Recent Progress on Chiral Carbon Dots: Synthetic Strategies and Biomedical Applications

The discovery of chiral carbon dots (Ch-CDs) has opened up an exciting new research direction in the field of carbon dots. It not only retains the chirality of the precursor and exhibits highly symmetric chiral optical properties but also has properties such as chemical stability, antibacterial and antitumor properties, and good biocompatibility of carbon dots. Based on these advantages, the application of Ch-CDs in the biomedical field has attracted significant interest among researchers. However, a comprehensive review of the selection of precursors for Ch-CDs, preparation methods, and applications in biomedical fields is still lacking. Here, we summarize their precursor selection and preparation methods based on recent reports on Ch-CDs and provide the first comprehensive review for specific applications in biomedical engineering, such as biosensing, bioimaging, drug carriers, antibacterial and antibiofilm, and enzyme activity modulation. Finally, we discuss application prospects and challenges that need to be overcome. We hope this review will provide valuable guidance for researchers to prepare novel Ch-CDs and facilitate their application in biomedical engineering.

DNA-caged nanoparticles via electrostatic self-assembly

DNA-modified nanoparticles enable DNA sensing and therapeutics in nanomedicine and are also crucial for nanoparticle self-assembly with DNA-based materials. However, methods to conjugate DNA to nanoparticle surfaces are limited, inefficient, and lack control. Inspired by DNA tile nanotechnology, we demonstrate a new approach to nanoparticle modification based on electrostatic attraction between negatively charged DNA tiles and positively charged nanoparticles. This approach does not disrupt nanoparticle surfaces and leverages the programmability of DNA nanotechnology to control DNA presentation. We demonstrated this approach using a vareity of nanoparticles, including polymeric micelles, polystyrene beads, gold nanoparticles, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5-20 nm in diameter. DNA cage formation was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), neutralization of zeta potential, and a series of fluorescence experiments. DNA cages present "handle" sequences that can be used for reversible target attachment or self-assembly. Handle functionality was verified in solution, at the solid-liquid interface, and inside fixed cells, corresponding to applications in biosensing, DNA microarrays, and erasable immunocytochemistry. These experiments demonstrate the versatility of the electrostatic DNA caging approach and provide a new pathway to nanoparticle modification with DNA that will empower further applications of these materials in medicine and materials science.

Bio-distribution of Carbon Nanoparticles Studied by Photoacoustic Measurements

Carbon-based nanomaterials are promising for a wide range of biomedical applications, i.e. drug delivery, therapy, and imaging including photoacoustic tomography, where they can serve as contrast agents, biocompatibility and biodistribution of which should be assessed before clinical setting. In this paper, localization of carbon flurooxide nanoparticles, carbon nanodots from β-alanine, carbon nanodots from urea and citric acid and glucose-ethylenediamine nanoparticles (NPs) in organs of Wistar rats were studied by photoacoustic measurements after 24 h of their intravenous injection. 16 ns light pulse from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with 1064 nm wavelength was used as an excitation source. The laser-induced photoacoustic signals were recorded with a ring piezoelectric detector. Light absorption by carbon NPs resulted in noticeable enhancement of the photoacoustic amplitude in the tissues where the NPs were accumulated. The NPs were preferably accumulated in liver, kidneys and spleen, and to a lesser extent in heart and gastrocnemius muscles. Together with remarkable fluorescent properties of the studied carbon nanomaterials, their photoacoustic responses allow their application for bi-modal fluorescence-photoacoustic bio-imaging.

The ability of carbon nanoparticles to increase transmembrane current of cations coincides with impaired synaptic neurotransmission

Here, carbon nanodots synthesized from β-alanine (Ala-CDs) and detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) were assessed using (1) radiolabeled excitatory neurotransmitters L-[¹⁴C]glutamate, D-[2,3³H]aspartate, and inhibitory ones [³H]GABA, [³H]glycine for registration of their extracellular concentrations in rat cortex nerve terminals; (2) the fluorescent ratiometric probe NR12S and pH-sensitive probe acridine orange for registration of the membrane lipid order and synaptic vesicle acidification, respectively; (3) suspended bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) to monitor changes in transmembrane current. In nerve terminals, Ala-CDs and NDs increased the extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitters and decreased acidification of synaptic vesicles, whereas have not changed sufficiently the lipid order of membrane. Both nanoparticles, Ala-CDs and NDs, were capable of increasing the conductance of the BLM by inducing stable potential-dependent cation-selective pores. Introduction of divalent cations, Zn²⁺ or Cd²⁺ on the particles` application side (cis-side) increased the rate of Ala-CDs pore-formation in the BLM. The application of positive potential (+100 mV) to the cis-chamber with Ala-CDs or NDs also activated the insertion as compared with the negative potential (-100 mV). The Ala-CD pores exhibited a wide-range distribution of conductances between 10 and 60 pS and consecutive increase in conductance of each major peak by ~10 pS, which suggest the clustering of the same basic ion-conductive structure. NDs also formed ion-conductive pores ranging from 6 pS to 60 pS with the major peak of conductance at ~12 pS in cholesterol-containing membrane. Observed Ala-CDs and NDs-induced increase in transmembrane current coincides with disturbance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter transport in nerve terminals.

Biocompatible nitrogen-doped carbon dots: synthesis, characterization, and application

Carbon dots (CDs) are promising materials for biomedical applications owing to their unique properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The current studies on CDs are focused on improving their functionality by modulating their electronic structure, which helps in controlling their chemical, optical, and electrical properties. Doping with heteroatoms is a typical approach for modulating the electronic structure of CDs. In particular, there has been considerable progress in nitrogen-doped CDs for improving their potential for various biomedical applications, including optical imaging, drug delivery, and light-mediated imaging/therapeutic applications such as photoacoustic imaging, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy. In this review, the important features of nitrogen-doped CDs are discussed along with the recent studies on these materials and their prospects.

Magnetic quantum dots in biotechnology--synthesis and applications

Quantum dots (QDs) have great promise in biological imaging, and as this promise is realized, there has been increasing interest in combining the benefits of QDs with those of other materials to yield composites with multifunctional properties. One of the most common materials combined with QDs is magnetic materials, either as ions (e.g. gadolinium) or as nanoparticles (e.g. superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, SPIONs). The fluorescent property of the QDs permits visualization, whereas the magnetic property of the composite enables imaging, magnetic separation, and may even have therapeutic benefit. In this review, the synthesis of fluorescent-magnetic nanoparticles, including magnetic QDs is explored; and the applications of these materials in imaging, separations, and theranostics are discussed. As the properties of these materials continue to improve, QDs have the potential to greatly impact biological imaging, diagnostics, and treatment.