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Soy R, Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. The photodynamic activity properties of a series of structurally analogous tetraarylporphyrin, chlorin and N-confused porphyrin dyes and their Sn(IV) complexes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103815. [PMID: 37777078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of tetraarylporphyrin, -chlorin and N-confused porphyrin dyes with 4‑methoxy‑meso-aryl rings (1-Por, 1-Chl and 1-NCP) and their Sn(IV) complexes (1-SnPor, 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP) have been synthesized and characterized. The heavy atom effect of the Sn(IV) ion results in relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield values of 0.67, 0.71 and 0.85 for 1-SnPor, 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP, respectively. The photodynamic activities of 1-Por, 1-Chl, 1-NCP, 1-SnPor, 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP were determined against MCF-7 breast cancer cells through illumination with Thorlabs 625 or 660 nm (240 or 280 mW.cm-2) light emitting diodes (LEDs) for 20 min. The IC50 values for 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP lie between 1.4 - 6.1 and 1.6 - 4.8 µM upon photoirradiation with the 660 and 625 nm LEDs, respectively, while higher values of >10 µM were obtained for 1-SnPor and the free base dyes. In a similar manner, 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP were found to also have significantly higher photodynamic antimicrobial activity against planktonic Gram-(+) Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-(-) Escherichia coli bacteria than the other dyes studied. Upon illumination with Thorlabs 625 and 660 nm LEDs for 75 min, Log10 reduction values of 7.62 and > 2.40-3.69 were obtained with 1 and 5 µM solutions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodah Soy
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, SRM University - AP, Amaravati 522502, India
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Soy R, Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. The Photodynamic Anticancer and Antibacterial Activity Properties of a Series of meso-Tetraarylchlorin Dyes and Their Sn(IV) Complexes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104030. [PMID: 37241769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of tetraarylchlorins with 3-methoxy-, 4-hydroxy- and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl meso-aryl rings (1-3-Chl) and their Sn(IV) complexes (1-3-SnChl) were synthesized and characterized so that their potential utility as photosensitizer dyes for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) can be assessed. The photophysicochemical properties of the dyes were assessed prior to in vitro PDT activity studies against MCF-7 breast cancer cells through irradiation with Thorlabs 625 or 660 nm LED for 20 min (240 or 280 mW·cm-2). PACT activity studies were performed against both planktonic bacteria and biofilms of Gram-(+) S. aureus and Gram-(-) E. coli upon irradiation with Thorlabs 625 and 660 nm LEDs for 75 min. The heavy atom effect of the Sn(IV) ion results in relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield values of 0.69-0.71 for 1-3-SnChl. Relatively low IC50 values between 1.1-4.1 and 3.8-9.4 µM were obtained for the 1-3-SnChl series with the Thorlabs 660 and 625 nm LEDs, respectively, during the PDT activity studies. 1-3-SnChl were also found to exhibit significant PACT activity against planktonic S. aureus and E. coli with Log10 reduction values of 7.65 and >3.0, respectively. The results demonstrate that the Sn(IV) complexes of tetraarylchlorins merit further in depth study as photosensitizers in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodah Soy
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, India
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Wu Klingler W, Giger N, Schneider L, Babu V, König C, Spielmann P, Wenger RH, Ferrari S, Spingler B. Low-Dose Near-Infrared Light-Activated Mitochondria-Targeting Photosensitizers for PDT Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179525. [PMID: 36076920 PMCID: PMC9455738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are promising candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their absorption in the phototherapeutic window. However, the highly aromatic Pc core leads to undesired aggregation and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, short PEG chain functionalized A3B type asymmetric Pc photosensitizers (PSs) were designed in order to decrease aggregation and increase the aqueous solubility. Here we report the synthesis, characterization, optical properties, cellular localization, and cytotoxicity of three novel Pc-based agents (LC31, MLC31, and DMLC31Pt). The stepwise functionalization of the peripheral moieties has a strong effect on the distribution coefficient (logP), cellular uptake, and localization, as well as photocytotoxicity. Additional experiments have revealed that the presence of the malonic ester moiety in the reported agent series is indispensable in order to induce photocytotoxicity. The best-performing agent, MLC31, showed mitochondrial targeting and an impressive phototoxic index (p.i.) of 748 in the cisplatin-resistant A2780/CP70 cell line, after a low-dose irradiation of 6.95 J/cm2. This is the result of a high photocytotoxicity (IC50 = 157 nM) upon irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light, and virtually no toxicity in the dark (IC50 = 117 μM). Photocytotoxicity was subsequently determined under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, a preliminarily pathway investigation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption and induction of apoptosis by MLC31 was carried out. Our results underline how agent design involving both hydrophilic and lipophilic peripheral groups may serve as an effective way to improve the PDT efficiency of highly aromatic PSs for NIR light-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wu Klingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Giger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vipin Babu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane König
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Spielmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland H. Wenger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (B.S.); Tel.: +41-44-635-46-56 (B.S.)
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (B.S.); Tel.: +41-44-635-46-56 (B.S.)
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Dingiswayo S, Burgess K, Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photodynamic Antitumor and Antimicrobial Activities of Free-Base Tetra(4-methylthiolphenyl)chlorin and Its Tin(IV) Complex. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200115. [PMID: 35604018 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meso-tetra(4-methylthiolphenyl)chlorin (3) and its Sn(IV) complex (3-Sn) have been synthesized and characterized. The heavy atom effects of the Sn(IV) ion and sulfur atoms result in relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield values of 0.40 and 0.48. The photodynamic activities against MCF-7 breast cancer cells were determined through irradiation with a Thorlabs 660 nm LED for 30 min (280 mW.cm-2). IC50 values of 7.8 and 3.9 μM were obtained, respectively. 3-Sn was found to have significant photodynamic antimicrobial activity against both gram-(+) S. aureus and gram-(-) E. coli bacteria upon irradiation with a Thorlabs 660 nm LED for 75 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somila Dingiswayo
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Kristen Burgess
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
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Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. A Sn( iv) porphyrin with mitochondria targeting properties for enhanced photodynamic activity against MCF-7 cells. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A Sn(iv) porphyrin with a mitochondria targeting triphenylphosphonium moiety has a high ΦΔ value (ca. 0.72) and does not aggregate in aqueous solution. The dye exhibits favorable photodynamic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 2.9 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Niu Y, Wang L, Guo Y, Zhu W, Soy R, Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T, Xu HJ, Liang X. GaIIItriarylcorroles with Push-Pull Substitutions: Synthesis, Electronic Structure and Biomedical Applications. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10543-10551. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01262f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two A2B type H3corroles and two GaIIItriarylcorroles with carbazole substitutions at 10-positions were synthesized and characterized. An analysis of structure-property relationships of the corroles have been carried out by investigating...
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photodynamic activity of Sn(IV) tetrathien-2-ylchlorin against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2177-2182. [PMID: 33496304 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03958f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new readily-synthesized Sn(iv) tetraarylchlorin with thien-2-yl substituents (SnC) has been prepared and fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and its photophysical and photochemical properties, such as the singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ), fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF), triplet lifetime (τT) and photostability, have been evaluated. SnC has an unusually high ΦΔ value of 0.89 in DMF. Studies on the photodynamic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells exhibited a very low IC50 value of 0.9 μM and high phototoxicity (dark versus light) indices of >27.8 after irradiation with a 660 nm Thorlabs LED (280 mW cm-2). The results demonstrate that Sn(iv) tetraarylchlorins of this type are suitable candidates for further in-depth PDT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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Abstract
Abstract
The rapid expansion of photoredox catalysis and artificial photosynthesis has garnered renewed interest in the field of photochemistry. While porphyrins have been widely utilized for a variety of photochemical applications, corrole photochemistry remains underexplored, despite an exponential growth in corrole chemistry. Indeed, less than 4% of all corrole-related publications have studied the photochemistry of these molecules. Since corroles exhibit chemical properties that are distinct from porphyrins and related macrocycles, it is likely that this divergence would also be observed in their photochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the extant corrole photochemistry literature. Corroles primarily serve as photosensitizers that transfer energy or an electron to molecular oxygen to form singlet oxygen or superoxide, respectively. While both of these reactive oxygen species can be used to drive chemical reactions, they can also be exploited for photodynamic therapy to treat cancer and other diseases. Although direct photochemical activation of metal–ligand bonds has been less explored, corroles mediate a variety of transformations, particularly oxygen atom transfer reactions. Together, these examples illustrate the diversity of corrole photochemistry and suggest that there are many additional applications yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Lemon
- Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science , Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , CA, 94720, USA
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