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Charoenlerkthawin W, Bidorn K, Burnett WC, Sopon A, Otarawanna S, Bidorn B. Evaluating the effectiveness of Mangrove rehabilitation: A novel approach for sustainable coastal management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121673. [PMID: 38959765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
We used UAV-LiDAR technology and other advanced remote sensing techniques to evaluate mangrove rehabilitation projects along the eroding shoreline of the Upper Gulf of Thailand. Our results delineate the necessary biophysical conditions for successfully rehabilitating mangroves, establishing optimal conditions under which mangroves can naturally re-establish and thrive. Furthermore, we investigated the effectiveness of different coastal defense structures in fostering mangrove recolonization. Our analysis shows that nearshore breakwaters markedly outperform submerged breakwaters and bamboo fences, with a success rate of over 65% by significantly reducing wave energy that aids sediment trapping. These findings suggest that refinements in the configuration of coastal structures, including the elevation of breakwater crests and selective deployment of bamboo fences, will enhance mangrove rehabilitation success. These insights affirm the role of UAV-LiDAR surveys for optimizing mangrove restoration initiatives, thereby facilitating sustainable development for coastlines plagued by erosion. The insights gleaned offer a blueprint for bolstering the success rate of mangrove rehabilitation projects, directing them toward sustainable coastal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warit Charoenlerkthawin
- Department of Water Resources Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Komkrit Bidorn
- Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - William C Burnett
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Anek Sopon
- Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Somboon Otarawanna
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Butsawan Bidorn
- Department of Water Resources Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Gijón Mancheño A, Vuik V, van Wesenbeeck BK, Jonkman SN, van Hespen R, Moll JR, Kazi S, Urrutia I, van Ledden M. Integrating mangrove growth and failure in coastal flood protection designs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7951. [PMID: 38575721 PMCID: PMC10995189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mangrove forests reduce wave attack along tropical and sub-tropical coastlines, decreasing the wave loads acting on coastal protection structures. Mangrove belts seaward of embankments can therefore lower their required height and decrease their slope protection thickness. Wave reduction by mangroves depends on tree frontal surface area and stability against storms, but both aspects are often oversimplified or neglected in coastal protection designs. Here we present a framework to evaluate how mangrove belts influence embankment designs, including mangrove growth over time and failure by overturning and trunk breakage. This methodology is applied to Sonneratia apetala mangroves seaward of embankments in Bangladesh, considering forest widths between 10 and 1000 m (cross-shore). For water depths of 5 m, wave reduction by mangrove forests narrower than 1 km mostly affects the slope protection and the bank erodibility, whereas the required embankment height is less influenced by mangroves. Sonneratia apetala trees experience a relative maximum in wave attenuation capacity at 10 years age, due to their large submerged canopy area. Once trees are more than 20 years old, their canopy is emergent, and most wave attenuation is caused by trunk and roots. Canopy emergence exposes mangroves to wind loads, which are much larger than wave loads, and can cause tree failure during cyclones. These results stress the importance of including tree surface area and stability models when predicting coastal protection by mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gijón Mancheño
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft, 2628 CN, The Netherlands.
| | - V Vuik
- HKV Consultants, P.O. Box 2120, Lelystad, 8203 AC, The Netherlands
| | - B K van Wesenbeeck
- Department of Ecosystems and Sediment Dynamics, Deltares, P.O. Box 177, Delft, 2600 MH, The Netherlands
| | - S N Jonkman
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft, 2628 CN, The Netherlands
| | - R van Hespen
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, WNIOZ Yerseke, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J R Moll
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft, 2628 CN, The Netherlands
| | - S Kazi
- World Bank, 1818 H Street, Washington, DC, 20433, USA
| | - I Urrutia
- World Bank, 1818 H Street, Washington, DC, 20433, USA
| | - M van Ledden
- World Bank, 1818 H Street, Washington, DC, 20433, USA
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Cui L, DeAngelis DL, Berger U, Cao M, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Jiang J. Global potential distribution of mangroves: Taking into account salt marsh interactions along latitudinal gradients. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119892. [PMID: 38176380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove is one of the most productive and sensitive ecosystems in the world. Due to the complexity and specificity of mangrove habitat, the development of mangrove is regulated by several factors. Species distribution models (SDMs) are effective tools to identify the potential habitats for establishing and regenerating the ecosystem. Such models usually include exclusively environmental factors. Nevertheless, recent studies have challenged this notion and highlight the importance of including biotic interactions. Both factors are necessary for a mechanistic understanding of the mangrove distribution in order to promote the protection and restoration of mangroves. Thus, we present a novel approach of combining environmental factors and interactions with salt marsh for projecting mangrove distributions at the global level and within latitudinal zones. To test the salt marsh interaction, we fit the MaxEnt model with two predicting sets: (1) environments only and (2) environments + salt marsh interaction index (SII). We found that both sets of models had good predictive ability, although the SII improved model performance slightly. Potential distribution areas of mangrove decrease with latitudes, and are controlled by biotic and abiotic factors. Temperature, precipitation and wind speed are generally critical at both global scale and ecotones along latitudes. SII is important on global scale, with a contribution of 5.9%, ranking 6th, and is particularly critical in the 10-30°S and 20-30°N zone. Interactions with salt marsh, including facilitation and competition, are shown to affect the distribution of mangroves at the zone of coastal ecotone, especially in the latitudinal range from 10° - 30°. The contribution of SII to mangrove distribution increases with latitudes due to the difference in the adaptive capacity of salt marsh plants and mangroves to environments. Totally, this study identified and quantified the effects of salt marsh on mangrove distribution by establishing the SII. The results not only facilitate to establish a more accurate mangrove distribution map, but also improve the efficiency of mangrove restoration by considering the salt marsh interaction in the mangrove management projects. In addition, the method of incorporating biotic interaction into SDMs through establish the biotic interaction index has contributed to the development of SDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Donald L DeAngelis
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U. S. Geological Survey, Davie, Florida, USA
| | - Uta Berger
- Department of Forest Biometry and Systems Analysis, Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Minmin Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jiang Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
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