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Norman KM, Lang GA, Shadid TM, Honold ST, Reel JM, Cox MA, Ballard JD, Lang ML. Clostridioides difficile toxin B subverts germinal center and antibody recall responses by stimulating a drug-treatable CXCR4-dependent mechanism. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114245. [PMID: 38761377 PMCID: PMC11210377 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) results in significant morbidity and mortality. We previously established that CDI in mice does not protect against reinfection and is associated with poor pathogen-specific B cell memory (Bmem), recapitulating our observations with human Bmem. Here, we demonstrate that the secreted toxin TcdB2 is responsible for subversion of Bmem responses. TcdB2 from an endemic C. difficile strain delayed immunoglobulin G (IgG) class switch following vaccination, attenuated IgG recall to a vaccine booster, and prevented germinal center formation. The mechanism of TcdB2 action included increased B cell CXCR4 expression and responsiveness to its ligand CXCL12, accounting for altered cell migration and a failure of germinal center-dependent Bmem. These results were reproduced in a C. difficile infection model, and a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved CXCR4-blocking drug rescued germinal center formation. We therefore provide mechanistic insights into C. difficile-associated pathogenesis and illuminate a target for clinical intervention to limit recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee M Norman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Gillian A Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Tyler M Shadid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sydney T Honold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jessica M Reel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Maureen A Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jimmy D Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mark L Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Hu C, He G, Yang Y, Wang N, Zhang Y, Su Y, Zhao F, Wu J, Wang L, Lin Y, Shao L. Nanomaterials Regulate Bacterial Quorum Sensing: Applications, Mechanisms, and Optimization Strategies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306070. [PMID: 38350718 PMCID: PMC11022734 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Anti-virulence therapy that interferes with bacterial communication, known as "quorum sensing (QS)", is a promising strategy for circumventing bacterial resistance. Using nanomaterials to regulate bacterial QS in anti-virulence therapy has attracted much attention, which is mainly attributed to unique physicochemical properties and excellent designability of nanomaterials. However, bacterial QS is a dynamic and multistep process, and there are significant differences in the specific regulatory mechanisms and related influencing factors of nanomaterials in different steps of the QS process. An in-depth understanding of the specific regulatory mechanisms and related influencing factors of nanomaterials in each step can significantly optimize QS regulatory activity and enhance the development of novel nanomaterials with better comprehensive performance. Therefore, this review focuses on the mechanisms by which nanomaterials regulate bacterial QS in the signal supply (including signal synthesis, secretion, and accumulation) and signal transduction cascade (including signal perception and response) processes. Moreover, based on the two key influencing factors (i.e., the nanomaterial itself and the environment), optimization strategies to enhance the QS regulatory activity are comprehensively summarized. Collectively, applying nanomaterials to regulate bacterial QS is a promising strategy for anti-virulence therapy. This review provides reference and inspiration for further research on the anti-virulence application of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of StomatologySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Guixin He
- Stomatological Hospital, School of StomatologySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Yujun Yang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of StomatologySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Ning Wang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of StomatologySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of StomatologySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Yuan Su
- Stomatological Hospital, School of StomatologySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
- Stomatology CenterShunde HospitalSouthern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde)Foshan528399China
| | - Fujian Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of StomatologySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Junrong Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of StomatologySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Hainan General Hospital·Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan medical UniversityHaikou570311China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Shenzhen Luohu People's HospitalShenzhen518000China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of StomatologySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
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Expression of Bordetella pertussis Antigens Fused to Different Vectors and Their Effectiveness as Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060542. [PMID: 34064136 PMCID: PMC8224380 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is an acute respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. Even though its current vaccine coverage is relatively broad, they still have some shortcomings such as short protection time and might be incapable of blocking the spread of the disease. In this study, we developed new pertussis vaccine candidates by separately fusing three pertussis antigens (B. pertussis fimbriae 2 “Fim2”, pertussis toxin S1 subunit “PtxS1”, and filamentous hemagglutinin “FHA1877–2250”) to each of two immune-boosting carrier proteins (B subunits of AB5 toxin family: cholera toxin B subunit “CTB” and shiga toxin B subunit “StxB”). We then immunized mice with these fusion antigens and found that they significantly increased the serum antibody titers and elicited high bactericidal activity against B. pertussis. After CTB-or StxB-fused antigen-immunized mice were challenged with a non-lethal dose of B. pertussis, the bacterial loads in different tissues of these mice were significantly reduced, and their lung damage was nearly invisible. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that these candidate vaccines could provide strong prophylactic effects against a lethal challenge with B. pertussis. Overall, our candidate vaccines conferred better immune protection to mice compared with pertussis antigen alone. This B5 subunit-based vaccine strategy provides a promising option for vaccine design.
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Zhao Y, Forst CV, Sayegh CE, Wang IM, Yang X, Zhang B. Molecular and genetic inflammation networks in major human diseases. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2318-41. [PMID: 27303926 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00240d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been well-recognized that inflammation alongside tissue repair and damage maintaining tissue homeostasis determines the initiation and progression of complex diseases. Albeit with the accomplishment of having captured the most critical inflammation-involved molecules, genetic susceptibilities, epigenetic factors, and environmental factors, our schemata on the role of inflammation in complex diseases remain largely patchy, in part due to the success of reductionism in terms of research methodology per se. Omics data alongside the advances in data integration technologies have enabled reconstruction of molecular and genetic inflammation networks which shed light on the underlying pathophysiology of complex diseases or clinical conditions. Given the proven beneficial role of anti-inflammation in coronary heart disease as well as other complex diseases and immunotherapy as a revolutionary transition in oncology, it becomes timely to review our current understanding of the molecular and genetic inflammation networks underlying major human diseases. In this review, we first briefly discuss the complexity of infectious diseases and then highlight recently uncovered molecular and genetic inflammation networks in other major human diseases including obesity, type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, late onset Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and sporadic cancer. The commonality and specificity of these molecular networks are addressed in the context of genetics based on genome-wide association study (GWAS). The double-sword role of inflammation, such as how the aberrant type 1 and/or type 2 immunity leads to chronic and severe clinical conditions, remains open in terms of the inflammasome and the core inflammatome network features. Increasingly available large Omics and clinical data in tandem with systems biology approaches have offered an exciting yet challenging opportunity toward reconstruction of more comprehensive and dynamic molecular and genetic inflammation networks, which hold great promise in transiting network snapshots to video-style multi-scale interplays of disease mechanisms, in turn leading to effective clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA. and Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christian V Forst
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA. and Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA
| | - Camil E Sayegh
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated, 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - I-Ming Wang
- Informatics and Analysis, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA. and Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY 10029, USA
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Qiu H, Cassan R, Johnstone D, Han X, Joyee AG, McQuoid M, Masi A, Merluza J, Hrehorak B, Reid R, Kennedy K, Tighe B, Rak C, Leonhardt M, Dupas B, Saward L, Berry JD, Nykiforuk CL. Novel Clostridium difficile Anti-Toxin (TcdA and TcdB) Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Demonstrate In Vitro Neutralization across a Broad Spectrum of Clinical Strains and In Vivo Potency in a Hamster Spore Challenge Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157970. [PMID: 27336843 PMCID: PMC4919053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is the main cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated colitis and increased incidence of community-associated diarrhea in industrialized countries. At present, the primary treatment of CDI is antibiotic administration, which is effective but often associated with recurrence, especially in the elderly. Pathogenic strains produce enterotoxin, toxin A (TcdA), and cytotoxin, toxin B (TcdB), which are necessary for C. difficile induced diarrhea and gut pathological changes. Administration of anti-toxin antibodies provides an alternative approach to treat CDI, and has shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies. In the current study, several humanized anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB monoclonal antibodies were generated and their protective potency was characterized in a hamster infection model. The humanized anti-TcdA (CANmAbA4) and anti-TcdB (CANmAbB4 and CANmAbB1) antibodies showed broad spectrum in vitro neutralization of toxins from clinical strains and neutralization in a mouse toxin challenge model. Moreover, co-administration of humanized antibodies (CANmAbA4 and CANmAbB4 cocktail) provided a high level of protection in a dose dependent manner (85% versus 57% survival at day 22 for 50 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively) in a hamster gastrointestinal infection (GI) model. This study describes the protective effects conferred by novel neutralizing anti-toxin monoclonal antibodies against C. difficile toxins and their potential as therapeutic agents in treating CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qiu
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Robyn Cassan
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Darrell Johnstone
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Antony George Joyee
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Monica McQuoid
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Andrea Masi
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - John Merluza
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Bryce Hrehorak
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Ross Reid
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Kieron Kennedy
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Bonnie Tighe
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Carla Rak
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Melanie Leonhardt
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Brian Dupas
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Laura Saward
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Jody D. Berry
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Cory L. Nykiforuk
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
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Orenstein WA, Gellin BG, Beigi RH, Despres S, Lynfield R, Maldonado Y, Mouton C, Rawlins W, Rothholz MC, Smith N, Thompson K, Torres C, Viswanath K, Hosbach P. A Call for Greater Consideration for the Role of Vaccines in National Strategies to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Public Health Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/003335491613100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce G. Gellin
- National Vaccine Program Office, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
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Džunková M, D'Auria G, Xu H, Huang J, Duan Y, Moya A, Kelly CP, Chen X. The Monoclonal Antitoxin Antibodies (Actoxumab-Bezlotoxumab) Treatment Facilitates Normalization of the Gut Microbiota of Mice with Clostridium difficile Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:119. [PMID: 27757389 PMCID: PMC5048712 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have significant and long-lasting impacts on the intestinal microbiota and consequently reduce colonization resistance against Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Standard therapy using antibiotics is associated with a high rate of disease recurrence, highlighting the need for novel treatment strategies that target toxins, the major virulence factors, rather than the organism itself. Human monoclonal antibodies MK-3415A (actoxumab-bezlotoxumab) to C. difficile toxin A and toxin B, as an emerging non-antibiotic approach, significantly reduced the recurrence of CDI in animal models and human clinical trials. Although the main mechanism of protection is through direct neutralization of the toxins, the impact of MK-3415A on gut microbiota and its restoration has not been examined. Using a CDI murine model, we compared the bacterial diversity of the gut microbiome of mice under different treatments including MK-3415A, vancomycin, or vancomycin combined with MK-3415A, sampled longitudinally. Here, we showed that C. difficile infection resulted in the prevalence of Enterobacter species. Sixty percent of mice in the vehicle group died after 2 days and their microbiome was almost exclusively formed by Enterobacter. MK-3415A treatment resulted in lower Enterobacter levels and restoration of Blautia, Akkermansia, and Lactobacillus which were the core components of the original microbiota. Vancomycin treatment led to significantly lower survival rate than the combo treatment of MK-3415A and vancomycin. Vancomycin treatment decreased bacterial diversity with predominant Enterobacter and Akkermansia, while Staphylococcus expanded after vancomycin treatment was terminated. In contrast, mice treated by vancomycin combined with MK-3415A also experienced decreased bacterial diversity during vancomycin treatment. However, these animals were able to recover their initial Blautia and Lactobacillus proportions, even though episodes of Staphylococcus overgrowth were detected by the end of the experiments. In conclusion, MK-3415A (actoxumab-bezlotoxumab) treatment facilitates normalization of the gut microbiota in CDI mice. It remains to be examined whether or not the prevention of recurrent CDI by the antitoxin antibodies observed in clinical trials occurs through modulation of microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Džunková
- Área de Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad ValencianaValencia, Spain
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemoioloía y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe D'Auria
- Área de Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad ValencianaValencia, Spain
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemoioloía y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain
| | - Hua Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Yinghua Duan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Andrés Moya
- Área de Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad ValencianaValencia, Spain
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemoioloía y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain
| | - Ciarán P. Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Chen
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Devera TS, Lang GA, Lanis JM, Rampuria P, Gilmore CL, James JA, Ballard JD, Lang ML. Memory B Cells Encode Neutralizing Antibody Specific for Toxin B from the Clostridium difficile Strains VPI 10463 and NAP1/BI/027 but with Superior Neutralization of VPI 10463 Toxin B. Infect Immun 2016; 84:194-204. [PMID: 26502913 PMCID: PMC4693989 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00011-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted toxin B (TcdB) substantially contributes to the pathology observed during Clostridium difficile infection. To be successfully incorporated into a vaccine, TcdB-based immunogens must stimulate the production of neutralizing antibody (Ab)-encoding memory B cells (Bmem cells). Despite numerous investigations, a clear analysis of Bmem cellular responses following vaccination against TcdB is lacking. B6 mice were therefore used to test the ability of a nontoxigenic C-terminal domain (CTD) fragment of TcdB to induce Bmem cells that encode TcdB-neutralizing antibody. CTD was produced from the historical VPI 10463 strain (CTD1) and from the hypervirulent strain NAP1/BI/027 (CTD2). It was then demonstrated that CTD1 induced strong recall IgG antibody titers, and this led to the development of functional Bmem cells that could be adoptively transferred to naive recipients. Bmem cell-driven neutralizing Ab responses conferred protection against lethal challenge with TcdB1. Further experiments revealed that an experimental adjuvant (Imject) and a clinical adjuvant (Alhydrogel) were compatible with Bmem cell induction. Reactivity of human Bmem cells to CTD1 was also evident in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), suggesting that CTD1 could be a good vaccine immunogen. However, CTD2 induced strong Bmem cell-driven antibody titers, and the CTD2 antibody was neutralizing in vitro, but its protection against lethal challenge with TcdB2 was limited to delaying time to death. Therefore, CTD from different C. difficile strains may be a good immunogen for stimulating B cell memory that encodes in vitro neutralizing Ab but may be limited by variable protection against intoxication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Devera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Gillian A Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jordi M Lanis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Pragya Rampuria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Casey L Gilmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA Oklahoma Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jimmy D Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mark L Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Del Giudice G, Weinberger B, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Vaccines for the elderly. Gerontology 2014; 61:203-10. [PMID: 25402229 DOI: 10.1159/000366162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging of the human population is posing serious challenges to research and to public health authorities in order to prevent diseases that more frequently affect the elderly, a portion of the population that will increase more and more in the coming years. While some vaccines exist and are used in the elderly to effectively fight against some infections (e.g. influenza, pneumococci, varicella-zoster virus, diphtheria, and tetanus), still a lot of work remains to be done to better adapt these vaccines and to develop new ones for this age group. The prevention of infectious diseases affecting the elderly can be successful only through a holistic approach. This approach will aim at the following: (1) a deeper understanding of the mechanisms leading to the senescence of the immune system, (2) a better and broader use of vaccines recommended for the elderly, (3) the use of vaccines currently considered only for other age groups and (4) actively priming the population when they are immunological competent, before the physiological waning of immune responsiveness may affect the beneficial effects of vaccination.
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Yeaman MR, Filler SG, Schmidt CS, Ibrahim AS, Edwards JE, Hennessey JP. Applying Convergent Immunity to Innovative Vaccines Targeting Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:463. [PMID: 25309545 PMCID: PMC4176462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent perspectives forecast a new paradigm for future “third generation” vaccines based on commonalities found in diverse pathogens or convergent immune defenses to such pathogens. For Staphylococcus aureus, recurring infections and a limited success of vaccines containing S. aureus antigens imply that native antigens induce immune responses insufficient for optimal efficacy. These perspectives exemplify the need to apply novel vaccine strategies to high-priority pathogens. One such approach can be termed convergent immunity, where antigens from non-target organisms that contain epitope homologs found in the target organism are applied in vaccines. This approach aims to evoke atypical immune defenses via synergistic processes that (1) afford protective efficacy; (2) target an epitope from one organism that contributes to protective immunity against another; (3) cross-protect against multiple pathogens occupying a common anatomic or immunological niche; and/or (4) overcome immune subversion or avoidance strategies of target pathogens. Thus, convergent immunity has a potential to promote protective efficacy not usually elicited by native antigens from a target pathogen. Variations of this concept have been mainstays in the history of viral and bacterial vaccine development. A more far-reaching example is the pre-clinical evidence that specific fungal antigens can induce cross-kingdom protection against bacterial pathogens. This trans-kingdom protection has been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies of the recombinant Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence 3 protein (rAls3) where it was shown that a vaccine containing rAls3 provides homologous protection against C. albicans, heterologous protection against several other Candida species, and convergent protection against several strains of S. aureus. Convergent immunity reflects an intriguing new approach to designing and developing vaccine antigens and is considered here in the context of vaccines to target S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | - Scott G Filler
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | | | - Ashraf S Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | - John E Edwards
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
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Zuo QF, Yang LY, Feng Q, Lu DS, Dong YD, Cai CZ, Wu Y, Guo Y, Gu J, Zeng H, Zou QM. Evaluation of the protective immunity of a novel subunit fusion vaccine in a murine model of systemic MRSA infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81212. [PMID: 24324681 PMCID: PMC3852261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common commensal organism in humans and a major cause of bacteremia and hospital acquired infection. Because of the spread of strains resistant to antibiotics, these infections are becoming more difficult to treat. Therefore, exploration of anti-staphylococcal vaccines is currently a high priority. Iron surface determinant B (IsdB) is an iron-regulated cell wall-anchored surface protein of S. aureus. Alpha-toxin (Hla) is a secreted cytolytic pore-forming toxin. Previous studies reported that immunization with IsdB or Hla protected animals against S. aureus infection. To develop a broadly protective vaccine, we constructed chimeric vaccines based on IsdB and Hla. Immunization with the chimeric bivalent vaccine induced strong antibody and T cell responses. When the protective efficacy of the chimeric bivalent vaccine was compared to that of individual proteins in a murine model of systemic S. aureus infection, the bivalent vaccine showed a stronger protective immune response than the individual proteins (IsdB or Hla). Based on the results presented here, the chimeric bivalent vaccine affords higher levels of protection against S. aureus and has potential as a more effective candidate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Fei Zuo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu-Yang Yang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Shui Lu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Dong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Zhi Cai
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
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NDV-3, a recombinant alum-adjuvanted vaccine for Candida and Staphylococcus aureus, is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults. Vaccine 2012; 30:7594-600. [PMID: 23099329 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The investigational vaccine, NDV-3, contains the N-terminal portion of the Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence 3 protein (Als3p) formulated with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in phosphate-buffered saline. Preclinical studies demonstrated that the Als3p vaccine antigen protects mice from oropharyngeal, vaginal and intravenous challenge with C. albicans and other selected species of Candida as well as both intravenous challenge and skin and soft tissue infection with Staphylococcus aureus. The objectives of this first-in-human Phase I clinical trial were to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of NDV-3 at two different antigen levels compared to a saline placebo. Forty healthy, adult subjects were randomized to receive one dose of NDV-3 containing either 30 or 300 μg of Als3p, or placebo. NDV-3 at both dose levels was safe and generally well-tolerated. Anti-Als3p total IgG and IgA1 levels for both doses reached peak levels by day 14 post vaccination, with 100% seroconversion of all vaccinated subjects. On average, NDV-3 stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) production of both IFN-γ and IL-17A, which peaked at day 7 for subjects receiving the 300 μg dose and at day 28 for those receiving the 30 μg dose. Six months after receiving the first dose of NDV-3, nineteen subjects received a second dose of NDV-3 identical to their first dose to evaluate memory B- and T-cell immune responses. The second dose resulted in a significant boost of IgG and IgA1 titers in >70% of subjects, with the biggest impact in those receiving the 30 μg dose. A memory T-cell response was also noted for IFN-γ in almost all subjects and for IL-17A in the majority of subjects. These data support the continued investigation of NDV-3 as a vaccine candidate against Candida and S. aureus infections.
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Clostridium difficile carbohydrates: glucan in spores, PSII common antigen in cells, immunogenicity of PSII in swine and synthesis of a dual C. difficile–ETEC conjugate vaccine. Carbohydr Res 2012; 354:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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McCollum DL, Rodriguez JM. Detection, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10:581-92. [PMID: 22433924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus responsible for approximately 1 of 5 cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. C difficile infection (CDI) is defined by at least 3 unformed stools in a 24-hour period and stool, endoscopic, or histopathologic test results that indicate the presence of this bacteria. The history of CDI research can be divided into early (before 2000) and modern eras (after 2000). C difficile was first described in 1935, and the characteristics and causes of CDI as well as therapies were identified during the early era of research. During the modern era, CDI has become a more common, aggressive nosocomial infection. Our understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CDI has increased at a rapid pace. We review features of CDI diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L McCollum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0006, USA
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Ivarsson ME, Leroux JC, Castagner B. Targeting bacterial toxins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4024-45. [PMID: 22441768 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein toxins constitute the main virulence factors of several species of bacteria and have proven to be attractive targets for drug development. Lead candidates that target bacterial toxins range from small molecules to polymeric binders, and act at each of the multiple steps in the process of toxin-mediated pathogenicity. Despite recent and significant advances in the field, a rationally designed drug that targets toxins has yet to reach the market. This Review presents the state of the art in bacterial toxin targeted drug development with a critical consideration of achieved breakthroughs and withstanding challenges. The discussion focuses on A-B-type protein toxins secreted by four species of bacteria, namely Clostridium difficile (toxins A and B), Vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (Shiga toxin), and Bacillus anthracis (anthrax toxin), which are the causative agents of diseases for which treatments need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias E Ivarsson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zurich, Switzerland
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Targeting RNA polymerase primary σ70 as a therapeutic strategy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by antisense peptide nucleic acid. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29886. [PMID: 22253815 PMCID: PMC3254626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes threatening infection-related mortality worldwide. Currently, spread of multi-drug resistance (MDR) MRSA limits therapeutic options and requires new approaches to “druggable” target discovery, as well as development of novel MRSA-active antibiotics. RNA polymerase primary σ70 (encoded by gene rpoD) is a highly conserved prokaryotic factor essential for transcription initiation in exponentially growing cells of diverse S. aureus, implying potential for antisense inhibition. Methodology/Principal Findings By synthesizing a serial of cell penetrating peptide conjugated peptide nucleic acids (PPNAs) based on software predicted parameters and further design optimization, we identified a target sequence (234 to 243 nt) within rpoD mRNA conserved region 3.0 being more sensitive to antisense inhibition. A (KFF)3K peptide conjugated 10-mer complementary PNA (PPNA2332) was developed for potent micromolar-range growth inhibitory effects against four pathogenic S. aureus strains with different resistance phenotypes, including clinical vancomycin-intermediate resistance S. aureus and MDR-MRSA isolates. PPNA2332 showed bacteriocidal antisense effect at 3.2 fold of MIC value against MRSA/VISA Mu50, and its sequence specificity was demonstrated in that PPNA with scrambled PNA sequence (Scr PPNA2332) exhibited no growth inhibitory effect at higher concentrations. Also, PPNA2332 specifically interferes with rpoD mRNA, inhibiting translation of its protein product σ70 in a concentration-dependent manner. Full decay of mRNA and suppressed expression of σ70 were observed for 40 µM or 12.5 µM PPNA2332 treatment, respectively, but not for 40 µM Scr PPNA2332 treatment in pure culture of MRSA/VISA Mu50 strain. PPNA2332 (≥1 µM) essentially cleared lethal MRSA/VISA Mu50 infection in epithelial cell cultures, and eliminated viable bacterial cells in a time- and concentration- dependent manner, without showing any apparent toxicity at 10 µM. Conclusions The present result suggested that RNAP primary σ70 is a very promising candidate target for developing novel antisense antibiotic to treat severe MRSA infections.
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