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Xie M, Liu J, Dai L, Peng H, Xie Y. Advances and prospects of porphyrin derivatives in the energy field. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24699-24730. [PMID: 37601600 PMCID: PMC10436694 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04345b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, porphyrin is developing rapidly in the fields of medicine, energy, catalysts, etc. More and more reports on its application are being published. This paper mainly takes the ingenious utilization of porphyrin derivatives in perovskite solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, and lithium batteries as the background to review the design idea of functional materials based on the porphyrin structural unit in the energy sector. In addition, the modification and improvement strategies of porphyrin are presented by visually showing the molecular structures or the design synthesis routes of its functional materials. Finally, we provide some insights into the development of novel energy storage materials based on porphyrin frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfa Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Lianghong Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Hongjian Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Youqing Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
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2
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Senge MO, Sergeeva NN, Hale KJ. Classic highlights in porphyrin and porphyrinoid total synthesis and biosynthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4730-4789. [PMID: 33623938 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins feature prominently in nature, be it as enzymatic cofactors, electron and exciton shuffles, as photoactive dyes, or as signaling substances. Their involvement in the generation, storage and use of oxygen is pivotal to life, while their photochemical properties are central to the biochemical functioning of plants. When complexed to metals, porphyrins can engage in a multitude of contemporary applications ranging from solar energy generation to serving as catalysts for important chemical reactions. They are also able to function as useful theranostic agents, and as novel materials for a wide range of applications. As such, they are widely considered to be highly valuable molecules, and it almost goes without saying that synthetic organic chemistry has dramatically underpinned all the key advances made, by providing reliable access to them. In fact, strategies for the synthesis of functionalized porphyrins have now reached a state of refinement where pretty well any desired porphyrin can successfully be synthesized with the approaches that are available, including a cornucopia of related macrocycle-modified porphyrinoids. In this review, we are going to illustrate the development of this exciting field by discussing a number of classic syntheses of porphyrins. Our coverage will encompass the natural protoporphyrins and chlorophylls, while also covering general strategies for the synthesis of unsymmetrical porphyrins and chlorins. Various industrial syntheses of porphyrins will also be discussed, as will other routes of great practical importance, and avenues to key porphyrinoids with modified macrocycles. A range of selected examples of contemporary functionalization reactions will be highlighted. The various key syntheses will be described and analyzed from a traditional mechanistic organic chemistry perspective to help student readers, and those who are new to this area. The aim will be to allow readers to mechanistically appreciate and understand how many of these fascinating ring-systems are built and further functionalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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3
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Sample HC, Senge MO. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr) and Related Reactions of Porphyrinoids: Mechanistic and Regiochemical Aspects. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:7-42. [PMID: 33519299 PMCID: PMC7821298 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units: subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon: a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C. Sample
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteThe University of Dublin152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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4
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Zwick P, Hsu C, El Abbassi M, Fuhr O, Fenske D, Dulić D, van der Zant HSJ, Mayor M. Synthesis and Transport Studies of a Cofacial Porphyrin Cyclophane. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15072-15081. [PMID: 33166468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin cyclophane 1, consisting of two rigidly fixed but still movable cofacial porphyrins and exposing acetate-masked thiols in opposed directions of the macrocycle, is designed, synthesized, and characterized. The functional cyclophane 1, as pioneer of mechanosensitive 3D materials, forms stable single-molecule junctions in a mechanically controlled break-junction setup. Its reliable integration in a single-molecule junction is a fundamental prerequisite to explore the potential of these structures as mechanically triggered functional units and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chunwei Hsu
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maria El Abbassi
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dieter Fenske
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, 8330015 Santiago, Chile
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275 Guangzhou, China
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5
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Belykh DV. C–O, C–S, C–N, and C–C Bond Formation at the Periphery of the Macrocycle during Chemical Modification of Phytochlorins: Key Methods and Synthetic Applications. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Zwick P, Weiland KJ, Malinčík J, Stefani D, Häussinger D, van der Zant HSJ, Dulić D, Mayor M. Mechanical Fixation by Porphyrin Connection: Synthesis and Transport Studies of a Bicyclic Dimer. J Org Chem 2019; 85:118-128. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin J. Weiland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juraj Malinčík
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Davide Stefani
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physicaland Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago 8330015, Chile
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275 Guangzhou, China
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7
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El Abbassi M, Zwick P, Rates A, Stefani D, Prescimone A, Mayor M, van der Zant HSJ, Dulić D. Unravelling the conductance path through single-porphyrin junctions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8299-8305. [PMID: 31803408 PMCID: PMC6853084 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By studying transport through seven structurally related porphyrin derivatives with a machine learning algorithm we could identify and distinguish three different electronic paths.
Porphyrin derivatives are key components in natural machinery enabling us to store sunlight as chemical energy. In spite of their prominent role in cascades separating electrical charges and their potential as sensitizers in molecular devices, reports concerning their electronic transport characteristics are inconsistent. Here we report a systematic investigation of electronic transport paths through single porphyrin junctions. The transport through seven structurally related porphyrin derivatives was repeatedly measured in an automatized mechanically controlled break-junction set-up and the recorded data were analyzed by an unsupervised clustering algorithm. The correlation between the appearances of similar clusters in particular sub-sets of the porphyrins with a common structural motif allowed us to assign the corresponding current path. The small series of model porphyrins allowed us to identify and distinguish three different electronic paths covering more than four orders of magnitude in conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria El Abbassi
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands .
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland .
| | - Alfredo Rates
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands . .,Department of Physics , Department of Electrical Engineering , Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Chile , Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008 , Santiago 8330015 , Chile .
| | - Davide Stefani
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands .
| | | | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland . .,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , D-76021 Karlsruhe , Germany.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU) , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands .
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics , Department of Electrical Engineering , Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Chile , Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008 , Santiago 8330015 , Chile .
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8
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Smykalla L, Mende C, Fronk M, Siles PF, Hietschold M, Salvan G, Zahn DRT, Schmidt OG, Rüffer T, Lang H. (Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1786-1800. [PMID: 28904840 PMCID: PMC5588670 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up approach to replace existing devices by molecular-based systems is a subject that attracts permanently increasing interest. Molecular-based devices offer not only to miniaturize the device further, but also to benefit from advanced functionalities of deposited molecules. Furthermore, the molecules itself can be tailored to allow via their self-assembly the potential fabrication of devices with an application potential, which is still unforeseeable at this time. Herein, we review efforts to use discrete (metallo)porphyrins for the formation of (sub)monolayers by surface-confined polymerization, of monolayers formed by supramolecular recognition and of thin films formed by sublimation techniques. Selected physical properties of these systems are reported as well. The application potential of those ensembles of (metallo)porphyrins in materials science is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Smykalla
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Carola Mende
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Fronk
- Semiconductor Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Pablo F Siles
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hietschold
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Georgeta Salvan
- Semiconductor Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, TU Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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9
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Syrbu SA, Lyubimtsev AV, Ivanov DA, Ugarov VS, Koifman OI. Electrophilic substitution in meso-phenylporphyrins. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216090334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Fang Y, Jiang X, Ou Z, Michelin C, Desbois N, Gros CP, Kadish KM. Redox properties of nitrophenylporphyrins and electrosynthesis of nitrophenyl-linked Zn porphyrin dimers or arrays. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614500540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Five nitrophenylporphyrins were investigated as to their electrochemical properties in CH 2 Cl 2 containing 0.1 M TBAP. The investigated compounds are represented as ( NO 2 Ph )x Ph 4-x PorM , where Por represents the dianion of the porphyrin macrocycle, Ph is a phenyl group on meso-position of the macrocycle, NO 2 Ph is a meso-substituted nitrophenyl group, M = 2 H , Pd II or Zn II and x = 1 or 2. Each porphyrin undergoes an initial one electron reduction at E1/2 = -1.07 to -1.12 V where the added negative charge is almost totally localized on the meso-nitrophenyl group of the compound. This reversible reduction is then followed by one or more irreversible reductions of the nitrophenyl anion at more negative potentials which overlap with reduction of the conjugated porphyrin macrocycle. The initial one electron addition was monitored by thin-layer UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry which confirmed formation of a reduced nitrophenyl group in each case but also gave spectral evidence for a linkage of the one-electron reduction products in the case of the Zn derivatives, giving Zn porphyrin dimers or arrays which are characterized by a 14–15 nm red-shifted Soret band and two well-defined Q-bands, consistent with conversion from an unreduced four coordinate Zn II nitrophenylporphyrin to a five-coordinate Zn II complex with an unreduced porphyrin macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Zhongping Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | | | - Nicolas Desbois
- ICMUB (UMR 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Claude P. Gros
- ICMUB (UMR 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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Osuka A, Yorimitsu H, Yamamoto Y, Tokuji S, Tanaka T. Palladium-Catalyzed Tetraarylation of 5,15-Dialkylporphyrins with Aryl Bromides. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-s(s)5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Yang S, Sun B, Ou Z, Meng D, Lu G, Fang Y, Kadish KM. β-Nitro-substituted free-base, iron(III) and manganese(III) tetraarylporphyrins: synthesis, electrochemistry and effect of the NO2 substituent on spectra and redox potentials in non-aqueous media. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613500612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two free-base and four metal derivatives of substituted tetraarylporphyrins containing a nitro-substituent on the β-pyrrole position of the macrocycle were synthesized and characterized by UV-vis, FTIR, 1 H NMR and mass spectrometry as well as electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry in non-aqueous media. The porphyrins are represented as ( NO 2 TmPP ) M and ( NO 2 TdmPP ) M , where M = 2 H , Fe III Cl or Mn III Cl , m is a CH 3 group on the para-position of the four meso-phenyl rings of the tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and dm represents two OCH 3 substituents on the meta-positions of each phenyl ring of the TPP macrocycle. UV-visible spectra of the nitro-substituted porphyrins exhibit absorption bands which are red-shifted by 4–11 nm as compared to bands of the same substituted tetraarylporphyrins lacking a nitro substituent. Three or four reductions are observed for each iron and manganese nitroporphyrin, the first of which is metal-centered, leading to formation of an Fe ( II ) or Mn ( II ) complex. Further reduction at the metal center occurs for the iron porphyrins but this reaction proceeds via an Fe ( II ) π anion radical in the case of the two nitro-substituented derivatives. The β-nitro-substituted porphyrins are easier to reduce and harder to oxidize than the corresponding compounds lacking a nitro group. The effect of NO 2 substituent on reduction/oxidation potentials and the site of electron transfer was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibo Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Deying Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Guifen Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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13
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Nakagaki S, Ferreira GKB, Ucoski GM, Dias de Freitas Castro KA. Chemical reactions catalyzed by metalloporphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks. Molecules 2013; 18:7279-308. [PMID: 23792922 PMCID: PMC6270059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18067279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic versatility and the potential application of metalloporphyrins (MP) in different fields have aroused researchers' interest in studying these complexes, in an attempt to mimic biological systems such as cytochrome P-450. Over the last 40 years, synthetic MPs have been mainly used as catalysts for homogeneous or heterogeneous chemical reactions. To employ them in heterogeneous catalysis, chemists have prepared new MP-based solids by immobilizing MP onto rigid inorganic supports, a strategy that affords hybrid inorganic-organic materials. More recently, materials obtained by supramolecular assembly processes and containing MPs as building blocks have been applied in a variety of areas, like gas storage, photonic devices, separation, molecular sensing, magnets, and heterogeneous catalysis, among others. These coordination polymers, known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), contain organic ligands or complexes connected by metal ions or clusters, which give rise to a 1-, 2- or 3-D network. These kinds of materials presents large surface areas, Brønsted or redox sites, and high porosity, all of which are desirable features in catalysts with potential use in heterogeneous phases. Building MOFs based on MP is a good way to obtain solid catalysts that offer the advantages of bioinspired systems and zeolitic materials. In this mini review, we will adopt a historical approach to present the most relevant MP-based MOFs applicable to catalytic reactions such as oxidation, reduction, insertion of functional groups, and exchange of organic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Nakagaki
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica Grupo de Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Murakami K, Yamamoto Y, Yorimitsu H, Osuka A. Demetalation of Metal Porphyrins via Magnesium Porphyrins by Reaction with Grignard Reagents. Chemistry 2013; 19:9123-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Yamamoto Y, Tokuji S, Tanaka T, Yorimitsu H, Osuka A. Direct Arylation of Porphyrins with π-Extended Aryl Bromides under Ligand-free Fagnou-Hartwig Conditions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201200198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Yorimitsu H, Osuka A. Organometallic Approaches for Direct Modification of Peripheral CH Bonds in Porphyrin Cores. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Takanami T. Functionalization of Porphyrins through C-C Bond Formation Reactions with Functional Group-Bearing Organometallic Reagents. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-13-775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Krayer M, Balasubramanian T, Ruzié C, Ptaszek M, Cramer DL, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Refined syntheses of hydrodipyrrin precursors to chlorin and bacteriochlorin building blocks. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609001406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bromo-substituted hydrodipyrrins are valuable precursors to synthetic bromo-chlorins and bromo-bacteriochlorins, which in turn are versatile substrates for derivatization in pursuit of diverse molecular designs. 8-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1-(1,1-dimethoxymethyl)-3,3-dimethyldipyrrin (1) is a crucial precursor in the rational synthesis of the bacteriochlorin building block 3,13-dibromo-8,8,18,18-tetramethylbacteriochlorin ( H2BC-Br3Br13) . 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3,3-trimethyldipyrrin (2) is a crucial precursor in the rational synthesis of the analogous 3,13-disubstituted chlorin building block (e.g. H2C-Br3M10Br13 ). The routes to 1 and 2 share a common precursor, namely 4-bromo-2-(2-nitroethyl)-1-N-tosylpyrrole (6-Ts), which is derived from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde. The prior seven-step synthesis of 1 from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde has limited access to H2BC-Br3Br13 given the large excesses of materials, extensive reliance on column chromatography, and low overall yield (1.4%). Refined procedures for synthesis of the common precursor 6-Ts as well as 1 and 2 afford the advantages of (1) diminished consumption of solvents and reagents, (2) limited or no use of chlorinated solvents, (3) limited or no chromatography, and (4) improved yields of most steps. Streamlined procedures enable the final two or three transformations to be performed without purification of intermediates. The new procedures facilitate the expedient preparation of 1 and 2 at the multigram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | | | - Christian Ruzié
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - David L. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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Lewtak JP, Gryko DT. Synthesis of π-extended porphyrins via intramolecular oxidative coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10069-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31279d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Vakuliuk O, Mutti FG, Lara M, Gryko DT, Kroutil W. Chemoselective aerobic oxidation of 4-allylanisol by Fe(III) porphyrins in an aqueous system. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Senge MO. Stirring the porphyrin alphabet soup—functionalization reactions for porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1943-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03984e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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O. Senge M, Moreau M, M. Ebrahim M. Silyl Nitronate 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions with meso-Tetraarylporphyrins. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Senge MO. Extroverted Confusion-Linus Pauling, Melvin Calvin, and Porphyrin Isomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:4272-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Senge MO. Extrovertierte Verwirrung - Linus Pauling, Melvin Calvin und Porphyrinisomere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Senge MO, Richter J, Bischoff I, Ryan A. Highly substituted 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrins with meso aryl residues. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mandoj F, Nardis S, Pomarico G, Stefanelli M, Schiaffino L, Ercolani G, Prodi L, Genovese D, Zaccheroni N, Fronczek FR, Smith KM, Xiao X, Shen J, Kadish KM, Paolesse R. 6-Azahemiporphycene: a new member of the porphyrinoid family. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:10346-57. [PMID: 19795835 DOI: 10.1021/ic9014866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 5,10,15-triarylcorrole with 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole provides another example of corrole ring expansion to give the corresponding 6-azahemiporphycene, a novel porphyrin analogue. The facile oxidation of the corrole ring is a required step for the ring expansion and for this reason the reaction fails in the case of corroles bearing meso-phenyl groups carrying electron-withdrawing substituents. Steric requirements also limited the scope of the reaction, which is not successful in the case of 2,6-disubstituted meso-aryl corroles. The occurrence of an initial oxidation is further supported by formation of the 6-azahemiporphycene derivative when the reaction is carried out under the same conditions, using a 5- or a 10-isocorrole as starting material. (1)H NMR spectra and X-ray crystal characterization of 6-azahemiporphycene evidenced the presence of an intramolecular N-H...N hydrogen bond in the inner core of the macrocycle, while photophysical characterization confirmed the aromatic character of the novel macrocycle, showing an intense Soret-like band around 410 nm in the absorption spectrum. The fluorescence emission is very modest, and 6-azahemiporphycene showed higher photostability than the corresponding corrole species. Different metal complexes of 6-azahemiporphycene were prepared following synthetic protocols usually exploited for the preparation of metalloporphyrins, demonstrating good coordination properties for the macrocycle. Both the free-base and metal derivatives were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry in dichloromethane and benzonitrile. To further detail the behavior of this novel macrocycle, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out on the basic structure of 6-azahemiporphycene with the aim of assessing aromaticity and tautomerism, as well as calculating its stability with respect to the 5-aza isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mandoj
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Sergeeva NN, Scala A, Bakar MA, O’Riordan G, O’Brien J, Grassi G, Senge MO. Synthesis of Stannyl Porphyrins and Porphyrin Dimers via Stille Coupling and Their 119Sn NMR and Fluorescence Properties. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7140-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901535c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N. Sergeeva
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Angela Scala
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università, Vill.S.Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Muntaz A. Bakar
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Grainne O’Riordan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John O’Brien
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Giovanni Grassi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università, Vill.S.Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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