thus also be related to fluid intelligence. We tested a wide range of attention and working memory tasks in 7- to 9-year-old children and adults, and we used the results of these cognitive measures to predict intelligence scores. In a set of 13 measures we did not observe a single "positive manifold" that would indicate a general-ability understanding of intelligence. Instead, we found that a small number of measures were related to intelligence scores. More specifically, we found two tasks that are typically labeled as "attentional measures", Multiple Object Tracking and Enumeration, and two tasks that are typically labeled as "working memory" measures, N-back and Spatial Span, were reliably related to intelligence. However, the links between attention and intelligence scores were fully mediated by working memory measures. In contrast, attention scores did not mediate the relations between working memory and intelligence. Furthermore, these patterns were indistinguishable across age groups, indicating a hierarchical cognitive basis of intelligence that is stable from childhood into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Cochrane
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Simmering
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- ACTNext, ACT, Inc., Iowa City, IA
| | - C. Shawn Green
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Lapierre MD, Cropper SJ, Howe PDL. Shared processing in multiple object tracking and visual working memory in the absence of response order and task order confounds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175736. [PMID: 28410383 PMCID: PMC5391939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how the visual system represents multiple moving objects and how those representations contribute to tracking, it is essential that we understand how the processes of attention and working memory interact. In the work described here we present an investigation of that interaction via a series of tracking and working memory dual-task experiments. Previously, it has been argued that tracking is resistant to disruption by a concurrent working memory task and that any apparent disruption is in fact due to observers making a response to the working memory task, rather than due to competition for shared resources. Contrary to this, in our experiments we find that when task order and response order confounds are avoided, all participants show a similar decrease in both tracking and working memory performance. However, if task and response order confounds are not adequately controlled for we find substantial individual differences, which could explain the previous conflicting reports on this topic. Our results provide clear evidence that tracking and working memory tasks share processing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Lapierre
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon J. Cropper
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Piers D. L. Howe
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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REFERENCES. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/mono.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maruyama S, Dineva E, Spencer JP, Schöner G. Change occurs when body meets environment: A review of the embodied nature of development. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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REFERENCES. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/mono.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Čadež E. Integration of memory, perception and attention in episode processing. J Integr Neurosci 2014; 13:143-70. [PMID: 24738543 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635214500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to examine abstract, non-neuronal level concepts and processes of cognition and to introduce a model of episode processing which includes processing of perception and memory for ordered events, attentional processes, forgetting (including both constant and non-constant time-based decay), confusions and distinctiveness between items, and false memories and their suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Čadež
- Cognitive & Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road Merced, CA 95343, USA
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Buss AT, Wifall T, Hazeltine E, Spencer JP. Integrating the behavioral and neural dynamics of response selection in a dual-task paradigm: a dynamic neural field model of Dux et al. (2009). J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 26:334-51. [PMID: 24116841 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
People are typically slower when executing two tasks than when only performing a single task. These dual-task costs are initially robust but are reduced with practice. Dux et al. (2009) explored the neural basis of dual-task costs and learning using fMRI. Inferior frontal junction (IFJ) showed a larger hemodynamic response on dual-task trials compared with single-task trial early in learning. As dual-task costs were eliminated, dual-task hemodynamics in IFJ reduced to single-task levels. Dux and colleagues concluded that the reduction of dual-task costs is accomplished through increased efficiency of information processing in IFJ. We present a dynamic field theory of response selection that addresses two questions regarding these results. First, what mechanism leads to the reduction of dual-task costs and associated changes in hemodynamics? We show that a simple Hebbian learning mechanism is able to capture the quantitative details of learning at both the behavioral and neural levels. Second, is efficiency isolated to cognitive control areas such as IFJ, or is it also evident in sensory motor areas? To investigate this, we restrict Hebbian learning to different parts of the neural model. None of the restricted learning models showed the same reductions in dual-task costs as the unrestricted learning model, suggesting that efficiency is distributed across cognitive control and sensory motor processing systems.
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