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Parolo C, Idili A, Heikenfeld J, Plaxco KW. Conformational-switch biosensors as novel tools to support continuous, real-time molecular monitoring in lab-on-a-chip devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1339-1348. [PMID: 36655710 PMCID: PMC10799767 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen continued expansion of the functionality of lab on a chip (LOC) devices. Indeed LOCs now provide scientists and developers with useful and versatile platforms across a myriad of chemical and biological applications. The field still fails, however, to integrate an often important element of bench-top analytics: real-time molecular measurements that can be used to "guide" a chemical response. Here we describe the analytical techniques that could provide LOCs with such real-time molecular monitoring capabilities. It appears to us that, among the approaches that are general (i.e., that are independent of the reactive or optical properties of their targets), sensing strategies relying on binding-induced conformational change of bioreceptors are most likely to succeed in such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Parolo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Idili
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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Kavitha A, Doss A, Praveen Pole R, Pushpa Rani TK, Prasad R, Satheesh S. A mini review on plant-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles and their antibacterial potency. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Thomas G, Spitzer D. 3D Core-Shell TiO 2@MnO 2 Nanorod Arrays on Microcantilevers for Enhancing the Detection Sensitivity of Chemical Warfare Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47185-47197. [PMID: 34545744 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured microcantilevers have shown promise for sensing application of molecules in the vapor phase. Nanostructures have improved the molecule capture ability of microcantilevers by highly enhancing the surface of capture. Here, to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of a commercial microcantilever without functionalization, we developed 3D core-shell titanium dioxide@manganese dioxide (TiO2@MnO2) nanorod arrays on a microcantilever, which exhibited a high enhancement in the sensing performance beyond that of 1D nanostructures for the detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate, a simulant of sarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Thomas
- Nanomatériaux pour les Systèmes Sous Sollicitations Extrêmes (NS3E), UMR 3208 ISL/CNRS/UNISTRA, French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis, 5, rue du Général Cassagnou, Saint-Louis 68300, France
| | - Denis Spitzer
- Nanomatériaux pour les Systèmes Sous Sollicitations Extrêmes (NS3E), UMR 3208 ISL/CNRS/UNISTRA, French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis, 5, rue du Général Cassagnou, Saint-Louis 68300, France
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Microcantilever: Dynamical Response for Mass Sensing and Fluid Characterization. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010115. [PMID: 33375431 PMCID: PMC7795892 DOI: 10.3390/s21010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A microcantilever is a suspended micro-scale beam structure supported at one end which can bend and/or vibrate when subjected to a load. Microcantilevers are one of the most fundamental miniaturized devices used in microelectromechanical systems and are ubiquitous in sensing, imaging, time reference, and biological/biomedical applications. They are typically built using micro and nanofabrication techniques derived from the microelectronics industry and can involve microelectronics-related materials, polymeric materials, and biological materials. This work presents a comprehensive review of the rich dynamical response of a microcantilever and how it has been used for measuring the mass and rheological properties of Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluids in real time, in ever-decreasing space and time scales, and with unprecedented resolution.
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Usman A. Nanoparticle enhanced optical biosensing technologies for Prostate Specific Antigen biomarker detection. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2020; 15:122-137. [PMID: 33136544 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2020.3035273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is one of the deadliest forms of Cancer among men. Early screening process for PCa is primarily conducted with the help of a FDA approved biomarker known as Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). The PSA-based screening is challenged with the inability to differentiate between the cancerous PSA and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), resulting in high rates of false-positives. Optical techniques such as optical absorbance, scattering, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and fluorescence have been extensively employed for Cancer diagnostic applications. One of the most important diagnostic applications involves utilization of nanoparticles (NPs) for highly specific, sensitive, rapid, multiplexed, and high performance Cancer detection and quantification. The incorporation of NPs with these optical biosensing techniques allow realization of low cost, point-of-care, highly sensitive, and specific early cancer detection technologies, especially for PCa. In this work, the current state-of-the-art, challenges, and efforts made by the researchers for realization of low cost, point-of-care (POC), highly sensitive, and specific NP enhanced optical biosensing technologies for PCa detection using PSA biomarker are discussed and analyzed.
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Basu AK, Basu A, Bhattacharya S. Micro/Nano fabricated cantilever based biosensor platform: A review and recent progress. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 139:109558. [PMID: 32732024 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent trends in biosensing research have motivated scientists and research professionals to investigate the development of miniaturized bioanalytical devices to make them portable, label-free and smaller in size. The performance of the cantilever-based devices which is one of the very important domains of sensitive field level detection has improved significantly with the development of new micro/nanofabrication technologies and surface functionalization techniques. The cantilevers have scaled down to Nano from micro-level and have become exceptionally sensitive and also have some anomalous associated properties due to the scale. In this review we have discussed about fundamental principles of cantilever operation, detection methods, and previous, present and future approaches of study through cantilever-based sensing platform. Other than that, we have also discussed the past major bio-sensing efforts through micro/nano cantilevers and about recent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviru Kumar Basu
- Design Programme, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India; Microsystems Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India; Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372 Singapore
| | - Adreeja Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, New York, N.Y 11439, USA
| | - Shantanu Bhattacharya
- Design Programme, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India; Microsystems Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India.
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Nanobiotechnology medical applications: Overcoming challenges through innovation. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2018-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Biomedical Nanotechnology (BNT) has rapidly become a revolutionary force that is driving innovation in the medical field. BNT is a subclass of nanotechnology (NT), and often operates in cohort with other subclasses, such as mechanical or electrical NT for the development of diagnostic assays, therapeutic implants, nano-scale imaging systems, and medical machinery. BNT is generating solutions to many conventional challenges through the development of enhanced therapeutic delivery systems, diagnostic techniques, and theranostic therapies. Therapeutically, BNT has generated many novel nanocarriers (NCs) that each express specifically designed physiochemical properties that optimize their desired pharmacokinetic profile. NCs are also being integrated into nanoscale platforms that further enhance their delivery by controlling and prolonging their release profile. Nano-platforms are also proving to be highly efficient in tissue regeneration when combined with the appropriate growth factors. Regarding diagnostics, NCs are being designed to perform targeted delivery of luminescent tags and contrast agents that enhance the NC -aided imaging capabilities and resulting diagnostic accuracy of the presence of diseased cells. This technology has also been advancing the ability for surgeons to practice true precision surgical techniques. Incorporating therapeutic and diagnostic NC-components within a single NC can facilitate both functions, referred to as theranostics, which facilitates real-time in vivo tracking and observation of drug release events via enhanced imaging. Additionally, stimuli-responsive theranostic NCs are quickly developing as vectors for tumor ablation therapies by providing a model that facilitates the location of cancer cells for the application of an external stimulus. Overall, BNT is an interdisciplinary approach towards health care, and has the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for humanity by significantly decreasing the treatment burden for patients, and by providing non-invasive therapeutics that confer enhanced therapeutic efficiency and safety
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Sposito AJ, Kurdekar A, Zhao J, Hewlett I. Application of nanotechnology in biosensors for enhancing pathogen detection. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29528198 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection and identification of pathogenic microorganisms is fundamental to minimizing the spread of infectious disease, and informing clinicians on patient treatment strategies. This need has led to the development of enhanced biosensors that utilize state of the art nanomaterials and nanotechnology, and represent the next generation of diagnostics. A primer on nanoscale biorecognition elements such as, nucleic acids, antibodies, and their synthetic analogs (molecular imprinted polymers), will be presented first. Next the application of various nanotechnologies for biosensor transduction will be discussed, along with the inherent nanoscale phenomenon that leads to their improved performance and capabilities in biosensor systems. A future outlook on characterization and quality assurance, nanotoxicity, and nanomaterial integration into lab-on-a-chip systems will provide the closing thoughts. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Sposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Aditya Kurdekar
- Laboratories for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Anantapur, India
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Mahato K, Maurya PK, Chandra P. Fundamentals and commercial aspects of nanobiosensors in point-of-care clinical diagnostics. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:149. [PMID: 29487778 PMCID: PMC5823794 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among various problems faced by mankind, health-related concerns are prevailing since long which are commonly found in the form of infectious diseases and different metabolic disorders. The clinical cure and management of such abnormalities are greatly dependent on the availability of their diagnoses. The conventional diagnostics used for such purposes are extremely powerful; however, most of these are limited by time-consuming protocols and require higher volume of test sample, etc. A new evolving technology called "biosensor" in this context shows an enormous potential for an alternative diagnostic device, which constantly compliments the conventional diagnoses. In this review, we have summarized different kinds of biosensors and their fundamental understanding with various state-of-the-art examples. A critical examination of different types of biosensing mechanisms is also reported highlighting the advantages of electrochemical biosensors for its great potentials in next-generation commercially viable modules. In recent years, a number of nanomaterials are extensively used to enhance not only the performance of biosensing mechanism, but also obtain robust, cheap, and fabrication-friendly durable mechanism. Herein, we have summarized the importance of nanomaterials in biosensing mechanism, their syntheses as well as characterization techniques. Subsequently, we have discussed the probe fabrication processes along with various techniques for assessing its analytical performances and potentials for commercial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Mahato
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201307 India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
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Lee JI, Jeong B, Park S, Eun Y, Kim J. Micromachined Resonant Frequency Tuning Unit for Torsional Resonator. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:mi8120342. [PMID: 30400532 PMCID: PMC6187933 DOI: 10.3390/mi8120342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Achieving the desired resonant frequency of resonators has been an important issue, since it determines their performance. This paper presents the design and analysis of two concepts for the resonant frequency tuning of resonators. The proposed methods are based on the stiffness alteration of the springs by geometrical modification (shaft-widening) or by mechanical restriction (shaft-holding) using micromachined frequency tuning units. Our designs have advantages in (1) reversible and repetitive tuning; (2) decoupled control over the amplitude of the resonator and the tuning ratio; and (3) a wide range of applications including torsional resonators. The ability to tune the frequency by both methods is predicted by finite element analysis (FEA) and experimentally verified on a torsional resonator driven by an electrostatic actuator. The tuning units and resonators are fabricated on a double silicon-on-insulator (DSOI) wafer to electrically insulate the resonator from the tuning units. The shaft-widening type and shaft-holding type exhibit a maximum tuning ratio of 5.29% and 10.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ik Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Bongwon Jeong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Sunwoo Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Youngkee Eun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Study of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Biophysical Kinetics with a Microslit-Embedded Cantilever Sensor in a Liquid Environment. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081819. [PMID: 28783132 PMCID: PMC5579575 DOI: 10.3390/s17081819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A microsized slit-embedded cantilever sensor (slit cantilever) was fabricated and evaluated as a biosensing platform in a liquid environment. In order to minimize the degradation caused by viscous damping, a 300 × 100 µm2 (length × width) sized cantilever was released by a 5 µm gap-surrounding and vibrated by an internal piezoelectric-driven self-actuator. Owing to the structure, when the single side of the slit cantilever was exposed to liquid a significant quality factor (Q = 35) could be achieved. To assess the sensing performance, the slit cantilever was exploited to study the biophysical kinetics related to Aβ peptide. First, the quantification of Aβ peptide with a concentration of 10 pg/mL to 1 μg/mL was performed. The resonant responses exhibited a dynamic range from 100 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL (−56.5 to −774 ΔHz) and a dissociation constant (KD) of binding affinity was calculated as 1.75 nM. Finally, the Aβ self-aggregation associated with AD pathogenesis was monitored by adding monomeric Aβ peptides. As the concentration of added analyte increased from 100 ng/mL to 10 µg/mL, both the frequency shift values (−813 to −1804 ΔHz) and associate time constant increased. These results showed the excellent sensing performance of the slit cantilever overcoming a major drawback in liquid environments to become a promising diagnostic tool candidate.
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12
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Jalil J, Zhu Y, Ekanayake C, Ruan Y. Sensing of single electrons using micro and nano technologies: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:142002. [PMID: 28273047 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa57aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last three decades, the remarkable dynamic features of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), and advances in solid-state electronics hold much potential for the fabrication of extremely sensitive charge sensors. These sensors have a broad range of applications, such as those involving the measurement of ionization radiation, detection of bio-analyte and aerosol particles, mass spectrometry, scanning tunneling microscopy, and quantum computation. Designing charge sensors (also known as charge electrometers) for electrometry is deemed significant because of the sensitivity and resolution issues in the range of micro- and nano-scales. This article reviews the development of state-of-the-art micro- and nano-charge sensors, and discusses their technological challenges for practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubayer Jalil
- School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia. Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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Ansari MH, Hassan S, Qurashi A, Khanday FA. Microfluidic-integrated DNA nanobiosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:247-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Duan C, Alibakhshi MA, Kim DK, Brown CM, Craik CS, Majumdar A. Label-Free Electrical Detection of Enzymatic Reactions in Nanochannels. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7476-84. [PMID: 27472431 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report label-free electrical detection of enzymatic reactions using 2-D nanofluidic channels and investigate reaction kinetics of enzymatic reactions on immobilized substrates in nanoscale-confined spaces. Trypsin proteolysis is chosen for demonstration of the detection scheme. When trypsin cleaves poly-l-lysine coated on the surface of silica nanochannels, the resulting change of surface charge density can be detected by monitoring the ionic conductance of the nanochannels. Our results show that detection of such surface enzymatic reactions is faster than detection of surface binding reactions in nanochannels for low-concentration analytes. Furthermore, the nanochannel sensor has a sensitivity down to 5 ng/mL, which statistically corresponds to a single enzyme per nanochannel. Our results also suggest that enzyme kinetics in nanochannels is fundamentally different from that in bulk solutions or plain surfaces. Such enzymatic reactions form two clear self-propagating reaction fronts inside the nanochannels, and the reaction fronts follow square-root time dependences at high enzyme concentrations due to significant nonspecific adsorption. However, at low enzyme concentrations when nonspecific adsorption is negligible, the reaction fronts propagate linearly with time, and the corresponding propagation speed is related to the channel geometry, enzyme concentration, catalytic reaction constant, diffusion coefficient, and substrate surface density. Optimization of this nanochannel sensor could lead to a quick-response, highly sensitive, and label-free sensor for enzyme assay and kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhua Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mohammad Amin Alibakhshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Dong-Kwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University , Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Adesokan B, Quan X, Evgrafov A, Heiskanen A, Boisen A, Sørensen M. Experimentation and numerical modeling of cyclic voltammetry for electrochemical micro-sized sensors under the influence of electrolyte flow. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Tunable micro- and nanomechanical resonators. SENSORS 2015; 15:26478-566. [PMID: 26501294 PMCID: PMC4634492 DOI: 10.3390/s151026478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Advances in micro- and nanofabrication technologies have enabled the development of novel micro- and nanomechanical resonators which have attracted significant attention due to their fascinating physical properties and growing potential applications. In this review, we have presented a brief overview of the resonance behavior and frequency tuning principles by varying either the mass or the stiffness of resonators. The progress in micro- and nanomechanical resonators using the tuning electrode, tuning fork, and suspended channel structures and made of graphene have been reviewed. We have also highlighted some major influencing factors such as large-amplitude effect, surface effect and fluid effect on the performances of resonators. More specifically, we have addressed the effects of axial stress/strain, residual surface stress and adsorption-induced surface stress on the sensing and detection applications and discussed the current challenges. We have significantly focused on the active and passive frequency tuning methods and techniques for micro- and nanomechanical resonator applications. On one hand, we have comprehensively evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy, including active methods such as electrothermal, electrostatic, piezoelectrical, dielectric, magnetomotive, photothermal, mode-coupling as well as tension-based tuning mechanisms, and passive techniques such as post-fabrication and post-packaging tuning processes. On the other hand, the tuning capability and challenges to integrate reliable and customizable frequency tuning methods have been addressed. We have additionally concluded with a discussion of important future directions for further tunable micro- and nanomechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xia Gao
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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A Micro-Preconcentrator Combined Olfactory Sensing System with a Micromechanical Cantilever Sensor for Detecting 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Gas Vapor. SENSORS 2015; 15:18167-77. [PMID: 26213944 PMCID: PMC4570313 DOI: 10.3390/s150818167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preventing unexpected explosive attacks and tracing explosion-related molecules require the development of highly sensitive gas-vapor detection systems. For that purpose, a micromechanical cantilever-based olfactory sensing system including a sample preconcentrator was developed to detect 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), which is a well-known by-product of the explosive molecule trinitrotoluene (TNT) and exists in concentrations on the order of parts per billion in the atmosphere at room temperature. A peptide receptor (His-Pro-Asn-Phe-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Ile-Leu-His-Gln-Arg) that has high binding affinity for 2,4-DNT was immobilized on the surface of the cantilever sensors to detect 2,4-DNT vapor for highly selective detection. A micro-preconcentrator (µPC) was developed using Tenax-TA adsorbent to produce higher concentrations of 2,4-DNT molecules. The preconcentration was achieved via adsorption and thermal desorption phenomena occurring between target molecules and the adsorbent. The µPC directly integrated with a cantilever sensor and enhanced the sensitivity of the cantilever sensor as a pretreatment tool for the target vapor. The response was rapidly saturated within 5 min and sustained for more than 10 min when the concentrated vapor was introduced. By calculating preconcentration factor values, we verified that the cantilever sensor provides up to an eightfold improvement in sensing performance.
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20
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Whispering gallery mode resonators for rapid label-free biosensing in small volume droplets. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 5:118-30. [PMID: 25806835 PMCID: PMC4384086 DOI: 10.3390/bios5010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid biosensing requires fast mass transport of the analyte to the surface of the sensing element. To optimize analysis times, both mass transport in solution and the geometry and size of the sensing element need to be considered. Small dielectric spheres, tens of microns in diameter, can act as label-free biosensors using whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances. WGM resonances are sensitive to the effective refractive index, which changes upon analyte binding to recognition sites on functionalized resonators. The spherical geometry and tens of microns diameter of these resonators provides an efficient target for sensing while their compact size enables detection in limited volumes. Here, we explore conditions leading to rapid analyte detection using WGM resonators as label-free sensors in 10 μL sample droplets. Droplet evaporation leads to potentially useful convective mixing, but also limits the time over which analysis can be completed. We show that active droplet mixing combined with initial binding rate measurements is required for accurate nanomolar protein quantification within the first minute following injection.
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Ferrier DC, Shaver MP, Hands PJW. Micro- and nano-structure based oligonucleotide sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:798-810. [PMID: 25655465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of micro- and nano-structure based oligonucleotide detection and quantification techniques. The characteristics of such devices make them very attractive for Point-of-Care or On-Site-Testing biosensing applications. Their small scale means that they can be robust and portable, their compatibility with modern CMOS electronics means that they can easily be incorporated into hand-held devices and their suitability for mass production means that, out of the different approaches to oligonucleotide detection, they are the most suitable for commercialisation. This review discusses the advantages of micro- and nano-structure based sensors and covers the various oligonucleotide detection techniques that have been developed to date. These include: Bulk Acoustic Wave and Surface Acoustic Wave devices, micro- and nano-cantilever sensors, gene Field Effect Transistors, and nanowire and nanopore based sensors. Oligonucleotide immobilisation techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Ferrier
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Michael P Shaver
- School of Chemistry, David Brewster Road, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Philip J W Hands
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK.
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Abstract
Recent progress in surface science, nanotechnology and biophysics has cast new light on the correlation between the physicochemical properties of biomaterials and the resulting biological response. One experimental tool that promises to generate an increasingly more sophisticated knowledge of how proteins, cells and bacteria interact with nanostructured surfaces is the atomic force microscope (AFM). This unique instrument permits to close in on interfacial events at the scale at which they occur, the nanoscale. This perspective covers recent developments in the exploitation of the AFM, and suggests insights on future opportunities that can arise from the exploitation of this powerful technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Variola
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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McCaig HC, Myers E, Lewis NS, Roukes ML. Vapor sensing characteristics of nanoelectromechanical chemical sensors functionalized using surface-initiated polymerization. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3728-3732. [PMID: 24922358 PMCID: PMC5297368 DOI: 10.1021/nl500475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated polymerization has been used to grow thick, uniform poly(methyl methacrylate) films on nanocantilever sensors. Cantilevers with these coatings yielded significantly greater sensitivity relative to bare devices as well as relative to devices that had been coated with drop-cast polymer films. The devices with surface-initiated polymer films also demonstrated high selectivity toward polar analytes. Surface-initiated polymerization can therefore provide a straightforward, reproducible method for large-scale functionalization of nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. McCaig
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ed Myers
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Condensed Matter Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106, United States
| | - Nathan S. Lewis
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael L. Roukes
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Condensed Matter Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106, United States
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24
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Chandra H, Reddy PJ, Srivastava S. Protein microarrays and novel detection platforms. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 8:61-79. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Bioinformatics and Nanotechnologies: Nanomedicine. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF BIO-/NEUROINFORMATICS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7124100 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30574-0_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we focus on the bioinformatics strategies for translating genome-wide expression analyses into clinically useful cancer markers
with a specific focus on breast cancer
with a perspective on new diagnostic device tools coming from the field of nanobiotechnology and the challenges related to high-throughput data integration, analysis, and assessment from multiple sources. Great progress in the development of molecular biology techniques has been seen since the discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the implementation of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. This started a new era of research on the structure of nucleic acids molecules, the development of new analytical tools, and DNA-based analyses that allowed the sequencing of the human genome, the completion of which has led to intensified efforts toward comprehensive analysis of mammalian cell struc ture and metabolism in order to better understand the mechanisms that regulate normal cell behavior and identify the gene alterations responsible for a broad spectrum of human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and others.
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26
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Rogers ML, Boutelle MG. Real-time clinical monitoring of biomolecules. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:427-453. [PMID: 23772662 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of clinical biomarkers offers the exciting possibility of new therapies that use biomarker levels to guide treatment in real time. This review explores recent progress toward this goal. We initially consider measurements in body fluids by a range of analytical methods. We then discuss direct tissue measurements performed by implanted sensors; sampling techniques, including microdialysis and ultrafiltration; and noninvasive methods. A future directions section considers analytical methods at the cusp of clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Rogers
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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28
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Alexander FA, Price DT, Bhansali S. From Cellular Cultures to Cellular Spheroids: Is Impedance Spectroscopy a Viable Tool for Monitoring Multicellular Spheroid (MCS) Drug Models? IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 6:63-76. [DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2012.2222023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Wu X, Xu C, Tripp RA, Huang YW, Zhao Y. Detection and differentiation of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in mung bean sprouts using field deployable label-free SERS devices. Analyst 2013; 138:3005-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lab-on-a-Chip, Micro- and Nanoscale Immunoassay Systems, and Microarrays. THE IMMUNOASSAY HANDBOOK 2013. [PMCID: PMC7152144 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097037-0.00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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31
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Park J, Karsten SL, Nishida S, Kawakatsu H, Fujita H. Application of a new microcantilever biosensor resonating at the air-liquid interface for direct insulin detection and continuous monitoring of enzymatic reactions. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4115-4119. [PMID: 22847153 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40232g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the application of a recently developed high-resolution microcantilever biosensor resonating at the air-liquid interface for the continuous detection of antigen-antibody and enzyme-substrate interactions. The cantilever at the air-liquid interface demonstrated 50% higher quality factor and a 5.7-fold increase in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) compared with one immersed in the purified water. First, a label-free detection of a low molecular weight protein (insulin, 5.8 kDa) in physiological concentration was demonstrated. The liquid facing side of the cantilever was functionalized by coating its surface with insulin antibodies, while the opposite side was exposed to air. The meniscus membrane at the micro-slit around the cantilever sustained the liquid in the microchannel. After optimizing the process of surface functionalization, the resonance frequency shift was successfully measured for insulin solutions of 0.4, 2.0, and 6.3 ng ml(-1). To demonstrate additional application of the device for monitoring enzymatic protein degradation, the liquid facing microcantilever surface was coated with human recombinant SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) and exposed to various concentrations of proteinase K solution, and the kinetics of the SOD1 digestion was continuously monitored. The results showed that it is a suitable tool for sensitive protein detection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwook Park
- Center for International Research on Micronano Mechatronics (CIRMM), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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Kierny MR, Cunningham TD, Kay BK. Detection of biomarkers using recombinant antibodies coupled to nanostructured platforms. NANO REVIEWS 2012; 3:NANO-3-17240. [PMID: 22833780 PMCID: PMC3404449 DOI: 10.3402/nano.v3i0.17240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The utility of biomarker detection in tomorrow's personalized health care field will mean early and accurate diagnosis of many types of human physiological conditions and diseases. In the search for biomarkers, recombinant affinity reagents can be generated to candidate proteins or post-translational modifications that differ qualitatively or quantitatively between normal and diseased tissues. The use of display technologies, such as phage-display, allows for manageable selection and optimization of affinity reagents for use in biomarker detection. Here we review the use of recombinant antibody fragments, such as scFvs and Fabs, which can be affinity-selected from phage-display libraries, to bind with both high specificity and affinity to biomarkers of cancer, such as Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) and Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). We discuss how these recombinant antibodies can be fabricated into nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires, and quantum dots, for the purpose of enhancing detection of biomarkers at low concentrations (pg/mL) within complex mixtures such as serum or tissue extracts. Other sensing technologies, which take advantage of 'Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering' (gold nanoshells), frequency changes in piezoelectric crystals (quartz crystal microbalance), or electrical current generation and sensing during electrochemical reactions (electrochemical detection), can effectively provide multiplexed platforms for detection of cancer and injury biomarkers. Such devices may soon replace the traditional time consuming ELISAs and Western blots, and deliver rapid, point-of-care diagnostics to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kierny
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA
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33
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Prakash S, Pinti M, Bhushan B. Theory, fabrication and applications of microfluidic and nanofluidic biosensors. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:2269-2303. [PMID: 22509059 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are a broad array of devices that detect the type and amount of a biological species or biomolecule. Several different types of biosensors have been developed that rely on changes to mechanical, chemical or electrical properties of the transduction or sensing element to induce a measurable signal. Often, a biosensor will integrate several functions or unit operations such as sample extraction, manipulation and detection on a single platform. This review begins with an overview of the current state-of-the-art biosensor field. Next, the review delves into a special class of biosensors that rely on microfluidics and nanofluidics by presenting the underlying theory, fabrication and several examples and applications of microfluidic and nanofluidic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA.
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34
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Syahir A, Kajikawa K, Mihara H. Sensitive Detection of Small Molecule–Protein Interactions on a Metal–Insulator–Metal Label‐Free Biosensing Platform. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1867-74. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Syahir
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226‐8501 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 45‐924‐5756
| | - Kotaro Kajikawa
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226‐8502 (Japan)
| | - Hisakazu Mihara
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226‐8501 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 45‐924‐5756
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Flexure-FET biosensor to break the fundamental sensitivity limits of nanobiosensors using nonlinear electromechanical coupling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9304-8. [PMID: 22623527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203749109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we propose a Flexure-FET (flexure sensitive field effect transistor) ultrasensitive biosensor that utilizes the nonlinear electromechanical coupling to overcome the fundamental sensitivity limits of classical electrical or mechanical nanoscale biosensors. The stiffness of the suspended gate of Flexure-FET changes with the capture of the target biomolecules, and the corresponding change in the gate shape or deflection is reflected in the drain current of FET. The Flexure-FET is configured to operate such that the gate is biased near pull-in instability, and the FET-channel is biased in the subthreshold regime. In this coupled nonlinear operating mode, the sensitivity (S) of Flexure-FET with respect to the captured molecule density (N(s)) is shown to be exponentially higher than that of any other electrical or mechanical biosensor. In other words, while S(Flexure) ~ e(γ1 [square root]Ns-γ2Ns), classical electrical or mechanical biosensors are limited to S(classical) ~ γ(3)N(S) or γ(4) ln(N(S)), where γ(i) are sensor-specific constants. In addition, the proposed sensor can detect both charged and charge-neutral biomolecules, without requiring a reference electrode or any sophisticated instrumentation, making it a potential candidate for various low-cost, point-of-care applications.
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Saha K, Agasti SS, Kim C, Li X, Rotello VM. Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing. Chem Rev 2012; 112:2739-79. [PMID: 22295941 PMCID: PMC4102386 DOI: 10.1021/cr2001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2759] [Impact Index Per Article: 229.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarit S. Agasti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Chaekyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Medina-Sánchez M, Miserere S, Merkoçi A. Nanomaterials and lab-on-a-chip technologies. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1932-43. [PMID: 22517169 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platforms have become important tools for sample analysis and treatment with interest for DNA, protein and cells studies or diagnostics due to benefits such as the reduced sample volume, low cost, portability and the possibility to build new analytical devices or be integrated into conventional ones. These platforms have advantages of a wide set of nanomaterials (NM) (i.e. nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanowires, graphene etc.) and offer excellent improvement in properties for many applications (i.e. detectors sensitivity enhancement, biolabelling capability along with other in-chip applications related to the specificities of the variety of nanomaterials with optical, electrical and/or mechanical properties). This review covers the last trends in the use of nanomaterials in microfluidic systems and the related advantages in analytical and bioanalytical applications. In addition to the applications of nanomaterials in LOCs, we also discuss the employment of such devices for the production and characterization of nanomaterials. Both framed platforms, NMs based LOCs and LOCs for NMs production and characterization, represent promising alternatives to generate new nanotechnology tools for point-of-care diagnostics, drug delivery and nanotoxicology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona-Spain
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38
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ZHANG HY, PAN HQ, ZHANG BL, TANG JL. Microcantilever Sensors for Chemical and Biological Applications in Liquid. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(11)60549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ahn S, Spuhler PS, Chiari M, Cabodi M, Ünlü MS. Quantification of surface etching by common buffers and implications on the accuracy of label-free biological assays. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 36:222-9. [PMID: 22560160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High throughput analyses in biochemical assays are gaining popularity in the post-genomic era. Multiple label-free detection methods are especially of interest, as they allow quantitative monitoring of biomolecular interactions. It is assumed that the sensor surface is stable to the surrounding medium while the biochemical processes are taking place. Using the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS), we found that buffers commonly used in biochemical reactions can remove silicon dioxide, a material frequently used as the solid support in the microarray industry. Here, we report 53 pm to 731 pm etching of the surface silicon oxide over a 12-h period for several different buffers, including various concentrations of SSC, SSPE, PBS, TRIS, MES, sodium phosphate, and potassium phosphate buffers, and found that PBS and MES buffers are much more benign than the others. We observe a linear dependence of the etch depth over time, and we find the etch rate of silicon dioxide in different buffers that ranges from 2.73±0.76 pm/h in 1M NaCl to 43.54±2.95 pm/h in 6×SSC. The protective effects by chemical modifications of the surface are explored. We demonstrate unaccounted glass etching leading to erroneous results with label-free detection of DNA microarrays, and offer remedies to increase the accuracy of quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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40
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Dahlin AB, Zahn R, Vörös J. Nanoplasmonic sensing of metal-halide complex formation and the electric double layer capacitor. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:2339-2351. [PMID: 22374047 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11950a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many nanotechnological devices are based on implementing electrochemistry with plasmonic nanostructures, but these systems are challenging to understand. We present a detailed study of the influence of electrochemical potentials on plasmon resonances, in the absence of surface coatings and redox active molecules, by synchronized voltammetry and spectroscopy. The experiments are performed on gold nanodisks and nanohole arrays in thin gold films, which are fabricated by improved methods. New insights are provided by high resolution spectroscopy and variable scan rates. Furthermore, we introduce new analytical models in order to understand the spectral changes quantitatively. In contrast to most previous literature, we find that the plasmonic signal is caused almost entirely by the formation of ionic complexes on the metal surface, most likely gold chloride in this study. The refractometric sensing effect from the ions in the electric double layer can be fully neglected, and the charging of the metal gives a surprisingly small effect for these systems. Our conclusions are consistent for both localized nanoparticle plasmons and propagating surface plasmons. We consider the results in this work especially important in the context of combined electrochemical and optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B Dahlin
- Dept. of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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41
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Size matters: problems and advantages associated with highly miniaturized sensors. SENSORS 2012; 12:3018-36. [PMID: 22736990 PMCID: PMC3376590 DOI: 10.3390/s120303018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is no doubt that the recent advances in nanotechnology have made it possible to realize a great variety of new sensors with signal transduction mechanisms utilizing physical phenomena at the nanoscale. Some examples are conductivity measurements in nanowires, deflection of cantilevers and spectroscopy of plasmonic nanoparticles. The fact that these techniques are based on the special properties of nanostructural entities provides for extreme sensor miniaturization since a single structural unit often can be used as transducer. This review discusses the advantages and problems with such small sensors, with focus on biosensing applications and label-free real-time analysis of liquid samples. Many aspects of sensor design are considered, such as thermodynamic and diffusion aspects on binding kinetics as well as multiplexing and noise issues. Still, all issues discussed are generic in the sense that the conclusions apply to practically all types of surface sensitive techniques. As a counterweight to the current research trend, it is argued that in many real world applications, better performance is achieved if the active sensor is larger than that in typical nanosensors. Although there are certain specific sensing applications where nanoscale transducers are necessary, it is argued herein that this represents a relatively rare situation. Instead, it is suggested that sensing on the microscale often offers a good compromise between utilizing some possible advantages of miniaturization while avoiding the complications. This means that ensemble measurements on multiple nanoscale sensors are preferable instead of utilizing a single transducer entity.
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Yurt A, Daaboul GG, Connor JH, Goldberg BB, Ünlü MS. Single nanoparticle detectors for biological applications. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:715-26. [PMID: 22214976 PMCID: PMC3759154 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11562j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle research has become increasingly important in the context of bioscience and biotechnology. Practical use of nanoparticles in biology has significantly advanced our understanding about biological processes in the nanoscale as well as led to many novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Besides, synthetic and natural nanoparticles are of concern for their potential adverse effect on human health. Development of novel detection and characterization tools for nanoparticles will impact a broad range of disciplines in biological research from nanomedicine to nanotoxicology. In this article, we discuss the recent progress and future directions in the area of single nanoparticle detectors with an emphasis on their biological applications. A brief critical overview of electrical and mechanical detection techniques is given and a more in-depth discussion of label-free optical detection techniques is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Yurt
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - George G. Daaboul
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John H. Connor
- Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bennett B. Goldberg
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - M. Selim Ünlü
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Yao C, Lu J. Introduction to nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012. [DOI: 10.1533/9780857096449.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Park J, Nishida S, Lambert P, Kawakatsu H, Fujita H. High-resolution cantilever biosensor resonating at air-liquid in a microchannel. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:4187-4193. [PMID: 22038280 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a highly mass-sensitive cantilever resonating at the interface of air and liquid. The cantilever is applicable as a biosensor by measuring its resonance frequency shift associated with the selective trapping of target molecules. One surface of the cantilever facing to the liquid is functionalized for label-free detection, while the opposite side is exposed to air to improve the resonance characteristics, such as the quality factor. The quality factor at resonance is 15, which is 50% higher than the same cantilever in liquid. The beam was excited through the photothermal effect of a power modulated laser and detected by laser Doppler velocimetry. Due to the proposed configuration, the signal-to-noise-ratio is 5.7 times larger than the completely submerged case. A micro-slit around the cantilever separates the air and liquid phases at a meniscus. We analyzed the cantilever motion including the meniscus membrane, and examined the effect of surface tension by applying various solutions. A slit width of 6 μm was found to give the best performance within the few prototypes. We measured the covalent immobilization of antibody molecules on a cantilever surface for three different concentrations: 20, 40, and 80 μg ml(-1). The kinetics measured by both resonance frequency shift of the cantilever and fluorescent intensity showed good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwook Park
- Center for International Research on Micronano Mechatronics (CIRMM), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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45
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Electrochemical plasmonic sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1773-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Peptide receptor-based selective dinitrotoluene detection using a microcantilever sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 30:249-54. [PMID: 22000759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We reported that peptide could be utilized as receptor molecule in the gas phase for application in micro/nano sensors by using a specific peptide that recognizes 2,4-dinitrotoluene at room temperature and in an atmospheric environment and measuring changes in the resonant frequency of the peptide immobilized microcantilevers. By using these peptides as receptors on a microcantilever sensor, we were able to experimentally detect 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) vapor at concentrations as low as parts per billion (ppb) in the gas phase. While resonant frequency changes after binding between 2,4-DNT and the specific peptide receptor that was immobilized on microcantilevers were observed, the resonant frequency of DNT nonspecific peptide immobilized microcantilever did not change when exposed to 2,4-DNT vapor. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 431 ppt of limit of detection is numerically expected by experimental based on an equation that describes the relationship between the noise-equivalent analyte concentration. These results indicate that the peptide receptors hold great promise for use in the development of an artificial olfactory system and electronic nose based on micro/nanotechnology for monitoring various chemical vapors in the gas phase such as explosive mixtures of chemicals and/or volatile organic compounds.
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Biswas S, Hirtz M, Fuchs H. Measurement of mass transfer during dip-pen nanolithography with phospholipids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2081-2086. [PMID: 21656674 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) has been extensively used before for patterning surfaces; however a complete understanding of the ink transport mechanisms is still lacking. Moreover, quality control of the fabricated structures is a bottleneck in DPN fabrication, and one aspect of this is the quantification of the ink mass transfer to the substrate during the lithographic process. There is a demand for measuring the exact amount of molecules deposited on a surface by lithographic methods, especially for biological applications. This article demonstrates a quantitative method for measuring the amount of ink transferred onto the substrate in DPN with phospholipids by dynamic force spectroscopy. To achieve this, the harmonic oscillation of a microcantilever in an atomic force microscope is used, obtaining picogram mass sensitivity in the determination of mass deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Biswas
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Lee JH, Hwang KS, Yoon DS, Kang JY, Kim SK, Kim TS. Direct electrical measurement of protein-water interactions and temperature dependence using piezoelectric microcantilevers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:2920-2923. [PMID: 21567485 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1, Wolgye, Nowon, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
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Pan H, Xu Y, Wu S, Zhang B, Tang J. Molecular interactions in self-assembly monolayers on gold-coated microcantilever electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:225503. [PMID: 21454929 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/22/225503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical microcantilever (EMC) was used to study the intermolecular interaction of self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) with different n-alkanethiols chain lengths (n = 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16) on a Au-coated microcantilever surface. Comparing potential cycling and steps in NaClO(4) solution within the same potential range, the deflection rate of bare microcantilevers is much smaller for the former which revealed that potential excitation, i.e. the surface charge, played the dominant role in driving the instant and large deflection of the bare microcantilever, while the smaller deflection amplitude of the former implied that adsorption of ClO(4)( - ) had an adverse effect on the potential-induced stress. Upon adsorption of SAMs, the deflection amplitude of the microcantilever under the potential step was much smaller than that of a bare microcantilever, and linearly decreased with the chain length increasing for n ≤ 8 (the linear correlation coefficient and the slope are 0.98 and about - 10.4 nm per CH(2) unit, respectively), following a transition (8 ≤ n ≤ 12) to a stable state (n ≥ 12). The decrease of deflection amplitude and faster decay of deflection rate of the SAMs modified microcantilever under the potential step implyed increasing compactness of the SAMs with longer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Baskin JS, Park HS, Zewail AH. Nanomusical systems visualized and controlled in 4D electron microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2183-2191. [PMID: 21513332 DOI: 10.1021/nl200930a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanomusical systems, nanoharp and nanopiano, fabricated as arrays of cantilevers by focused ion beam milling of a layered Ni/Ti/Si(3)N(4) thin film, have been investigated in 4D electron microscopy. With the imaging and selective femtosecond and nanosecond control combinations, full characterization of the amplitude and phase of the resonant response of a particular cantilever relative to the optical pulse train was possible. Using a high repetition rate, low energy optical pulse train for selective, resonant excitation, coupled with pulsed and steady-state electron imaging for visualization in space and time, both the amplitude on the nanoscale and resonance of motion on the megahertz scale were resolved for these systems. Tilting of the specimen allowed in-plane and out-of-plane cantilever bending and cantilever torsional motions to be identified in stroboscopic measurements of impulsively induced free vibration. Finally, the transient, as opposed to steady state, thermostat effect was observed for the layered nanocantilevers, with a sufficiently sensitive response to demonstrate suitability for in situ use in thin-film temperature measurements requiring resolutions of <10 K and 10 μm on time scales here mechanically limited to microseconds and potentially at shorter times.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spencer Baskin
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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