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Repetowski P, Warszyńska M, Kostecka A, Pucelik B, Barzowska A, Emami A, İşci Ü, Dumoulin F, Dąbrowski JM. Synthesis, Photo-Characterizations, and Pre-Clinical Studies on Advanced Cellular and Animal Models of Zinc(II) and Platinum(II) Sulfonyl-Substituted Phthalocyanines for Enhanced Vascular-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39241197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
Two phthalocyanine derivatives tetra-peripherally substituted with tert-butylsulfonyl groups and coordinating either zinc(II) or platinum(II) ions have been synthesized and subsequently investigated in terms of their optical and photochemical properties, as well as biological activity in cellular, tissue-engineered, and animal models. Our research has revealed that both synthesized phthalocyanines are effective generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PtSO2tBu demonstrated an outstanding ability to generate singlet oxygen (ΦΔ = 0.87-0.99), while ZnSO2tBu in addition to 1O2 (ΦΔ = 0.45-0.48) generated efficiently other ROS, in particular ·OH. Considering future biomedical applications, the affinity of the tested phthalocyanines for biological membranes (partition coefficient; log Pow) and their primary interaction with serum albumin were also determined. To facilitate their biological administration, a water-dispersible formulation of these phthalocyanines was developed using Pluronic triblock copolymers to prevent self-aggregation and improve their delivery to cancer cells and tissues. The results showed a significant increase in cellular uptake and phototoxicity when phthalocyanines were incorporated into the customizable polymeric micelles. Moreover, the improved distribution in the body and photodynamic efficacy of the encapsulated phthalocyanines were investigated in hiPSC-delivered organoids and BALB/c mice bearing CT26 tumors. Both photosensitizers exhibit strong antitumor activity. Notably, vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (V-PDT) led to complete tumor eradication in 84% of ZnSO2tBu and 100% of PtSO2tBu-treated mice, and no recurrence has so far been observed for up to five months after treatment. In the case of PtSO2tBu, the effect was significantly stronger, offering a wider range of light doses suitable for achieving effective PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Repetowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-348, Poland
| | - Marta Warszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-348, Poland
| | - Anna Kostecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Barbara Pucelik
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network─Kraków Institute of Technology, Kraków 30-418, Poland
| | - Agata Barzowska
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network─Kraków Institute of Technology, Kraków 30-418, Poland
| | - Atefeh Emami
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, Istanbul 34752, Türkiye
| | - Ümit İşci
- Faculty of Technology, Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Türkiye
| | - Fabienne Dumoulin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, Istanbul 34752, Türkiye
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Şahin Z, Önal E, Ali LMA, Durand D, Emami A, Touré M, İşci U, Gary-Bobo M, Cammas-Marion S, Dumoulin F. Nanoencapsulation of a Far-Red Absorbing Phthalocyanine into Poly(benzylmalate) Biopolymers and Modulation of Their Photodynamic Efficiency. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3261-3270. [PMID: 38752976 PMCID: PMC11170942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Two different poly(benzylmalate) biopolymers, a hydrophobic non-PEGylated (PMLABe73) and an amphiphilic PEGylated derivative (PEG42-b-PMLABe73), have been used to encapsulate a phthalocyanine chosen for its substitution pattern that is highly suitable for photodynamic therapy. Different phthalocyanine/(co)polymers ratios have been used for the nanoprecipitation. A set of six nanoparticles has been obtained. If the amphiphilic PEGylated copolymer proved to be slightly more efficient for the encapsulation and to lower the aggregation of the phthalocyanine inside the nanoparticles, it is, however, the hydrophobic PMLABe73-based nanoparticles that exhibited the best photodynamic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynel Şahin
- Faculty
of Technology, Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emel Önal
- Faculty
of Engineering, Doğuş University, Ümraniye, 34775 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Lamiaa M. A. Ali
- IBMM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Department
of Biochemistry Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, 21561 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Denis Durand
- IBMM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Atefeh Emami
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Department, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, 34752 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Marie Touré
- IBMM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Umit İşci
- Faculty
of Technology, Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Sandrine Cammas-Marion
- Univ
Rennes,
ENSCR, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de
Rennes)—UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
- INSERM,
INRAE, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer),
U1317, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabienne Dumoulin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Department, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, 34752 Istanbul, Türkiye
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Vermathen M, Kämpfer T, Nuoffer JM, Vermathen P. Intracellular Fate of the Photosensitizer Chlorin e4 with Different Carriers and Induced Metabolic Changes Studied by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2324. [PMID: 37765292 PMCID: PMC10537485 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs) and their nano-sized polymer-based carrier systems are required to exhibit low dark toxicity, avoid side effects, and ensure high in vivo tolerability. Yet, little is known about the intracellular fate of PSs during the dark incubation period and how it is affected by nanoparticles. In a systematic study, high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy combined with statistical analyses was used to study the metabolic profile of cultured HeLa cells treated with different concentrations of PS chlorin e4 (Ce4) alone or encapsulated in carrier systems. For the latter, either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or the micelle-forming polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polypropylene glycol triblock copolymer Kolliphor P188 (KP) were used. Diffusion-edited spectra indicated Ce4 membrane localization evidenced by Ce4 concentration-dependent chemical shift perturbation of the cellular phospholipid choline resonance. The effect was also visible in the presence of KP and PVP but less pronounced. The appearance of the PEG resonance in the cell spectra pointed towards cell internalization of KP, whereas no conclusion could be drawn for PVP that remained NMR-invisible. Multivariate statistical analyses of the cell spectra (PCA, PLS-DA, and oPLS) revealed a concentration-dependent metabolic response upon exposure to Ce4 that was attenuated by KP and even more by PVP. Significant Ce4-concentration-dependent alterations were mainly found for metabolites involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the phosphatidylcholine metabolism. The data underline the important protective role of the polymeric carriers following cell internalization. Moreover, to our knowledge, for the first time, the current study allowed us to trace intracellular PS localization on an atomic level by NMR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Tobias Kämpfer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vermathen
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Gergely LP, Yüceel Ç, İşci Ü, Spadin FS, Schneider L, Spingler B, Frenz M, Dumoulin F, Vermathen M. Comparing PVP and Polymeric Micellar Formulations of a PEGylated Photosensitizing Phthalocyanine by NMR and Optical Techniques. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4165-4183. [PMID: 37493236 PMCID: PMC10410667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are ideal candidates as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer due to their favorable chemical and photophysical properties. However, their tendency to form aggregates in water reduces PDT efficacy and poses challenges in obtaining efficient forms of phthalocyanines for therapeutic applications. In the current work, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and micellar formulations were compared for encapsulating and monomerizing a water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine bearing four non-peripheral triethylene glycol chains (Pc1). 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that Pc1 exists as a mixture of regioisomers in monomeric form in dimethyl sulfoxide but forms dimers in an aqueous buffer. PVP, polyethylene glycol castor oil (Kolliphor RH40), and three different triblock copolymers with varying proportions of polyethylene and polypropylene glycol units (termed P188, P84, and F127) were tested as micellar carriers for Pc1. 1H NMR chemical shift analysis, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, and 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy was applied to monitor the encapsulation and localization of Pc1 at the polymer interface. Kolliphor RH40 and F127 micelles exhibited the highest affinity for encapsulating Pc1 in the micellar core and resulted in intense Pc1 fluorescence emission as well as efficient singlet oxygen formation along with PVP. Among the triblock copolymers, efficiency in binding and dimer dissolution decreased in the order F127 > P84 > P188. PVP was a strong binder for Pc1. However, Pc1 molecules are rather surface-attached and exist as monomer and dimer mixtures. The results demonstrate that NMR combined with optical spectroscopy offer powerful tools to assess parameters like drug binding, localization sites, and dynamic properties that play key roles in achieving high host-guest compatibility. With the corresponding adjustments, polymeric micelles can offer simple and easily accessible drug delivery systems optimizing phthalocyanines' properties as efficient photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea P. Gergely
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Çiğdem Yüceel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Gebze Technical
University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ümit İşci
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Marmara
University, Faculty of Technology, Department
of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | | | - Lukas Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Dumoulin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Department, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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Akkoç B, Samsunlu T, Işık Ş, Özçeşmeci M, Atmaca GY, Erdoğmuş A, Serhatlı M, Hamuryudan E. Pegylated metal-free and zinc(II) phthalocyanines: synthesis, photophysicochemical properties and in vitro photodynamic activities against head, neck and colon cancer cell lines. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10136-10147. [PMID: 35734907 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00704e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of peripherally and non-peripherally tetra-substituted metal-free and zinc(II) phthalocyanines were successfully prepared in good yields by cyclotetramerization of the phthalonitrile derivative bearing a tetraethylene glycol methyl ether group at 3- and 4- positions. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods, such as FT-IR, NMR, mass and UV-Vis spectroscopy. To determine the therapeutic potential of the synthesized phthalocyanines, the effects of the substitution pattern (peripheral and non-peripheral) and central metal atom on the photophysicochemical properties were investigated. When comparing their singlet oxygen generation capabilities (ΦΔ), metallo-phthalocyanine derivatives with zinc (0.73 for 1b and 0.70 for 2b) showed higher singlet oxygen yield than metal-free derivatives (0.21 for 1a and 0.12 for 2a) in DMSO. The photodynamic therapy activities of the water-soluble phthalocyanines were tested via in vitro studies using the A253, FaDu (head and neck cancer cell lines), and HT29 (colon cancer) cell lines. The strongest photodynamic activity was found in 1b and 2b molecules with a metal core among the four molecules studied. The results suggested that the non-peripherally tetra-substituted 1b molecule was regarded as a suitable photodynamic therapy agent due to its light cytotoxicity and secondary impact induced by ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Akkoç
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Taylan Samsunlu
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Şeyma Işık
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute GEBI, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center MRC, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, 34684, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Özçeşmeci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Göknur Yaşa Atmaca
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, 34210, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Erdoğmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, 34210, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Müge Serhatlı
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute GEBI, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center MRC, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Esin Hamuryudan
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bielas R, Maksym P, Tarnacka M, Minecka A, Jurkiewicz K, Talik A, Geppert-Rybczyńska M, Grelska J, Mielańczyk Ł, Bernat R, Kamiński K, Paluch M, Kamińska E. Synthetic strategy matters: The study of a different kind of PVP as micellar vehicles of metronidazole. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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7
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Gjuroski I, Furrer J, Vermathen M. Probing the Interactions of Porphyrins with Macromolecules Using NMR Spectroscopy Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:1942. [PMID: 33808335 PMCID: PMC8037866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic compounds are widespread in nature and play key roles in biological processes such as oxygen transport in blood, enzymatic redox reactions or photosynthesis. In addition, both naturally derived as well as synthetic porphyrinic compounds are extensively explored for biomedical and technical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photovoltaic systems, respectively. Their unique electronic structures and photophysical properties make this class of compounds so interesting for the multiple functions encountered. It is therefore not surprising that optical methods are typically the prevalent analytical tool applied in characterization and processes involving porphyrinic compounds. However, a wealth of complementary information can be obtained from NMR spectroscopic techniques. Based on the advantage of providing structural and dynamic information with atomic resolution simultaneously, NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying molecular interactions between porphyrinic compounds and macromolecules. Such interactions are of special interest in medical applications of porphyrinic photosensitizers that are mostly combined with macromolecular carrier systems. The macromolecular surrounding typically stabilizes the encapsulated drug and may also modify its physical properties. Moreover, the interaction with macromolecular physiological components needs to be explored to understand and control mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on such non-covalent interactions of porphyrinic drugs with synthetic polymers as well as with biomolecules such as phospholipids or proteins. A brief introduction into various NMR spectroscopic techniques is given including chemical shift perturbation methods, NOE enhancement spectroscopy, relaxation time measurements and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy. How these NMR tools are used to address porphyrin-macromolecule interactions with respect to their function in biomedical applications is the central point of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.G.); (J.F.)
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