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Adhab M, Schoelz JE. Influence of the P6 effector protein of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) on the sustained expression and subcellular localization of the CaMV movement protein. Virology 2024; 600:110240. [PMID: 39278104 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The P6 protein of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a multifunctional protein that forms the electron dense, amorphous inclusion bodies that accumulate in the cytoplasm and has been shown to physically interact with all other CaMV proteins, including the CaMV movement protein (P1). In this study, we have investigated the subcellular localization of the P6 and P1 proteins in transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana, as well as the influence of P6 on the expression and subcellular localization of P1. A version of P6 tagged with RFP was shown to envelop the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas P1 tagged with RFP was shown to induce the fragmentation of the ER. Co-expression of P6 with P1 led to an enhancement of the spatial and temporal expression of P1, with a shift from expression through the plasma membrane and interior of the cell to punctate spots associated with the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Adhab
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James E Schoelz
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Adhab M, Zhang Y, Schoelz J. Transient expression of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) P6-GFP complements a defective CaMV replicon to facilitate viral gene expression, replication and virion formation. Virology 2023; 587:109854. [PMID: 37556874 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, several studies have examined the subcellular localization of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) P6 protein by tagging it with GFP (P6-GFP). These investigations have been essential in the development of models for inclusion body formation, nuclear transport, and microfilament-associated intracellular movement of P6 inclusion bodies for delivery of virions to plasmodesmata. Although it was shown early on that the translational transactivation function of P6-GFP was comparable to wild type P6, it has not been possible to incorporate a P6-GFP gene into an infectious clone of CaMV. Consequently, it has not been possible to formally prove that a P6-GFP fusion is comparable in function to the unmodified P6 protein. Here we show that transient expression of P6-GFP can complement a defective CaMV replicon through gene expression, replication and encapsidation, which validates the relevance of P6-GFP subcellular localization studies for understanding the development of CaMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Adhab
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - James Schoelz
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Adhab M, Zhang Y, Schoelz J. Transient expression of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) P6-GFP complements a defective CaMV replicon to facilitate viral gene expression, replication and virion formation. Virology 2023; 587:109854. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2023.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
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Nandudu L, Kawuki R, Ogbonna A, Kanaabi M, Jannink JL. Genetic dissection of cassava brown streak disease in a genomic selection population. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1099409. [PMID: 36714759 PMCID: PMC9880483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is a major threat to food security in East and central Africa. Breeding for resistance against CBSD is the most economical and sustainable way of addressing this challenge. Methods This study seeks to assess the (1) performance of CBSD incidence and severity; (2) identify genomic regions associated with CBSD traits and (3) candidate genes in the regions of interest, in the Cycle 2 population of the National Crops Resources Research Institute. Results A total of 302 diverse clones were screened, revealing that CBSD incidence across growing seasons was 44%. Severity scores for both foliar and root symptoms ranged from 1.28 to 1.99 and 1.75 to 2.28, respectively across seasons. Broad sense heritability ranged from low to high (0.15 - 0.96), while narrow sense heritability ranged from low to moderate (0.03 - 0.61). Five QTLs, explaining approximately 19% phenotypic variation were identified for CBSD severity at 3 months after planting on chromosomes 1, 13, and 18 in the univariate GWAS analysis. Multivariate GWAS analysis identified 17 QTLs that were consistent with the univariate analysis including additional QTLs on chromosome 6. Seventy-seven genes were identified in these regions with functions such as catalytic activity, ATP-dependent activity, binding, response to stimulus, translation regulator activity, transporter activity among others. Discussion These results suggest variation in virulence in the C2 population, largely due to genetics and annotated genes in these QTLs regions may play critical roles in virus initiation and replication, thus increasing susceptibility to CBSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Nandudu
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Root crops Department National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Kawuki
- Root crops Department National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Ogbonna
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael Kanaabi
- Root crops Department National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean-Luc Jannink
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ithaca, NY, United States
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Grech‐Baran M, Witek K, Poznański JT, Grupa‐Urbańska A, Malinowski T, Lichocka M, Jones JDG, Hennig J. The Ry sto immune receptor recognises a broadly conserved feature of potyviral coat proteins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1179-1195. [PMID: 35491734 PMCID: PMC9322412 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the immune mechanisms responsible for viral recognition is critical for understanding durable disease resistance and successful crop protection. We determined how potato virus Y (PVY) coat protein (CP) is recognised by Rysto , a TNL immune receptor. We applied structural modelling, site-directed mutagenesis, transient overexpression, co-immunoprecipitation, infection assays and physiological cell death marker measurements to investigate the mechanism of Rysto -CP interaction. Rysto associates directly with PVY CP in planta that is conditioned by the presence of a CP central 149 amino acids domain. Each deletion that affects the CP core region impairs the ability of Rysto to trigger defence. Point mutations in the amino acid residues Ser125 , Arg157 , and Asp201 of the conserved RNA-binding pocket of potyviral CP reduce or abolish Rysto binding and Rysto -dependent responses, demonstrating that appropriate folding of the CP core is crucial for Rysto -mediated recognition. Rysto recognises the CPs of at least 10 crop-damaging viruses that share a similar core region. It confers immunity to plum pox virus and turnip mosaic virus in both Solanaceae and Brassicaceae systems, demonstrating potential utility in engineering virus resistance in various crops. Our findings shed new light on how R proteins detect different viruses by sensing conserved structural patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Grech‐Baran
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesPawińskiego 5aWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- The 2Blades FoundationEvanstonIL60201USA
| | - Jarosław T. Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesPawińskiego 5aWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Anna Grupa‐Urbańska
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesPawińskiego 5aWarsaw02‐106Poland
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute‐National Research InstitutePlatanowa 19Młochów05‐831Poland
| | - Tadeusz Malinowski
- The National Institute of Horticultural ResearchKonstytucji 3. Maja 1/3Skierniewice96‐100Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesPawińskiego 5aWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Jonathan D. G. Jones
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jacek Hennig
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesPawińskiego 5aWarsaw02‐106Poland
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Kotsaridis K, Tsakiri D, Sarris PF. Understanding enemy's weapons to an effective prevention: common virulence effects across microbial phytopathogens kingdoms. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35709325 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2083939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogens interaction is an ongoing confrontation leading to the emergence of new diseases. The majority of the invading microorganisms inject effector proteins into the host cell, to bypass the sophisticated defense system of the host. However, the effectors could also have other specialized functions, which can disrupt various biological pathways of the host cell. Pathogens can enrich their effectors arsenal to increase infection success or expand their host range. This usually is accomplished by the horizontal gene transfer. Nowadays, the development of specialized software that can predict proteins structure, has changed the experimental designing in effectors' function research. Different effectors of distinct plant pathogens tend to fold alike and have the same function and focussed structural studies on microbial effectors can help to uncover their catalytic/functional activities, while the structural similarity can enable cataloguing the great number of pathogens' effectors. In this review, we collectively present phytopathogens' effectors with known enzymatic functions and proteins structure, originated from all the kingdoms of microbial plant pathogens. Presentation of their common domains and motifs is also included. We believe that the in-depth understanding of the enemy's weapons will help the development of new strategies to prevent newly emerging or re-emerging plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Crete, Greece.,Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Sacristán S, Goss EM, Eves-van den Akker S. How Do Pathogens Evolve Novel Virulence Activities? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:576-586. [PMID: 33522842 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0258-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.We consider the state of knowledge on pathogen evolution of novel virulence activities, broadly defined as anything that increases pathogen fitness with the consequence of causing disease in either the qualitative or quantitative senses, including adaptation of pathogens to host immunity and physiology, host species, genotypes, or tissues, or the environment. The evolution of novel virulence activities as an adaptive trait is based on the selection exerted by hosts on variants that have been generated de novo or arrived from elsewhere. In addition, the biotic and abiotic environment a pathogen experiences beyond the host may influence pathogen virulence activities. We consider host-pathogen evolution, host range expansion, and external factors that can mediate pathogen evolution. We then discuss the mechanisms by which pathogens generate and recombine the genetic variation that leads to novel virulence activities, including DNA point mutation, transposable element activity, gene duplication and neofunctionalization, and genetic exchange. In summary, if there is an (epi)genetic mechanism that can create variation in the genome, it will be used by pathogens to evolve virulence factors. Our knowledge of virulence evolution has been biased by pathogen evolution in response to major gene resistance, leaving other virulence activities underexplored. Understanding the key driving forces that give rise to novel virulence activities and the integration of evolutionary concepts and methods with mechanistic research on plant-microbe interactions can help inform crop protection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Sacristán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
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Huang C. From Player to Pawn: Viral Avirulence Factors Involved in Plant Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040688. [PMID: 33923435 PMCID: PMC8073968 DOI: 10.3390/v13040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product. This system differs from other plant-pathogen interaction systems, in which plant R genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with R genes as Avr determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of Avr and R gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus Avr genes. Moreover, we present applications of Avr gene-mediated phenotyping in R gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, China
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Deom CM, Alabady MS, Yang L. Early transcriptome changes induced by the Geminivirus C4 oncoprotein: setting the stage for oncogenesis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:147. [PMID: 33653270 PMCID: PMC7923490 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Beet curly top virus C4 oncoprotein is a pathogenic determinant capable of inducing extensive developmental abnormalities. No studies to date have investigated how the transcriptional profiles differ between plants expressing or not expressing the C4 oncoprotein. RESULTS We investigated early transcriptional changes in Arabidopsis associated with expression of the Beet curly top virus C4 protein that represent initial events in pathogenesis via a comparative transcriptional analysis of mRNAs and small RNAs. We identified 48 and 94 differentially expressed genes at 6- and 12-h post-induction versus control plants. These early time points were selected to focus on direct regulatory effects of C4 expression. Since previous evidence suggested that the C4 protein regulated the brassinosteroid (BR)-signaling pathway, differentially expressed genes could be divided into two groups: those responsive to alterations in the BR-signaling pathway and those uniquely responsive to C4. Early transcriptional changes that disrupted hormone homeostasis, 18 and 19 differentially expressed genes at both 6- and 12-hpi, respectively, were responsive to C4-induced regulation of the BR-signaling pathway. Other C4-induced differentially expressed genes appeared independent of the BR-signaling pathway at 12-hpi, including changes that could alter cell development (4 genes), cell wall homeostasis (5 genes), redox homeostasis (11 genes) and lipid transport (4 genes). Minimal effects were observed on expression of small RNAs. CONCLUSION This work identifies initial events in genetic regulation induced by a geminivirus C4 oncoprotein. We provide evidence suggesting the C4 protein regulates multiple regulatory pathways and provides valuable insights into the role of the C4 protein in regulating initial events in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Michael Deom
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Magdy S Alabady
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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10
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Schoelz JE, Adhab M. Caulimoviruses (Caulimoviridae). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VIROLOGY 2021:313-321. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.21300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
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Scholthof KBG. Brachypodium and plant viruses: entwined tools for discovery. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1676-1680. [PMID: 31868932 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In just a decade, Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) has fulfilled its initial promise as a key tool for realizing new strategies for understanding host and pathogen biology during virus infections of the Poaceae. For this Tansley Insight, I have identified four areas - from the laboratory to the field - that may be particularly fruitful to explore, with a particular focus on Brachypodium-virus infections. These focus areas include: mechanisms of RNA modification of host plants and viruses; coevolution of virus-host interactions; viruses as tools of discovery; and how to explicate the complex outcomes during multivirus infections. Here, I broadly frame our current knowledge of Brachypodium-virus interactions and how these findings may inform virus studies of grasses in the laboratory, field and natural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Beth G Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Jiang Z, Zhang K, Li Z, Li Z, Yang M, Jin X, Cao Q, Wang X, Yue N, Li D, Zhang Y. The Barley stripe mosaic virus γb protein promotes viral cell-to-cell movement by enhancing ATPase-mediated assembly of ribonucleoprotein movement complexes. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008709. [PMID: 32730331 PMCID: PMC7419011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine genera of viruses in five different families use triple gene block (TGB) proteins for virus movement. The TGB modules fall into two classes: hordei-like and potex-like. Although TGB-mediated viral movement has been extensively studied, determination of the constituents of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) movement complexes and the mechanisms underlying their involvement in vRNP-mediated movement are far from complete. In the current study, immunoprecipitation of TGB1 protein complexes formed during Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) infection revealed the presence of the γb protein in the products. Further experiments demonstrated that TGB1 interacts with γb in vitro and in vivo, and that γb-TGB1 localizes at the periphery of chloroplasts and plasmodesmata (PD). Subcellular localization analyses of the γb protein in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells indicated that in addition to chloroplast localization, γb also targets the ER, actin filaments and PD at different stages of viral infection. By tracking γb localization during BSMV infection, we demonstrated that γb is required for efficient cell-to-cell movement. The N-terminus of γb interacts with the TGB1 ATPase/helicase domain and enhances ATPase activity of the domain. Inactivation of the TGB1 ATPase activity also significantly impaired PD targeting. In vitro translation together with co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) analyses revealed that TGB1-TGB3-TGB2 complex formation is enhanced by ATP hydrolysis. The γb protein positively regulates complex formation in the presence of ATP, suggesting that γb has a novel role in BSMV cell-to-cell movement by directly promoting TGB1 ATPase-mediated vRNP movement complex assembly. We further demonstrated that elimination of ATPase activity abrogates PD and actin targeting of Potato virus X (PVX) and Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) TGB1 proteins. These results expand our understanding of the multifunctional roles of γb and provide new insight into the functions of TGB1 ATPase domains in the movement of TGB-encoding viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Cauliflower Mosaic Virus TAV, a Plant Virus Protein That Functions like Ribonuclease H1 and is Cytotoxic to Glioma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7465242. [PMID: 32258141 PMCID: PMC7102451 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7465242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent comparisons between plant and animal viruses reveal many common principles that underlie how all viruses express their genetic material, amplify their genomes, and link virion assembly with replication. Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is not infectious for human beings. Here, we show that CaMV transactivator/viroplasmin protein (TAV) shares sequence similarity with and behaves like the human ribonuclease H1 (RNase H1) in reducing DNA/RNA hybrids detected with S9.6 antibody in HEK293T cells. We showed that TAV is clearly expressed in the cytosol and in the nuclei of transiently transfected human cells, similar to its distribution in plants. TAV also showed remarkable cytotoxic effects in U251 human glioma cells in vitro. These characteristics pave the way for future analysis on the use of the plant virus protein TAV, as an alternative to human RNAse H1 during gene therapy in human cells.
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14
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Wu G, Cui X, Dai Z, He R, Li Y, Yu K, Bernards M, Chen X, Wang A. A plant RNA virus hijacks endocytic proteins to establish its infection in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:384-400. [PMID: 31562664 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis and endosomal trafficking play essential roles in diverse biological processes including responses to pathogen attack. It is well established that animal viruses enter host cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis for infection. However, the role of endocytosis in plant virus infection still largely remains unknown. Plant dynamin-related proteins 1 (DRP1) and 2 (DRP2) are the large, multidomain GTPases that participate together in endocytosis. Recently, we have discovered that DRP2 is co-opted by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) for infection in plants. We report here that DRP1 is also required for TuMV infection. We show that overexpression of DRP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDRP1A) promotes TuMV infection, and AtDRP1A interacts with several viral proteins including VPg and cylindrical inclusion (CI), which are the essential components of the virus replication complex (VRC). AtDRP1A colocalizes with the VRC in TuMV-infected cells. Transient expression of a dominant negative (DN) mutant of DRP1A disrupts DRP1-dependent endocytosis and supresses TuMV replication. As adaptor protein (AP) complexes mediate cargo selection for endocytosis, we further investigated the requirement of AP in TuMV infection. Our data suggest that the medium unit of the AP2 complex (AP2β) is responsible for recognizing the viral proteins as cargoes for endocytosis, and knockout of AP2β impairs intracellular endosomal trafficking of VPg and CI and inhibits TuMV replication. Collectively, our results demonstrate that DRP1 and AP2β are two proviral host factors of TuMV and shed light into the involvement of endocytosis and endosomal trafficking in plant virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwei Wu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Kangfu Yu
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, Ontario, N0R 1G0, Canada
| | - Mark Bernards
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond ST, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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15
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Osterbaan LJ, Choi J, Kenney J, Flasco M, Vigne E, Schmitt-Keichinger C, Rebelo AR, Heck M, Fuchs M. The Identity of a Single Residue of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus Modulates Vein Clearing in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:790-801. [PMID: 30640575 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-18-0337-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying host plant symptom development upon infection by viruses of the genus Nepovirus in the family Secoviridae, including grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), are poorly understood. In the systemic host Nicotiana benthamiana, GFLV strain GHu produces characteristic symptoms of vein clearing in apical leaves, unlike other GFLV strains such as F13, which cause an asymptomatic infection. In this study, we expanded on earlier findings and used reverse genetics to identify residue 802 (lysine, K) of the GFLV-GHu RNA1-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (1EPol) as a modulator of vein-clearing symptom development in N. benthamiana. Mutations to this site abolished (K to G, A, or Q) or attenuated (K to N or P) symptom expression. Noteworthy, residue 802 is necessary but not sufficient for vein clearing, as GFLV-F13 RNA1 carrying K802 remained asymptomatic in N. benthamiana. No correlation was found between symptom expression and RNA1 accumulation, as shown by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the involvement of RNA silencing of vein clearing was ruled out by virus-induced gene silencing experiments and structure predictions for protein 1EPol suggested that residue 802 is flanked by strongly predicted stable secondary structures, including a conserved motif of unknown function (805LLKT/AHLK/RT/ALR814). Together, these results reveal the protein nature of the GFLV-GHu symptom determinant in N. benthamiana and provide a solid basis for probing and determining the virus-host proteome network for symptoms of vein clearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J Osterbaan
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Jiyeong Choi
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Jaimie Kenney
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Madison Flasco
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Emmanuelle Vigne
- 2 UMR 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRA-Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | | | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- 3 Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Michelle Heck
- 3 Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
- 4 Boyce Thompson Research Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 5 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Marc Fuchs
- 1 Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
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16
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Adhab M, Angel C, Rodriguez A, Fereidouni M, Király L, Scheets K, Schoelz JE. Tracing the Lineage of Two Traits Associated with the Coat Protein of the Tombusviridae: Silencing Suppression and HR Elicitation in Nicotiana Species. Viruses 2019; 11:E588. [PMID: 31261652 PMCID: PMC6669612 DOI: 10.3390/v11070588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we have characterized the lineage of two traits associated with the coat proteins (CPs) of the tombusvirids: Silencing suppression and HR elicitation in Nicotiana species. We considered that the tombusvirid CPs might collectively be considered an effector, with the CP of each CP-encoding species comprising a structural variant within the family. Thus, a phylogenetic analysis of the CP could provide insight into the evolution of a pathogen effector. The phylogeny of the CP of tombusvirids indicated that CP representatives of the family could be divided into four clades. In two separate clades the CP triggered a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana species of section Alatae but did not have silencing suppressor activity. In a third clade the CP had a silencing suppressor activity but did not have the capacity to trigger HR in Nicotiana species. In the fourth clade, the CP did not carry either function. Our analysis illustrates how structural changes that likely occurred in the CP effector of progenitors of the current genera led to either silencing suppressor activity, HR elicitation in select Nicotiana species, or neither trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Adhab
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Baghdad, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Carlos Angel
- National Coffee Research Center-Cenicafe, Planalto, km. 4, Vía antigua Chinchiná-Manizales, Manizales (Caldes), Colombia
| | - Andres Rodriguez
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Lóránt Király
- Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Kay Scheets
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - James E Schoelz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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