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Unnikrishnan K, Thomas LV, Ram Kumar RM. Advancement of Scaffold-Based 3D Cellular Models in Cancer Tissue Engineering: An Update. Front Oncol 2021; 11:733652. [PMID: 34760696 PMCID: PMC8573168 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.733652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of traditional cancer treatments has resulted in an increased need for new clinical techniques. Standard two-dimensional (2D) models used to validate drug efficacy and screening have a low in vitro-in vivo translation potential. Recreating the in vivo tumor microenvironment at the three-dimensional (3D) level is essential to resolve these limitations in the 2D culture and improve therapy results. The physical and mechanical environments of 3D culture allow cancer cells to expand in a heterogeneous manner, adopt different phenotypes, gene and protein profiles, and develop metastatic potential and drug resistance similar to human tumors. The current application of 3D scaffold culture systems based on synthetic polymers or selected extracellular matrix components promotes signalling, survival, and cancer cell proliferation. This review will focus on the recent advancement of numerous 3D-based scaffold models for cancer tissue engineering, which will increase the predictive ability of preclinical studies and significantly improve clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Unnikrishnan
- Department of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Lynda Velutheril Thomas
- Division of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Technology, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Ram Mohan Ram Kumar
- Department of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Shao Y, Shen Y, Chen T, Xu F, Chen X, Zheng S. The functions and clinical applications of tumor-derived exosomes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60736-60751. [PMID: 27517627 PMCID: PMC5312416 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/1969] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm. They can be secreted by all cell types and transfer information in the form of their contents, which include proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, to other cells throughout the body. They have roles in normal physiological processes as well as in disease development. Here, we review recent findings regarding tumor-derived exosomes, including methods for their extraction and preservation. We also describe the actions of exosomes in tumorigenesis. The exosomal antigen-presenting effect during antitumor immune responses and its suppressive function in immune tolerance are discussed. Finally, we describe the potential application of exosomes to cancer therapy and liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkuan Shao
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanwei Shen
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuewen Chen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
The pre-metastatic niche — the accumulation of aberrant immune cells and extracellular matrix proteins in target organs — primes the initially healthy organ microenvironment and renders it amenable for subsequent metastatic cell colonization. By attracting metastatic cancer cells, mimics of the pre-metastatic niche offer both diagnostic and therapeutic potential. However, deconstructing the complexity of the niche by identifying the interactions between cell populations and the mediatory roles of the immune system, soluble factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and stromal cells has proved challenging. Experimental models need to recapitulate niche-population biology in situ and mediate in vivo tumour-cell homing, colonization and proliferation. In this Review, we outline the biology of the pre-metastatic niche and discuss advances in engineered niche-mimicking biomaterials that regulate the behaviour of tumour cells at an implant site. Such oncomaterials offer strategies for early detection of metastatic events, inhibiting the formation of the pre-metastatic niche, and attenuating metastatic progression.
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Guller A, Grebenyuk P, Shekhter A, Zvyagin A, Deyev SM. Bioreactor-Based Tumor Tissue Engineering. Acta Naturae 2016; 8:44-58. [PMID: 27795843 PMCID: PMC5081698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on modeling of cancer tumors using tissue engineering technology. Tumor tissue engineering (TTE) is a new method of three-dimensional (3D) simulation of malignant neoplasms. Design and development of complex tissue engineering constructs (TECs) that include cancer cells, cell-bearing scaffolds acting as the extracellular matrix, and other components of the tumor microenvironment is at the core of this approach. Although TECs can be transplanted into laboratory animals, the specific aim of TTE is the most realistic reproduction and long-term maintenance of the simulated tumor properties in vitro for cancer biology research and for the development of new methods of diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms. Successful implementation of this challenging idea depends on bioreactor technology, which will enable optimization of culture conditions and control of tumor TECs development. In this review, we analyze the most popular bioreactor types in TTE and the emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Guller
- Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 8, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119992, Russia
- Lobachevsky Nizhniy Novgorod State University, 23, Gagarina Ave., Nizhniy Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | | | - A.B. Shekhter
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 8, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - A.V. Zvyagin
- Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 8, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119992, Russia
- Lobachevsky Nizhniy Novgorod State University, 23, Gagarina Ave., Nizhniy Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - S. M. Deyev
- Lobachevsky Nizhniy Novgorod State University, 23, Gagarina Ave., Nizhniy Novgorod, 603950, Russia
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, 117871, Russia
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenina Ave., Tomsk, 634050, Russia
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