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TOPKAYA D, ŞAHİN Z, İŞCİ Ü, DUMOULİN F. Phthalocyanines prepared from 4,5-dihexylthiophthalonitrile, a popular building block. Turk J Chem 2023; 47:814-836. [PMID: 38173733 PMCID: PMC10760877 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are tetrapyrrolic artificial porphyrinoids that play major roles in advanced biological and technological applications. Research on this family of dyes is particularly active in Türkiye, with many derivatives being prepared from 4,5-dihexylthiophthalonitrile DiSHexPN, which is one of the most popular noncommercially available building blocks for phthalocyanines. This review summarizes the phthalocyanines and their versatile properties and applications that have been published since 1994, when the synthesis of DiSHexPN was first described, to emphasize the importance of this building block in plentiful applications, all with biomedical or technological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya TOPKAYA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir,
Turkiye
| | - Zeynel ŞAHİN
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Ümit İŞCİ
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Fabienne DUMOULİN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
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Özkan Garip E, Özçeşmeci M, Katırcı R, Özçeşmeci İ, Hamuryudan E. Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines containing azo moiety; Synthesis and photophysical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical metal-free phthalocyanine was synthesized through cyclotetramerization of 4-[2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylazo)phenoxy]phthalonitrile and 4-(hexylthio)phthalonitrile in the presence of lithium in [Formula: see text]-pentanol, then metal-free phthalocyanine was obtained by acidification with acetic acid. Finally, metalation was achieved by refluxing metal-free phthalocyanine in [Formula: see text]-pentanol in the presence of zinc (II) salt. The structure of synthesized phthalocyanine derivatives were characterized by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The HOMO–LUMO energies were computed using density functional theory. The HOMO–LUMO energy difference is 2.28 eV. The calculated results were consistent with the experimental data. In addition, aggregation behaviors and general trends for photophysical properties of these phthalocyanine derivatives were studied in tetrahydrofuran. The emission intensities of these phthalocyanine derivatives were strongly quenched by 1,4-benzoquinone in tetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Özkan Garip
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Özçeşmeci
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Katırcı
- Istanbul Aydın University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Özçeşmeci
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - Esin Hamuryudan
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
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Garip EÖ, Özçeşmeci M, Nar I, Özçeşmeci İ, Hamuryudan E. Novel phthalocyanines containing azo chromophores; synthesis, characterization, photophysical, and electrochemical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel metal-free and zinc (II), copper (II), cobalt (II), and manganese (III) phthalocyanine complexes bearing peripheral 2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylazo)phenoxy units have been synthesized. Novel phthalonitrile derivative required for the preparation of these phthalocyanine complexes was prepared by a base-catalyzed nucleophilic aromatic nitro displacement of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with 2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylazo)phenol. The structures of these new compounds were characterized by using elemental analyses, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The photophysical properties of metal-free and zinc(II) phthalocyanines were studied in tetrahydrofuran. The electrochemical properties of the phthalocyanine complexes were investigated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Özkan Garip
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Özçeşmeci
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - Ilgın Nar
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Özçeşmeci
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - Esin Hamuryudan
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
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Ali H, van Lier JE. Synthesis of phthalocyanine dimers, trimers, and oligomers bridged via phenyl groups. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tillet G, De Leonardis P, Alaaeddine A, Umeda M, Mori S, Shibata N, Aly SM, Fortin D, Harvey PD, Ameduri B. Design and Photonic Properties of Novel Fluorinated Copolymers Bearing Phthalocyanine Side Groups. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yazici A, Unüş N, Altindal A, Salih B, Bekaroğlu O. Phthalocyanine with a giant dielectric constant. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:3773-9. [PMID: 22310939 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11902a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 has been prepared by the reaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile and trans-2-methoxy-4-(2-nitrovinil)phenol by the common method of nucleophilic substitution of an activated nitro group in an aromatic ring. The metallophthalocyanines 2, 3 were prepared by the reaction of a dinitrile derivative with Co(OAc)(2) or Zn(OAc)(2) in DMSO. The lutetium bis-(phthalocyaninato) complex 4 was obtained by treating the dinitrile derivative with lutetium acetate and DBU in 1-hexanol. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, (1)H-NMR, MALDI-TOF MS and UV/Vis spectral data. The spectroscopic data of the new compounds were in accordance with the structures. The temperature and frequency dependence of dielectric and conduction properties of the spin coated film of compounds (2-4) have been studied by fabricating metal-Pc-metal structures. The results show that compound 2 has giant dielectric constant. At a low range of frequency and room temperature, ε' is found to be equal to 2.33 × 10(6), 1.53 × 10(4) and 1.03 × 10(4) for 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The giant dielectric behavior of 2 is mainly attributed to Maxwell-Wagner polarization. The obtained results also indicated that the frequency dependence of the dielectric permittivity, ε'(ω), exhibits non-Debye type relaxation for all temperatures investigated. The ac conductivity results gave a temperature dependent frequency exponent s. The results were compared with the prediction of the Quantum Mechanical Tunneling and Correlated Barrier Hopping models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Yazici
- Department of Chemistry, Fırat Universty, Elazığ, Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Ball-Type Phthalocyanines: Synthesis and Properties. FUNCTIONAL PHTHALOCYANINE MOLECULAR MATERIALS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04752-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Salan Ü, Kobayashi N, Bekaroğlu Ö. Effect of peripheral substitution on the electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of metal-free azo-coupled bisphthalocyanine. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Strassert CA, Bilmes GM, Awruch J, Dicelio LE. Comparative photophysical investigation of oxygen and sulfur as covalent linkers on octaalkylamino substituted zinc(ii) phthalocyanines. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:738-47. [DOI: 10.1039/b802709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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