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Han P, Han M, Sessler JL, Lei C. Resolution of Expanded Porphyrinoids: A Path to Persistent Chirality and Appealing Chiroptical Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202303058. [PMID: 37851869 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a fundamental characteristic of nature. Expanded porphyrinoids and their analogues offer an attractive platform for delving into the intricacies of chirality. Expanded porphyrinoids comprise pyrrolic macrocycles and related heterocyclic systems. As a class, expanded porphyrinoids are widely recognized for their flexible structural features, nontrivial coordination capabilities, and intriguing optical and electronic properties. With limited exceptions, their inherent conformational flexibility coupled with a low racemization barrier allows for the facile interchange between enantiomers. As a result, achieving the effective chiral resolution of individual enantiomers and the subsequent exploration of their chiroptical properties represents a significant challenge. This review summarizes strategies used to realize the chiral resolution of expanded porphyrinoids and the understanding of intrinsic chiroptical properties that has emerged from these separation efforts. It is our hope that this review will serve not only to codify our current understanding of chiral expanded porphyrinoids, but also inspire advances in the generalized area of chiral functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puren Han
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Mutian Han
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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Nédellec T, Boitrel B, Le Gac S. Parallel Chirality Inductions in Möbius Zn(II) Hexaphyrin Transformation Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38037277 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Networked chemical transformations are key features of biological systems, in which complex multicomponent interactions enable the emergence of sophisticated functions. Being interested in chirality induction phenomena with dynamic Möbius π-systems, we have designed a pair of Möbius [28]hexaphyrin ligands in order to investigate mixtures rather than isolated molecules. Thus, a hexaphyrin bearing a chiral amino arm was first optimized and found to bind a ZnOAc moiety, triggering an impressive quasi-quantitative chirality induction over the Möbius π-system. Second, this amino-type hexaphyrin was mixed with a second hexaphyrin bearing a chiral carboxylate arm, affording at first ill-defined coordination assemblies in the presence of zinc. In contrast, a social self-sorting behavior occurred upon the addition of two exogenous achiral effectors (AcO- and BuNH2), leading to a well-defined 1:1 mixture of two Möbius complexes featuring a sole Möbius twist configuration (parallel chirality inductions). We next successfully achieved compartmentalized switching, i.e., a single-component transformation from such a complex mixture. The BuNH2 effector was selectively protected with Boc2O, owing to a lower reactivity of the arm's NH2 function intramolecularly bound to zinc, and subsequent addition of BuNH2 restored the initial mixture, retaining parallel chirality inductions (five cycles). By changing the nature and twist configuration of only one of the two complexes, at initial state or by switching, this approach enables a "two-channel" tuning of the chiroptical properties of the ensemble. Such multiple dynamic chirality inductions, controlled by selective metal-ligand recognition and chemical reactivity, set down the basis for Möbius-type stereoselective transformation networks with new functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nédellec
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Boitrel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Le Gac
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
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Liang K, Chen H, Wang X, Lu T, Duan Z, Sessler JL, Lei C. Di-2,7-pyrenidecaphyrin(1.1.0.0.0.1.1.0.0.0) and Its Bis-Organopalladium Complexes: Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212770. [PMID: 36401592 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-aromatic expanded carbaporphyrinoid, incorporating two built-in 2,7-pyrenylene moieties was synthesized. The intrinsically labile structure was demonstrated by proton-triggered conformational changes between the figure-of-eight and quasi-Möbius conformers. Upon treatment with Pd(OAc)2 , the reaction produces two bis-PdII complexes with distinct coordination modes. Metal coordination serves to fix the macrocyclic frameworks with the net result that both bis-PdII complexes could be resolved by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a chiral stationary phase. The isolated enantiomers showed persistent chiroptical properties as evidenced by the intense response in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra and the record high absorption dissymmetry factors (gabs of up to 0.038) seen in the near-infrared spectral region. Moreover, the mutual interconversion of these two PdII complexes was found to be stereospecific and to favor the more stable isomers under weakly acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejiang Liang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Duan
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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Zheng Y, Wang X, Chen H, Lu T, Duan Z, Lei C. 1,4-Phenylene-Incorporated Decaphyrin(1.0.1.0.0.1.0.1.0.0): Synthesis, Structure, and Topological Chirality. Org Lett 2022; 24:2509-2514. [PMID: 35348345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Expanded porphyrins represent emerging structures in realizing topological chirality; however, their inherent flexibility has hampered the effective chiral resolution. Herein, we rationally designed a decaphyrin 9, which could be separated into its enantiomers in the free-base form. The enantiomers showed noteworthy chiroptical properties, e.g., the intense circular dichroism response in the visible spectrum, and high absorption dissymmetry factors (gabs) of 0.036 at 618 nm. Theoretical analyses further explained the origin of the high gabs value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Zheng
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tian Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhiming Duan
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Boitrel B, Le Gac S. Interconversion between Möbius chiroptical states sustained by hexaphyrin dynamic coordination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3559-3562. [PMID: 33704315 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the chiroptical properties of molecular Möbius rings is motivated by fundamental aspects while challenged by synthetic difficulties. Focusing on Möbius aromatic Zn(ii) hexaphyrin complexes, interconversion between two chiral states was achieved through binding and release of an amino ligand (forward/backward stimuli), leading to different chiroptical switching phenomena (amplification, on-off, inversion). The amine either supplies the chirality or behaves as an achiral effector regulating the Zn(ii)-binding of a second (chiral) carboxylato ligand. These results highlight the Möbius [28]hexaphyrin scaffold as an attractive chiral switchable unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Boitrel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
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Kato K, Osuka A. Propeller-Shaped Semi-fused Porphyrin Trimers: Molecular-Symmetry-Dependent Chiroptical Response. Chemistry 2020; 26:10217-10221. [PMID: 32459376 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triple helicene-like semi-fused trimeric NiII porphyrins were constructed by alkyne trimerization of an ethynyl-substituted porphyrin and subsequent three-fold Grignard addition to the formyl groups and acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization. The presence of stereogenic sp3 carbons in the central bridge leads to small inter-porphyrin conjugative interactions as was revealed by electrochemical and optical properties. Two diastereomers with stable chiral conformations were optically resolved, and the separated enantiomers displayed considerably intense circular dichroism. Importantly, the chiroptical response of C3 -symmetric helical isomer (|Δϵ|=830 m-1 cm-1 ) is 1.8 times amplified from that of C1 -symmetric one (|Δϵ|=470 m-1 cm-1 ). The observed amplification has been interpreted in terms of different spatial arrangements of the three porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Grover N, Sankar M. N-Confused Porphyrin - A Unique "Turn-On" Chemosensor for CN - and F - ions and "Turn-Off" Sensor for ClO 4 - ions. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2192-2197. [PMID: 32468689 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Confused meso-tetrakis(4-carbomethoxyphenyl)porphyrin (1) and its Ni(II) complex (1 a) have been synthesized and utilized for anion sensing studies, and the results are compared with N-confused meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (NCTPP). Anion susceptibilities of 1 and 1 a were investigated using spectroscopic, electrochemical, and DFT studies. Porphyrins 1 and 1 a were able to detect CN- , F- , and ClO4 - ions selectively over the tested set of anions even at ppm level. Interestingly, the addition of ClO4 - ions resulted in fluorescence quenching (turn off) whereas the addition of F- or CN- resulted in fluorescence enhancement (turn on). Notably, the TFA addition resulted in fluorescence quenching, whereas the fluorescence enhancement was observed while adding TBAOH. The higher association constant (Ka ) values with anions, lower detection limit, and shifts in redox potentials are due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the -COOCH3 group at the para-position of the meso-phenyl ring. This electron-withdrawing nature is crucial for the higher affinity towards anions. The anion sensing description in this article may not only unveil the built-in nature of N-confused porphyrins, but may also provide a general proposal for the development of novel anion sensors based on porphyrinoids. The electron-deficient porphyrin framework, large polarisable π-system, and anion binding through the outer NH or a combination of the above factors serve as a foundation for N-confused porphyrin to act as an anion sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Izawa M, Suito T, Ishida SI, Shimizu D, Tanaka T, Mori T, Osuka A. Figure-eight Octaphyrin Bis-Ge(IV) Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, Aromaticity, and Chiroptical Properties. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1440-1448. [PMID: 32119191 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly twisted structures of expanded porphyrin provide a prominent basis to unravel the relationship between aromaticity and chirality. Here we report the synthesis of bis-Ge(IV) complexes of [38]octaphyrin that display rigid figure-eight structures. Two bis-Ge(IV) [38]octaphyrin isomers with respect to the stereochemistry of the axial hydroxy groups on the germanium ions were obtained and found to be aromatic. Upon oxidation with MnO2 , these [38]octaphyrin complexes were converted to a single syn-type isomer of [36]octaphyrin with retained figure-eight conformation. The enantiomers have been successfully separated by HPLC equipped with a chiral stationary phase. While aromatic [38]octaphyrin Ge(IV) complexes showed quite large molar circular dichroism of up to Δϵ=1500 M-1 cm-1 with a dissymmetry factor gabs of 0.035, weakly antiaromatic [36]octaphyrin Ge(IV) complexes underscored moderate values; Δϵ=540 M-1 cm-1 with gabs of 0.023. Thus, the figure-eight octaphyrin scaffold has been proved to be an attractive platform for novel chiroptical materials with tunable aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondo Izawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taisuke Suito
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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