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da Cruz Rodrigues A, Bilha JK, Pereira PRM, de Souza CWO, Passarini MRZ, Uliana MP. Photoinactivation of microorganisms using bacteriochlorins as photosensitizers. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1139-1150. [PMID: 38378880 PMCID: PMC11153405 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, some microorganisms have shown resistance to conventional treatments. Considering this increase in resistant pathogens, treatment alternatives are needed to promote greater treatment efficiency. In this sense, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been an alternative treatment. This technique uses a photosensitizer that is activated by light with a specific wavelength producing reactive species, leading to the death of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, bacteriochlorophyll derivatives such as bacteriochlorin metoxi (Bchl-M) and bacteriochlorin trizma (Bchl-T) obtained from purple bacterium (Rhodopseudomonas faecalis), were evaluated as photosensitizers in the aPDT. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated with both bacteriochlorins (Bchl-M and Bchl-T) at different concentrations (1, 15 and 30 µM for S. aureus; 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 µM for M. luteus; 30, 60, 90, 105, 120 and 150 µM for C. albicans; and 200 µM for P. aeruginosa) and different doses of light (20 and 30 J/cm2 for S. aureus and M. luteus; 30 and 45 J/cm2 for C. albicans; and 45 J/cm2 for P. aeruginosa) to inactivate them. Both photosensitizers showed good activation against S. aureus and for M. luteus, we observed the inactivation of these microorganisms at approximately 3 log, showing to be a good photosensitizers for these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia da Cruz Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Kafka Bilha
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marciana Pierina Uliana
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-000, Brazil.
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Ballatore MB, Milanesio ME, Fujita H, Lindsey JS, Durantini EN. Bacteriochlorin-bis(spermine) conjugate affords an effective photodynamic action to eradicate microorganisms. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960061. [PMID: 31602791 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel bacteriochlorin bearing two spermine units (BCS) was synthesized from 3,13-dibromo-8,8,18,18-tetramethylbacteriochlorin (BC-Br 3,13 ). The synthesis involved the Suzuki coupling of BC-Br 3,13 to obtain a bacteriochlorin-dibenzaldehyde (BCA), which was subjected to reductive amination with spermine. The resulting bacteriochlorin BCS presents a strong near-infrared absorption band at 747 nm, emits at 750 nm with fluorescence quantum yield of 0.14, and generates singlet molecular oxygen, O2 (1 Δg ), with a quantum yield of 0.27. Photokilling capacities mediated by BCS were evaluated in microbial cells. The viability of Staphylococcus aureus decreased 7 logs when cells were incubated with 1 μM BCS and irradiated for 15 minutes. Comparable photocytotoxic effect was obtained with Escherichia coli, when cells were treated for 30 minutes with visible light. BCS was also an effective photosensitizer to inactivate Candida albicans. In addition, this bacteriochlorin was able to eradicate bacteria at short incubation times. The structure of BCS contains eight basic amino groups that, when protonated in water, increase the binding to the cell envelope. In summary, the readily accessible bacteriochlorin BCS was highly effective at low concentrations as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Ballatore
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María E Milanesio
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hikaru Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Mal’shakova MV, Frolova LL, Alekseev IN, Kutchin AV, Patov SA, Belykh DV. New chlorin-terpene conjugates bearing triethylene glycol and cationic tetraalkylammonium fragments. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Selwood DL. Macrocycles, the edge of drug-likeness chemical space or Goldilocks zone? Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:164-168. [PMID: 28205398 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Selwood
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
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Shao P, Zhang S, Hu S, Han L, Jia N, Bai M. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Tetra[6,7]quinoxalinoporphyrazine-based Near Infrared Photosensitizer. RSC Adv 2017; 7:50555-50561. [PMID: 29456839 PMCID: PMC5810975 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06348b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a near infrared, water-soluble, functional and dendrimeric photosensitizer (PS) based on quinoxalinoporphyrazine structure. The photophysical properties and in vitro photodynamic therapy results suggest that this quinoxalinoporphyrazine-based dendrimer may serve as an efficient near infrared (NIR) PS platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shudong Hu
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Renmin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212002. China
| | - Le Han
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ningyang Jia
- Department of Radiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Luciano M, Brückner C. Modifications of Porphyrins and Hydroporphyrins for Their Solubilization in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2017; 22:E980. [PMID: 28608838 PMCID: PMC6152633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing popularity of porphyrins and hydroporphyrins for use in a variety of biomedical (photodynamic therapy, fluorescence tagging and imaging, photoacoustic imaging) and technical (chemosensing, catalysis, light harvesting) applications is also associated with the growing number of methodologies that enable their solubilization in aqueous media. Natively, the vast majority of synthetic porphyrinic compounds are not water-soluble. Moreover, any water-solubility imposes several restrictions on the synthetic chemist on when to install solubilizing groups in the synthetic sequence, and how to isolate and purify these compounds. This review summarizes the chemical modifications to render synthetic porphyrins water-soluble, with a focus on the work disclosed since 2000. Where available, practical data such as solubility, indicators for the degree of aggregation, and special notes for the practitioner are listed. We hope that this review will guide synthetic chemists through the many strategies known to make porphyrins and hydroporphyrins water soluble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Luciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
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Horne TK, Cronjé MJ. Novel carbohydrate-substituted metallo-porphyrazine comparison for cancer tissue-type specificity during PDT. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 173:412-422. [PMID: 28662468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A longstanding obstacle to cancer eradication centers on the heterogeneous nature of the tissue that manifests it. Variations between cancer cell resistance profiles often result in a survival percentage following classic therapeutics. As an alternative, photodynamic therapys' (PDT) unique non-specific cell damage mechanism and high degree of application control enables it to potentially deliver an efficient treatment regime to a broad range of heterogeneous tissue types thereby overcoming individual resistance profiles. This study follows on from previous design, characterization and solubility analyses of three novel carbohydrate-ligated zinc-porphyrazine (Zn(II)Pz) derivatives. Here we report on their PDT application potential in the treatment of five common cancer tissue types in vitro. Following analyses of metabolic homeostasis, toxicity and cell death induction, overall Zn(II)Pz-PDT proved comparably efficient between all cancer tissue populations. Differential localization patterns of Zn(II)Pz derivatives between cell types did not appear to influence the overall PDT effect. All cell types exhibited significant disruptions to mitochondrial activity and associated ATP production levels. Toxicity and chromatin structure profiles revealed indiscernible patterns of damage between Zn(II)Pz derivatives and cell type. The subtle differences observed between individual Zn(II)Pz derivatives is most likely due to a combination of carbohydrate moiety characteristics on energy transfer processes and associated dosage optimization requirements per tissue type. Collectively, this indicates that resistance profiles are negated to a significant extent by Zn(II)Pz-PDT making these derivatives attractive candidates for PDT applications across multiple tissue types and subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamarisk K Horne
- Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Marianne J Cronjé
- Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Martinez De Pinillos Bayona A, Mroz P, Thunshelle C, Hamblin MR. Design features for optimization of tetrapyrrole macrocycles as antimicrobial and anticancer photosensitizers. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:192-206. [PMID: 28205400 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) and harmless visible light that combine to form highly toxic reactive oxygen species that kill cells. Originally, a cancer therapy, PDT, now includes applications for infections. The most widely studied PS are tetrapyrrole macrocycles including porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and phthalocyanines. The present review covers the design features in PS that can work together to maximize the PDT activity for various disease targets. Photophysical and photochemical properties include the wavelength and size of the long-wavelength absorption peak (for good light penetration into tissue), the triplet quantum yield and lifetime, and the propensity to undergo type I (electron transfer) or type II (energy transfer) photochemical mechanisms. The central metal in the tetrapyrrole macrocycle has a strong influence on the PDT activity. Hydrophobicity and charge are important factors that govern interactions with various types of cells (cancer and microbial) in vitro and the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in vivo. Hydrophobic structures tend to be water insoluble and require a drug delivery vehicle for maximal activity. Molecular asymmetry and amphiphilicity are also important for high activity. In vivo some structures possess the ability to selectively accumulate in tumors and to localize in the tumor microvasculature producing vascular shutdown after illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Martinez De Pinillos Bayona
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Connor Thunshelle
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Malatesti N, Munitic I, Jurak I. Porphyrin-based cationic amphiphilic photosensitisers as potential anticancer, antimicrobial and immunosuppressive agents. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:149-168. [PMID: 28510089 PMCID: PMC5425819 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a photosensitiser, light and molecular oxygen to induce oxidative stress that can be used to kill pathogens, cancer cells and other highly proliferative cells. There is a growing number of clinically approved photosensitisers and applications of PDT, whose main advantages include the possibility of selective targeting, localised action and stimulation of the immune responses. Further improvements and broader use of PDT could be accomplished by designing new photosensitisers with increased selectivity and bioavailability. Porphyrin-based photosensitisers with amphiphilic properties, bearing one or more positive charges, are an effective tool in PDT against cancers, microbial infections and, most recently, autoimmune skin disorders. The aim of the review is to present some of the recent examples of the applications and research that employ this specific group of photosensitisers. Furthermore, we will highlight the link between their structural characteristics and PDT efficiency, which will be helpful as guidelines for rational design and evaluation of new PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Malatesti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Igor Jurak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
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Oszajca M, Brindell M, Orzeł Ł, Dąbrowski JM, Śpiewak K, Łabuz P, Pacia M, Stochel-Gaudyn A, Macyk W, van Eldik R, Stochel G. Mechanistic studies on versatile metal-assisted hydrogen peroxide activation processes for biomedical and environmental incentives. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Huang L, Krayer M, Roubil JGS, Huang YY, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Hamblin MR. Stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins mediate selective broad-spectrum photoinactivation of drug-resistant pathogens at nanomolar concentrations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:119-27. [PMID: 25463659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins (BC37, BC38 and BC39) were recently reported to show exceptional activity (low nanomolar) in mediating photodynamic killing of human cancer cells after a 24h incubation upon excitation with near-infrared light (730 nm). The presence of cationic quaternary ammonium groups in each compound suggested likely activity as antimicrobial photosensitizers. Herein this hypothesis was tested against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms that have all recently drawn attention due to increased drug-resistance (Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii; and fungal yeasts, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). All three bacteriochlorins were highly effective against both Gram-positive species (>6 logs of eradication at ⩽ 200 nM and 10 J/cm(2)). The dicationic bacteriochlorin (BC38) was best against the Gram-negative species (>6 logs at 1-2 μM) whereas the lipophilic monocationic bacteriochlorin (BC39) was best against the fungi (>6 logs at 1 μM). The bacteriochlorins produced substantial singlet oxygen (and apparently less Type-1 reactive-oxygen species such as hydroxyl radical) as judged by activation of fluorescent probes and comparison with 1H-phenalen-1-one-2-sulfonic acid; the order of activity was BC37 > BC38 > BC39. A short incubation time (30 min) resulted in selectivity for microbial cells over HeLa human cells. The highly active photodynamic inactivation of microbial cells may stem from the amphiphilic and cationic features of the bacteriochlorins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - John G S Roubil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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Jiang J, Vairaprakash P, Reddy KR, Sahin T, Pavan MP, Lubian E, Lindsey JS. Hydrophilic tetracarboxy bacteriochlorins for photonics applications. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:86-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41791c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Aravindu K, Mass O, Vairaprakash P, Springer JW, Yang E, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Amphiphilic chlorins and bacteriochlorins in micellar environments. Molecular design, de novo synthesis, and photophysical properties. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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