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Dhurjad P, Jaiswal P, Gupta K, Wanjari P, Sonti R. Mass spectrometry: A key tool in anti‐doping. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Parita Wanjari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
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Sharma A, Tok AIY, Alagappan P, Liedberg B. Point of care testing of sports biomarkers: Potential applications, recent advances and future outlook. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Heuberger JAAC, van Eenoo P, Rotmans JI, Gal P, Stuurman FE, Post TE, Daniels JMA, Ram H, de Hon O, Burggraaf J, Cohen AF. Sensitivity and specificity of detection methods for erythropoietin doping in cyclists. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1290-1301. [PMID: 31232530 PMCID: PMC6790592 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is used as doping a substance. Anti‐doping efforts include urine and blood testing and monitoring the athlete biological passport (ABP). As data on the performance of these methods are incomplete, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of two common urine assays and the ABP. In a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial, 48 trained cyclists received a mean dose of 6000 IU rHuEPO (epoetin β) or placebo by weekly injection for eight weeks. Seven timed urine and blood samples were collected per subject. Urine samples were analyzed by sarcosyl‐PAGE and isoelectric focusing methods in the accredited DoCoLab in Ghent. A selection of samples, including any with false presumptive findings, underwent a second sarcosyl‐PAGE confirmation analysis. Hematological parameters were used to construct a module similar to the ABP and analyzed by two evaluators from an Athlete Passport Management Unit. Sensitivity of the sarcosyl‐PAGE and isoelectric focusing assays for the detection of erythropoietin abuse were 63.8% and 58.6%, respectively, with a false presumptive finding rate of 4.3% and 6%. None of the false presumptive findings tested positive in the confirmation analysis. Sensitivity was highest between 2 and 6 days after dosing, and dropped rapidly outside this window. Sensitivity of the ABP was 91.3%. Specificity of the urine assays was high; however, the detection window of rHuEPO was narrow, leading to questionable sensitivity. The ABP, integrating longitudinal data, is more sensitive, but there are still subjects that evade detection. Combining these methods might improve performance, but will not resolve all observed shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joris I Rotmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pim Gal
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Titiaan E Post
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johannes M A Daniels
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Herman Ram
- Anti-Doping Authority the Netherlands, Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands
| | - Olivier de Hon
- Anti-Doping Authority the Netherlands, Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adam F Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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Bailey K, Yazdi T, Masharani U, Tyrrell B, Butch A, Schaufele F. Advantages and Limitations of Androgen Receptor-Based Methods for Detecting Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse as Performance Enhancing Drugs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151860. [PMID: 26998755 PMCID: PMC4801337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone (T) and related androgens are performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) abused by some athletes to gain competitive advantage. To monitor unauthorized androgen abuse, doping control programs use mass spectrometry (MS) to detect androgens, synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) and their metabolites in an athlete’s urine. AASs of unknown composition will not be detected by these procedures. Since AASs achieve their anabolic effects by activating the Androgen Receptor (AR), cell-based bioassays that measure the effect of a urine sample on AR activity are under investigation as complementary, pan-androgen detection methods. We evaluated an AR BioAssay as a monitor for androgen activity in urine pre-treated with glucuronidase, which releases T from the inactive T-glucuronide that predominates in urine. AR BioAssay activity levels were expressed as ‘T-equivalent’ concentrations by comparison to a T dose response curve. The T-equivalent concentrations of androgens in the urine of hypogonadal participants supplemented with T (in whom all androgenic activity should arise from T) were quantitatively identical to the T measurements conducted by MS at the UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory (0.96 ± 0.22). All 17 AASs studied were active in the AR BioAssay; other steroids were inactive. 12 metabolites of 10 commonly abused AASs, which are used for MS monitoring of AAS doping because of their prolonged presence in urine, had reduced or no AR BioAssay activity. Thus, the AR BioAssay can accurately and inexpensively monitor T, but its ability to monitor urinary AASs will be limited to a period immediately following doping in which the active AASs remain intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Bailey
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tahmineh Yazdi
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Umesh Masharani
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Blake Tyrrell
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony Butch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fred Schaufele
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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5
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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de Hon O, Kuipers H, van Bottenburg M. Prevalence of Doping Use in Elite Sports: A Review of Numbers and Methods. Sports Med 2014; 45:57-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Deventer K, Pozo O, Verstraete A, Van Eenoo P. Dilute-and-shoot-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for urine analysis in doping control and analytical toxicology. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ma P, Kanizaj N, Chan SA, Ollis DL, McLeod MD. The Escherichia coli glucuronylsynthase promoted synthesis of steroid glucuronides: improved practicality and broader scope. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6208-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00984c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Steroid glucuronides can be quickly and conveniently prepared on the milligram scale using theE. coliglucuronylsynthase enzyme followed by purification with solid-phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ma
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicholas Kanizaj
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Shu-Ann Chan
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
| | - David L. Ollis
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
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Rogers ML, Boutelle MG. Real-time clinical monitoring of biomolecules. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:427-453. [PMID: 23772662 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of clinical biomarkers offers the exciting possibility of new therapies that use biomarker levels to guide treatment in real time. This review explores recent progress toward this goal. We initially consider measurements in body fluids by a range of analytical methods. We then discuss direct tissue measurements performed by implanted sensors; sampling techniques, including microdialysis and ultrafiltration; and noninvasive methods. A future directions section considers analytical methods at the cusp of clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Rogers
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Technical advances are being made in many areas of biotechnology and genetics that are facilitating the detection of doping in sport. These improvements have been catalyzed by the need to counter the ever-increasing sophistication of the community of athletes and their retinues who are intent on the illicit use of physical, pharmacological and genetic tools and methods to enhance athletic performance, in contravention of established international ethical and legal standards and of international treaty. The methods described in this article present a partial and general picture of only some of these advances.
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Abstract
Historically, dope-testing methods have been developed to target specific and known threats to the integrity of sport. Traditionally, the source of new analytical targets for which testing was required were derived almost exclusively from the pharmaceutical industry. More recently, the emergence of designer drugs, such as tetrahydrogestrinone that are specifically intended to evade detection, or novel chemicals intended to circumvent laws controlling the sale and distribution of recreational drugs, such as anabolic steroids, stimulants and cannabinoids, have become a significant issue. In this review, we shall consider the emergence of designer drugs and the response of dope-testing laboratories to these new threats, in particular developments in analytical methods, instrumentation and research intended to detect their abuse, and we consider the likely future impact of these approaches.
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12
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Ambrosini S, Shinde S, De Lorenzi E, Sellergren B. Glucuronide directed molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction: isolation of testosterone glucuronide from its parent drug in urine. Analyst 2012; 137:249-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15606c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Deventer K, Roels K, Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P. Prevalence of legal and illegal stimulating agents in sports. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peters R, Stolker A, Mol J, Lommen A, Lyris E, Angelis Y, Vonaparti A, Stamou M, Georgakopoulos C, Nielen M. Screening in veterinary drug analysis and sports doping control based on full-scan, accurate-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Tropane alkaloid analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1391-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Current awareness in drug testing and analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010; 1:596-611. [PMID: 20361432 DOI: 10.1002/dta.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Peters RJB, Oosterink JE, Stolker AAM, Georgakopoulos C, Nielen MWF. Generic sample preparation combined with high-resolution liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for unification of urine screening in doping-control laboratories. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2583-98. [PMID: 20155493 PMCID: PMC2841770 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A unification of doping-control screening procedures of prohibited small molecule substances--including stimulants, narcotics, steroids, beta2-agonists and diuretics--is highly urgent in order to free resources for new classes such as banned proteins. Conceptually this may be achieved by the use of a combination of one gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method and one liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. In this work a quantitative screening method using high-resolution liquid chromatography in combination with accurate-mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed and validated for determination of glucocorticosteroids, beta2-agonists, thiazide diuretics, and narcotics and stimulants in urine. To enable the simultaneous isolation of all the compounds of interest and the necessary purification of the resulting extracts, a generic extraction and hydrolysis procedure was combined with a solid-phase extraction modified for these groups of compounds. All 56 compounds are determined using positive electrospray ionisation with the exception of the thiazide diuretics for which the best sensitivity was obtained by using negative electrospray ionisation. The results show that, with the exception of clenhexyl, procaterol, and reproterol, all compounds can be detected below the respective minimum required performance level and the results for linearity, repeatability, within-lab reproducibility, and accuracy show that the method can be used for quantitative screening. If qualitative screening is sufficient the instrumental analysis may be limited to positive ionisation, because all analytes including the thiazides can be detected at the respective minimum required levels in the positive mode. The results show that the application of accurate-mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry in combination with generic extraction and purification procedures is suitable for unification and expansion of the window of screening methods of doping laboratories. Moreover, the full-scan accurate-mass data sets obtained still allow retrospective examination for emerging doping agents, without re-analyzing the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J B Peters
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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