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Slusher EK, Cottrell T, Gariepy T, Acebes-Doria A, Querejeta Coma M, Toledo PFS, Schmidt JM. A molecular approach to unravel trophic interactions between parasitoids and hyperparasitoids associated with pecan aphids. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2024; 24:5. [PMID: 38989842 PMCID: PMC11237992 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Advances in molecular ecology can overcome many challenges in understanding host-parasitoid interactions. Genetic characterization of the key-players in systems helps to confirm species and identify trophic linkages essential for ecological service delivery by biological control agents; however, relatively few agroecosystems have been explored using this approach. Pecan production consists of a large tree perennial system containing an assortment of seasonal pests and natural enemies. As a first step to characterizing host-parasitoid associations in pecan food webs, we focus on aphid species and their parasitoids. Based on DNA barcoding of field-collected and reared specimens, we confirmed the presence of 3 species of aphid, one family of primary parasitoids, and 5 species of hyperparasitoids. By applying metabarcoding to field-collected aphid mummies, we were able to identify multiple species within each aphid mummy to unravel a complex food web of 3 aphids, 2 primary parasitoids, and upward of 8 hyperparasitoid species. The results of this study demonstrate that multiple hyperparasitoid species attack a single primary parasitoid of pecan aphids, which may have negative consequences for successful aphid biological control. Although further research is needed on a broader spatial scale, our results suggest multiple species exist in this system and may suggest a complex set of interactions between parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, and the 3 aphid species. This was the first time that many of these species have been characterized and demonstrates the application of novel approaches to analyze the aphid-parasitoid food webs in pecans and other tree crop systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie K Slusher
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
- USDA-ARS Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA, USA
- Texas A&M Agrilife Research and Extension Center, Stephenville, TX, USA
| | - Ted Cottrell
- USDA-ARS Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA, USA
| | - Tara Gariepy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marina Querejeta Coma
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pedro F S Toledo
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Jason M Schmidt
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
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2
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Segoli M, Kishinevsky M, Harvey JA. Climate change, temperature extremes, and impacts on hyperparasitoids. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101229. [PMID: 38944274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change, including temperature extremes, is having a major impact on insect physiology, phenology, behavior, populations, and communities. Hyperparasitoids (insects whose offspring develop in, or on, the body of a primary parasitoid host) are expected to be especially impacted by such effects due to their typical life history traits (e.g. low fecundity and slow development), small populations (being high on the food chain), and cascading effects mediated via lower trophic levels. We review evidence for direct and indirect temperature and climate-related effects mediated via plants, herbivores, and the primary parasitoid host species on hyperparasitoid populations, focusing on higher temperatures. We discuss how hyperparasitoid responses may feed back to the community and affect biological control programs. We conclude that despite their great importance, very little is known about the potential effects of climate change on hyperparasitoids and make a plea for additional studies exploring such responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segoli
- The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, SIDEER, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000 Israel.
| | - Miriam Kishinevsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Ecological Sciences- Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Liang W, Nunes R, Leong JV, Carvalho APS, Müller CJ, Braby MF, Pequin O, Hoshizaki S, Morinaka S, Peggie D, Badon JAT, Mohagan AB, Beaver E, Hsu YF, Inayoshi Y, Monastyrskii A, Vlasanek P, Toussaint EFA, Benítez HA, Kawahara AY, Pierce NE, Lohman DJ. To and fro in the archipelago: Repeated inter-island dispersal and New Guinea's orogeny affect diversification of Delias, the world's largest butterfly genus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 194:108022. [PMID: 38325534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The world's largest butterfly genus Delias, commonly known as Jezebels, comprises ca. 251 species found throughout Asia, Australia, and Melanesia. Most species are endemic to islands in the Indo-Australian Archipelago or to New Guinea and nearby islands in Melanesia, and many species are restricted to montane habitats over 1200 m. We inferred an extensively sampled and well-supported molecular phylogeny of the group to better understand the spatial and temporal dimensions of its diversification. The remarkable diversity of Delias evolved in just ca. 15-16 Myr (crown age). The most recent common ancestor of a clade with most of the species dispersed out of New Guinea ca. 14 Mya, but at least six subsequently diverging lineages dispersed back to the island. Diversification was associated with frequent dispersal of lineages among the islands of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, and the divergence of sister taxa on a single landmass was rare and occurred only on the largest islands, most notably on New Guinea. We conclude that frequent inter-island dispersal during the Neogene-likely facilitated by frequent sea level change-sparked much diversification during that period. Many extant New Guinea lineages started diversifying 5 Mya, suggesting that orogeny facilitated their diversification. Our results largely agree with the most recently proposed species group classification system, and we use our large taxon sample to extend this system to all described species. Finally, we summarize recent insights to speculate how wing pattern evolution, mimicry, and sexual selection might also contribute to these butterflies' rapid speciation and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Liang
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, USA
| | - Renato Nunes
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, USA; PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing V Leong
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, USA; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Paula S Carvalho
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Michael F Braby
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia; Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Sugihiko Hoshizaki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Djunijanti Peggie
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Jade Aster T Badon
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Alma B Mohagan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, and Center for Biodiversity Research & Extension in Mindanao, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines
| | - Ethan Beaver
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia; Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yu-Feng Hsu
- College of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yutaka Inayoshi
- Sritana Condominium 2, 96/173, Huay Kaeo Rd. T. Suthep, A. Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Alexander Monastyrskii
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Petr Vlasanek
- T.G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hugo A Benítez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Entomology & Nematology Department and Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David J Lohman
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, USA; PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Entomology Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila, Philippines.
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4
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Bourne ME, Gloder G, Weldegergis BT, Slingerland M, Ceribelli A, Crauwels S, Lievens B, Jacquemyn H, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011262. [PMID: 36947551 PMCID: PMC10069771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms living in and on macroorganisms may produce microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs) that characterise organismal odours. The mVOCs might thereby provide a reliable cue to carnivorous enemies in locating their host or prey. Parasitism by parasitoid wasps might alter the microbiome of their caterpillar host, affecting organismal odours and interactions with insects of higher trophic levels such as hyperparasitoids. Hyperparasitoids parasitise larvae or pupae of parasitoids, which are often concealed or inconspicuous. Odours of parasitised caterpillars aid them to locate their host, but the origin of these odours and its relationship to the caterpillar microbiome are unknown. Here, we analysed the odours and microbiome of the large cabbage white caterpillar Pieris brassicae in relation to parasitism by its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We identified how bacterial presence in and on the caterpillars is correlated with caterpillar odours and tested the attractiveness of parasitised and unparasitised caterpillars to the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus. We manipulated the presence of the external microbiome and the transient internal microbiome of caterpillars to identify the microbial origin of odours. We found that parasitism by C. glomerata led to the production of five characteristic volatile products and significantly affected the internal and external microbiome of the caterpillar, which were both found to have a significant correlation with caterpillar odours. The preference of the hyperparasitoid was correlated with the presence of the external microbiome. Likely, the changes in external microbiome and body odour after parasitism were driven by the resident internal microbiome of caterpillars, where the bacterium Wolbachia sp. was only present after parasitism. Micro-injection of Wolbachia in unparasitised caterpillars increased hyperparasitoid attraction to the caterpillars compared to untreated caterpillars, while no differences were found compared to parasitised caterpillars. In conclusion, our results indicate that host-parasite interactions can affect multi-trophic interactions and hyperparasitoid olfaction through alterations of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel E Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Slingerland
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ceribelli
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Alvarez-Baca JK, Montealegre X, Alfaro-Tapia A, Zepeda-Paulo F, Van Baaren J, Lavandero B, Le Lann C. Composition and Food Web Structure of Aphid-Parasitoid Populations on Plum Orchards in Chile. INSECTS 2023; 14:288. [PMID: 36975973 PMCID: PMC10051262 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
By increasing plant diversity in agroecosystems, it has been proposed that one can enhance and stabilize ecosystem functioning by increasing natural enemies' diversity. Food web structure determines ecosystem functioning as species at different trophic levels are linked in interacting networks. We compared the food web structure and composition of the aphid- parasitoid and aphid-hyperparasitoid networks in two differentially managed plum orchards: plums with inter-rows of oats as a cover crop (OCC) and plums with inter-rows of spontaneous vegetation (SV). We hypothesized that food web composition and structure vary between OCC and SV, with network specialization being higher in OCC and a more complex food web composition in SV treatment. We found a more complex food web composition with a higher species richness in SV compared to OCC. Quantitative food web metrics differed significantly among treatments showing a higher generality, vulnerability, interaction evenness, and linkage density in SV, while OCC presented a higher degree of specialization. Our results suggest that plant diversification can greatly influence the food web structure and composition, with bottom-up effects induced by plant and aphid hosts that might benefit parasitoids and provide a better understanding of the activity, abundance, and interactions between aphids, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids in plum orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer K. Alvarez-Baca
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
| | - Xiomara Montealegre
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Armando Alfaro-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
- Centro Regional de Investigación e Innovación para la Sostenibilidad de la Agricultura y los Territorios Rurales, Centro Ceres, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile
| | - Francisca Zepeda-Paulo
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Instituto Interdisciplinario para la Innovación -I3-, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
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6
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Colazza S, Peri E, Cusumano A. Chemical Ecology of Floral Resources in Conservation Biological Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:13-29. [PMID: 36130040 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-124357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conservation biological control aims to enhance populations of natural enemies of insect pests in crop habitats, typically by intentional provision of flowering plants as food resources. Ideally, these flowering plants should be inherently attractive to natural enemies to ensure that they are frequently visited. We review the chemical ecology of floral resources in a conservation biological control context, with a focus on insect parasitoids. We highlight the role of floral volatiles as semiochemicals that attract parasitoids to the food resources. The discovery that nectar-inhabiting microbes can be hidden players in mediating parasitoid responses to flowering plants has highlighted the complexity of the interactions between plants and parasitoids. Furthermore, because food webs in agroecosystems do not generally stop at the third trophic level, we also consider responses of hyperparasitoids to floral resources. We thus provide an overview of floral compounds as semiochemicals from a multitrophic perspective, and we focus on the remaining questions that need to be addressed to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Colazza
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; , ,
| | - Ezio Peri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; , ,
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; , ,
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Fei M, Gols R, Harvey JA. The Biology and Ecology of Parasitoid Wasps of Predatory Arthropods. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:109-128. [PMID: 36198401 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are important components of insect food chains and have played a central role in biological control programs for over a century. Although the vast majority of parasitoids exploit insect herbivores as hosts, others parasitize predatory insects and arthropods, such as ladybird beetles, hoverflies, lacewings, ground beetles, and spiders, or are hyperparasitoids. Much of the research on the biology and ecology of parasitoids of predators has focused on ladybird beetles, whose parasitoids may interfere with the control of insect pests like aphids by reducing ladybird abundance. Alternatively, parasitoids of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis may reduce its harmful impact on native ladybird populations. Different life stages of predatory insects and spiders are susceptible to parasitism to different degrees. Many parasitoids of predators exhibit intricate physiological interrelationships with their hosts, adaptively manipulating host behavior, biology, and ecology in ways that increase parasitoid survival and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fei
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China;
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mohan P, Sinu PA. Is direct bodyguard manipulation a parasitoid-induced stress sleep? A new perspective. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220280. [PMID: 36448293 PMCID: PMC9709512 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodyguard manipulation is a behavioural manipulation in which the host's behaviour is altered to protect the inducer's offspring from imminent biotic threats. The behaviour of a post-parasitoid-egressed host resembles a quiescence state with a characteristic reduction in motor activities like feeding, locomotion, respiration, and metabolic rate. Yet, they respond aggressively through a defensive response when disturbed, which ensures better fitness for the parasitoid's offspring. The behavioural changes in the parasitized host appear after the parasitoid egression. Several hypotheses have been proposed to elucidate how the parasitized host's behaviour is manipulated for the fitness benefits of the inducers, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. We review evidence to explain the behavioural changes and their mechanism in the parasitized hosts. The evidence suggests that parasitoid pre-pupal egression may drive the host to stress-induced sleep. The elevated octopamine concentration also reflects the stress response in the host. Given the theoretical links between the behavioural and the physiological changes in the post-parasitoid-egressed host and stress-induced sleep of other invertebrates, we suggest that behavioural studies combined with functional genomics, proteomics, and histological analyses might give a better understanding of bodyguard manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabitha Mohan
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India,Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palatty Allesh Sinu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
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