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Su Q, Tang Y, Lan G, Yu L, Ding S, He Z, She X, Li Z. Pathogenicity analysis and seed transmission of watermelon virus A in bottle gourd. Virology 2024; 596:110112. [PMID: 38797063 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Seed transmission is among the primary strategies utilized by plant viruses for long-distance dissemination, leading to the widespread occurrence of viral diseases globally. Watermelon virus A (WVA) is a novel wamavirus first found in watermelon. However, the pathogenicity and transmission mode of WVA are still unclear. Our previous work found that the incidence of WVA in bottle gourd is very high. Based on that, the pathogenicity and seed transmission mode of WVA in bottle gourd were studied. Compared with healthy plant, bottle gourd infected by WVA showed no visible disease symptom. Moreover, in the seeds of 20 bottle gourd cultivars, the occurrence of WVA varies from 0 to 90%, and one cultivar even reaches 100%. We also found that the transmission rate from seeds to the resulting seedlings was 100%. Furthermore, WVA was present in both the seed coat and embryo, and seed disinfection cannot eliminate WVA. Besides the seed and leaf, WVA can also be detected in stem, flower, and fruit, but not in the root. To our surprise, the level of transmission from WVA-infected plants to seeds was more than 85%. In addition, the viral accumulations of both WVA and CGMMV were increased in plants with co-infection of WVA and CGMMV. Taken together, these findings reveal that WVA is a seed-transmitted virus which causes no disease symptom in bottle gourd, and there may be synergism between WVA and CGMMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yafei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Guobing Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Lin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Shanwen Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Zifu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xiaoman She
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Zhenggang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
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2
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Carr JP. Engineered Resistance to Tobamoviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:1007. [PMID: 39066170 PMCID: PMC11281658 DOI: 10.3390/v16071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be studied in detail and, for many years, TMV and other tobamoviruses, particularly tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobamoviruses infecting pepper (Capsicum spp.), were serious crop pathogens. By the end of the twentieth and for the first decade of the twenty-first century, tobamoviruses were under some degree of control due to introgression of resistance genes into commercial tomato and pepper lines. However, tobamoviruses remained important models for molecular biology, biotechnology and bio-nanotechnology. Recently, tobamoviruses have again become serious crop pathogens due to the advent of tomato brown rugose fruit virus, which overcomes tomato resistance against TMV and ToMV, and the slow but apparently inexorable worldwide spread of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, which threatens all cucurbit crops. This review discusses a range of mainly molecular biology-based approaches for protecting crops against tobamoviruses. These include cross-protection (using mild tobamovirus strains to 'immunize' plants against severe strains), expressing viral gene products in transgenic plants to inhibit the viral infection cycle, inducing RNA silencing against tobamoviruses by expressing virus-derived RNA sequences in planta or by direct application of double-stranded RNA molecules to non-engineered plants, gene editing of host susceptibility factors, and the transfer and optimization of natural resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Peter Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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Wendlandt T, Britz B, Kleinow T, Hipp K, Eber FJ, Wege C. Getting Hold of the Tobamovirus Particle-Why and How? Purification Routes over Time and a New Customizable Approach. Viruses 2024; 16:884. [PMID: 38932176 PMCID: PMC11209083 DOI: 10.3390/v16060884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This article develops a multi-perspective view on motivations and methods for tobamovirus purification through the ages and presents a novel, efficient, easy-to-use approach that can be well-adapted to different species of native and functionalized virions. We survey the various driving forces prompting researchers to enrich tobamoviruses, from the search for the causative agents of mosaic diseases in plants to their increasing recognition as versatile nanocarriers in biomedical and engineering applications. The best practices and rarely applied options for the serial processing steps required for successful isolation of tobamoviruses are then reviewed. Adaptations for distinct particle species, pitfalls, and 'forgotten' or underrepresented technologies are considered as well. The article is topped off with our own development of a method for virion preparation, rooted in historical protocols. It combines selective re-solubilization of polyethylene glycol (PEG) virion raw precipitates with density step gradient centrifugation in biocompatible iodixanol formulations, yielding ready-to-use particle suspensions. This newly established protocol and some considerations for perhaps worthwhile further developments could serve as putative stepping stones towards preparation procedures appropriate for routine practical uses of these multivalent soft-matter nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wendlandt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Beate Britz
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Tatjana Kleinow
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Fabian J. Eber
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Badstr. 24, 77652 Offenburg, Germany;
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
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Chattopadhyay A, Jailani AAK, Roy A, Mukherjee SK, Mandal B. Expanding Possibilities for Foreign Gene Expression by Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Genome-Based Bipartite Vector System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1414. [PMID: 38794484 PMCID: PMC11124972 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Expanding possibilities for foreign gene expression in cucurbits, we present a novel approach utilising a bipartite vector system based on the cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) genome. Traditional full-length CGMMV vectors face limitations such as a restricted cargo capacity and unstable foreign gene expression. To address these challenges, we developed two 'deconstructed' CGMMV genomes, DG-1 and DG-2. DG-1 features a major internal deletion, resulting in the loss of crucial replicase enzyme domains, rendering it incapable of self-replication. However, a staggered infiltration of DG-1 in CGMMV-infected plants enabled successful replication and movement, facilitating gene-silencing experiments. Conversely, DG-2 was engineered to enhance replication rates and provide multiple cloning sites. Although it exhibited higher replication rates, DG-2 remained localised within infiltrated tissue, displaying trans-replication and restricted movement. Notably, DG-2 demonstrated utility in expressing GFP, with a peak expression observed between 6 and 10 days post-infiltration. Overall, our bipartite system represents a significant advancement in functional genomics, offering a robust tool for foreign gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudha Chattopadhyay
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.C.); (A.R.); (S.K.M.)
- Pulses Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar 385506, Gujarat, India
| | - A. Abdul Kader Jailani
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.C.); (A.R.); (S.K.M.)
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Anirban Roy
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.C.); (A.R.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Sunil Kumar Mukherjee
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.C.); (A.R.); (S.K.M.)
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.C.); (A.R.); (S.K.M.)
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Sáez C, Pagán I. Plant viruses traveling without passport. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002626. [PMID: 38728373 PMCID: PMC11086899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
All plant viruses were thought to encode in its genome a movement protein that acts as a "passport," allowing active movement within the host. A new study in PLOS Biology characterizes the first plant virus that can colonize its host without encoding this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sáez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Liu M, Kang B, Wu H, Peng B, Liu L, Hong N, Gu Q. Ethylene enhances resistance to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus via the ClWRKY70- ClACO5 module in watermelon plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1332037. [PMID: 38273961 PMCID: PMC10808359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1332037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Ethylene (ET) is involved in plant responses to viral infection. However, its molecular mechanisms and regulatory network remain largely unknown. Methods and results In the present study, we report that cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) triggers ET production by inducing the expression of ClACO5, a key gene of the ET biosynthesis pathway through transcriptome data analysis and gene function validation. The knock-down of ClACO5 expression through virus-induced gene silencing in watermelon and overexpressing ClACO5 in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that ClACO5 positively regulates CGMMV resistance and ET biosynthesis. The salicylic acid-responsive transcription factor gene ClWRKY70 shares a similar expression pattern with ClACO5. We demonstrate that ClWRKY70 directly binds to the W-box cis-element in the ClACO5 promoter and enhances its transcription. In addition, ClWRKY70 enhances plant responses to CGMMV infection by regulating ClACO5 expression in watermelon. Discussion Our results demonstrate that the ClWRKY70-ClACO5 module positively regulates resistance to CGMMV infection in watermelon, shedding new light on the molecular basis of ET accumulation in watermelon in response to CGMMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoshan Kang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Huijie Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Liming Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang, China
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7
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de Andrés-Torán R, Guidoum L, Zamfir AD, Mora MÁ, Moreno-Vázquez S, García-Arenal F. Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV) Isolates from Different Plant Families Show No Evidence of Differential Adaptation to Their Host of Origin. Viruses 2023; 15:2384. [PMID: 38140625 PMCID: PMC10748040 DOI: 10.3390/v15122384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of tobamoviruses to crop production is increasing due to new emergences, which cannot be understood without knowledge of the tobamovirus host range and host specificity. Recent analyses of tobamovirus occurrence in different plant communities have shown unsuspectedly large host ranges. This was the case of the tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), which previously was most associated with solanaceous hosts. We addressed two hypotheses concerning TMGMV host range evolution: (i) ecological fitting, rather than genome evolution, determines TMGMV host range, and (ii) isolates are adapted to the host of origin. We obtained TMGMV isolates from non-solanaceous hosts and we tested the capacity of genetically closely related TMGMV isolates from three host families to infect and multiply in 10 hosts of six families. All isolates systemically infected all hosts, with clear disease symptoms apparent only in solanaceous hosts. TMGMV multiplication depended on the assayed host but not on the isolate's host of origin, with all isolates accumulating to the highest levels in Nicotiana tabacum. Thus, results support that TMGMV isolates are adapted to hosts in the genus Nicotiana, consistent with a well-known old virus-host association. In addition, phenotypic plasticity allows Nicotiana-adapted TMGMV genotypes to infect a large range of hosts, as encountered according to plant community composition and transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Andrés-Torán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP UPM_INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.A.-T.); (L.G.); (A.D.Z.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Laura Guidoum
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP UPM_INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.A.-T.); (L.G.); (A.D.Z.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Adrian D. Zamfir
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP UPM_INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.A.-T.); (L.G.); (A.D.Z.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Mora
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP UPM_INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.A.-T.); (L.G.); (A.D.Z.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Santiago Moreno-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro 2-4, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP UPM_INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.A.-T.); (L.G.); (A.D.Z.); (M.Á.M.)
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro 2-4, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Li Z, Tang Y, Lan G, Yu L, Ding S, She X, He Z. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal That Jasmonic Acids May Facilitate the Infection of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus in Bottle Gourd. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16566. [PMID: 38068889 PMCID: PMC10706418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a typical seed-borne tobamovirus that mainly infects cucurbit crops. Due to the rapid growth of international trade, CGMMV has spread worldwide and become a significant threat to cucurbit industry. Despite various studies focusing on the interaction between CGMMV and host plants, the molecular mechanism of CGMMV infection is still unclear. In this study, we utilized transcriptome and metabolome analyses to investigate the antiviral response of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) under CGMMV stress. The transcriptome analysis revealed that in comparison to mock-inoculated bottle gourd, 1929 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in CGMMV-inoculated bottle gourd. Among them, 1397 genes were upregulated while 532 genes were downregulated. KEGG pathway enrichment indicated that the DEGs were mainly involved in pathways including the metabolic pathway, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The metabolome result showed that there were 76 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), of which 69 metabolites were up-accumulated, and 7 metabolites were down-accumulated. These DAMs were clustered into several pathways, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, tyrosine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Combining the transcriptome and metabolome results, the genes and metabolites involved in the jasmonic acid and its derivatives (JAs) synthesis pathway were significantly induced upon CGMMV infection. The silencing of the allene oxide synthase (AOS) gene, which is the key gene involved in JAs synthesis, reduced CGMMV accumulation. These findings suggest that JAs may facilitate CGMMV infection in bottle gourd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoman She
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Z.L.); (Y.T.); (G.L.); (L.Y.); (S.D.)
| | - Zifu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Z.L.); (Y.T.); (G.L.); (L.Y.); (S.D.)
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9
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Chen C, Du M, Wang Y, Zhou X, Yang X. Molecular identification and development of an infectious cDNA clone of Trichosanthes kirilowii-infecting cucurbit mild mosaic virus. Virology 2023; 588:109891. [PMID: 37826911 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichosanthes kirilowii has been mainly grown for use in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, cucurbit mild mosaic virus (CuMMV) belonging to the genus Fabavirus was identified from T. kirilowii plants. CuMMV possesses a segmented, bipartite linear single-stranded RNA genome composed of RNA1 and RNA2. Sequence analysis showed that each genomic segment shares the highest sequence similarity with those of CuMMV isolated from pumpkin. A full-length infectious cDNA clone of CuMMV was further constructed and was found to induce typical symptoms in T. kirilowii, Cucumis sativus, C. melo, Citrullus lanatus, and Cucurbita pepo. The sap inoculum derived from the infectious cDNA clone of CuMMV could be mechanically transmitted and reproduce similar symptoms in the tested plants. This is the first report on the construction of a biologically active, full-length infectious cDNA clone of CuMMV, which will provide a useful tool in understanding CuMMV-encoded proteins and plant-CuMMV interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Du
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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10
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Spiegelman Z, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Breaking Boundaries: The Perpetual Interplay Between Tobamoviruses and Plant Immunity. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:455-476. [PMID: 37254097 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-122847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses of the genus Tobamovirus cause significant economic losses in various crops. The emergence of new tobamoviruses such as the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a major threat to global agriculture. Upon infection, plants mount a complex immune response to restrict virus replication and spread, involving a multilayered defense system that includes defense hormones, RNA silencing, and immune receptors. To counter these defenses, tobamoviruses have evolved various strategies to evade or suppress the different immune pathways. Understanding the interactions between tobamoviruses and the plant immune pathways is crucial for the development of effective control measures and genetic resistance to these viruses. In this review, we discuss past and current knowledge of the intricate relationship between tobamoviruses and host immunity. We use this knowledge to understand the emergence of ToBRFV and discuss potential approaches for the development of new resistance strategies to cope with emerging tobamoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel;
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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11
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Liu M, Kang B, Wu H, Aranda MA, Peng B, Liu L, Fei Z, Hong N, Gu Q. Transcriptomic and metabolic profiling of watermelon uncovers the role of salicylic acid and flavonoids in the resistance to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5218-5235. [PMID: 37235634 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant resistance to virus infections is crucial for viral disease management in agriculture. However, the defense mechanism of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) against cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed transcriptomic, metabolomic, and phytohormone analyses of a CGMMV susceptible watermelon cultivar 'Zhengkang No.2' ('ZK') and a CGMMV resistant wild watermelon accession PI 220778 (PI) to identify the key regulatory genes, metabolites, and phytohormones responsible for CGMMV resistance. We then tested several phytohormones and metabolites for their roles in watermelon CGMMV resistance via foliar application, followed by CGMMV inoculation. Several phenylpropanoid metabolism-associated genes and metabolites, especially those involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, were found to be significantly enriched in the CGMMV-infected PI plants compared with the CGMMV-infected 'ZK' plants. We also identified a gene encoding UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) that is involved in kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside biosynthesis and controls disease resistance, as well as plant height. Additionally, salicylic acid (SA) biogenesis increased in the CGMMV-infected 'ZK' plants, resulting in the activation of a downstream signaling cascade. SA levels in the tested watermelon plants correlated with that of total flavonoids, and SA pre-treatment up-regulated the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes, thus increasing the total flavonoid content. Furthermore, application of exogenous SA or flavonoids extracted from watermelon leaves suppressed CGMMV infection. In summary, our study demonstrates the role of SA-induced flavonoid biosynthesis in plant development and CGMMV resistance, which could be used to breed for CGMMV resistance in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Baoshan Kang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Huijie Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)- CSIC, Apdo. correos 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bin Peng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Liming Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
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12
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Zamfir AD, Babalola BM, Fraile A, McLeish MJ, García-Arenal F. Tobamoviruses Show Broad Host Ranges and Little Genetic Diversity Among Four Habitat Types of a Heterogeneous Ecosystem. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1697-1707. [PMID: 36916761 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0439-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Host ranges of plant viruses are poorly known, as studies have focused on pathogenic viruses in crops and adjacent wild plants. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) avoids the bias toward plant-virus interactions that result in disease. Here we study the host ranges of tobamoviruses, important pathogens of crops, using HTS analyses of an extensive sample of plant communities in four habitats of a heterogeneous ecosystem. Sequences of 17 virus operational taxonomic units (OTUs) matched references in the Tobamovirus genus, eight had narrow host ranges, and five had wide host ranges. Regardless of host range, the OTU hosts belonged to taxonomically distant families, suggesting no phylogenetic constraints in host use associated with virus adaptation, and that tobamoviruses may be host generalists. The OTUs identified as tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), pepper mild mottle virus, and Youcai mosaic virus had the largest realized host ranges that occurred across habitats and exhibited host use unrelated to the degree of human intervention. This result is at odds with assumptions that contact-transmitted viruses would be more abundant in crops than in wild plant communities and could be explained by effective seed-, contact-, or pollinator-mediated transmission or by survival in the soil. TMGMV and TMV had low genetic diversity that was not structured according to habitat or host plant taxonomy, which indicated that phenotypic plasticity allows virus genotypes to infect new hosts with no need for adaptive evolution. Our results underscore the relevance of ecological factors in host range evolution, in addition to the more often studied genetic factors. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián D Zamfir
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bisola M Babalola
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael J McLeish
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Liu M, Wu H, Hong N, Kang B, Peng B, Liu L, Gu Q. Argonaute 1 and 5 proteins play crucial roles in the defence against cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in watermelon. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:961-972. [PMID: 37118922 PMCID: PMC10346368 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing, a core part of plants' antiviral defence, requires the ARGONAUTE, DICER-like, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase proteins. However, how these proteins contribute to watermelon's RNA interference (RNAi) pathway response to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) has not been characterized. Here, we identify seven ClAGO, four ClDCL, and 11 ClRDR genes in watermelon and analyse their expression profiles when infected with CGMMV. ClAGO1 and ClAGO5 expression levels were highly induced by CGMMV infection. The results of ClAGO1 and ClAGO5 overexpression and silencing experiments suggest that these genes play central roles in watermelon's antiviral defence. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments showed that ClAGO1 interacts with ClAGO5 in vivo, suggesting that ClAGO1 and ClAGO5 co-regulate watermelon defence against CGMMV infection. We also identified the ethylene response factor (ERF) binding site in the promoters of the ClAGO1 and ClAGO5 genes, and ethylene (ETH) treatment significantly increased ClAGO5 expression. Two ERF genes (Cla97C08G147180 and Cla97C06G122830) closely related to ClAGO5 expression were identified using co-expression analysis. Subcellular localization revealed that two ERFs and ClAGO5 predominantly localize at the nucleus, suggesting that enhancement of resistance to CGMMV by ETH is probably achieved through ClAGO5 but not ClAGO1. Our findings reveal aspects of the mechanisms underlying RNA silencing in watermelon against CGMMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Huijie Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Baoshan Kang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Bin Peng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Liming Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
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14
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Aparna, Skarzyńska A, Pląder W, Pawełkowicz M. Impact of Climate Change on Regulation of Genes Involved in Sex Determination and Fruit Production in Cucumber. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2651. [PMID: 37514264 PMCID: PMC10385340 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental changes, both natural and anthropogenic, mainly related to rising temperatures and water scarcity, are clearly visible around the world. Climate change is important for crop production and is a major issue for the growth and productivity of cucumbers. Processes such as sex determination, flower morphogenesis and fruit development in cucumbers are highly sensitive to various forms of stress induced by climatic changes. It is noteworthy that many factors, including genetic factors, transcription factors, phytohormones and miRNAs, are crucial in regulating these processes and are themselves affected by climate change. Changes in the expression and activity of these factors have been observed as a consequence of climatic conditions. This review focuses primarily on exploring the effects of climate change and abiotic stresses, such as increasing temperature and drought, on the processes of sex determination, reproduction, and fruit development in cucumbers at the molecular level. In addition, it highlights the existing research gaps that need to be addressed in order to improve our understanding of the complex interactions between climate change and cucumber physiology. This, in turn, may lead to strategies to mitigate the adverse effects and enhance cucumber productivity in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skarzyńska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pląder
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pawełkowicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Philosoph AM, Dombrovsky A, Luria N, Sela N, Elad Y, Frenkel O. Rapid defense mechanism suppression during viral- oomycete disease complex formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1124911. [PMID: 37360707 PMCID: PMC10288809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1124911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Combined infection of the host plant with pathogens involving different parasitic lifestyles may result in synergistic effects that intensify disease symptoms. Understanding the molecular dynamics during concurrent infection provides essential insight into the host response. The transcriptomic pattern of cucumber plants infected with a necrotrophic pathogen, Pythium spinosum, and a biotrophic pathogen, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) was studied at different time points, under regimes of single and co-infection. Analysis of CGMMV infection alone revealed a mild influence on host gene expression at the stem base, while the infection by P. spinosum is associated with drastic changes in gene expression. Comparing P. spinosum as a single infecting pathogen with a later co-infection by CGMMV revealed a rapid host response as early as 24 hours post-CGMMV inoculation with a sharp downregulation of genes related to the host defense mechanism against the necrotrophic pathogen. Suppression of the defense mechanism of co-infected plants was followed by severe stress, including 30% plants mortality and an increase of the P. spinosum hyphae. The first evidence of defense recovery against the necrotrophic pathogen only occurred 13 days post-viral infection. These results support the hypothesis that the viral infection of the Pythium pre-infected plants subverted the host defense system and changed the equilibrium obtained with P. spinosum. It also implies a time window in which the plants are most susceptible to P. spinosum after CGMMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit M. Philosoph
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Levi Eshkol School of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
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16
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Yang LL, Li QL, Han XY, Jiang XL, Wang H, Shi YJ, Chen LL, Li HL, Liu YQ, Yang X, Shi Y. A cysteine-rich secretory protein involves in phytohormone melatonin mediated plant resistance to CGMMV. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:215. [PMID: 37098482 PMCID: PMC10127030 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin is considered to be a polyfunctional master regulator in animals and higher plants. Exogenous melatonin inhibits plant infection by multiple diseases; however, the role of melatonin in Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) infection remains unknown. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that exogenous melatonin treatment can effectively control CGMMV infection. The greatest control effect was achieved by 3 days of root irrigation at a melatonin concentration of 50 μM. Exogenous melatonin showed preventive and therapeutic effects against CGMMV infection at early stage in tobacco and cucumber. We utilized RNA sequencing technology to compare the expression profiles of mock-inoculated, CGMMV-infected, and melatonin+CGMMV-infected tobacco leaves. Defense-related gene CRISP1 was specifically upregulated in response to melatonin, but not to salicylic acid (SA). Silencing CRISP1 enhanced the preventive effects of melatonin on CGMMV infection, but had no effect on CGMMV infection. We also found exogenous melatonin has preventive effects against another Tobamovirus, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) infection. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results indicate that exogenous melatonin controls two Tobamovirus infections and inhibition of CRISP1 enhanced melatonin control effects against CGMMV infection, which may lead to the development of a novel melatonin treatment for Tobamovirus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qing-Lun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Han
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xing-Lin Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - He Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ya-Juan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hong-Lian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yi-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou, 510550, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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17
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Genome Characterisation of the CGMMV Virus Population in Australia—Informing Plant Biosecurity Policy. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030743. [PMID: 36992452 PMCID: PMC10051534 DOI: 10.3390/v15030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of cucumber green mottle mosaic (CGMMV) in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, in 2014 led to the introduction of strict quarantine measures for the importation of cucurbit seeds by the Australian federal government. Further detections in Queensland, Western Australia (WA), New South Wales and South Australia occurred in the period 2015–2020. To explore the diversity of the current Australian CGMMV population, 35 new coding sequence complete genomes for CGMMV isolates from Australian incursions and surveys were prepared for this study. In conjunction with published genomes from the NT and WA, sequence, phylogenetic, and genetic variation and variant analyses were performed, and the data were compared with those for international CGMMV isolates. Based on these analyses, it can be inferred that the Australian CGMMV population resulted from a single virus source via multiple introductions.
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18
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Lovelock DA, Mintoff SJL, Kurz N, Neilsen M, Patel S, Constable FE, Tran-Nguyen LTT. Ability of Non-Hosts and Cucurbitaceous Weeds to Transmit Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:683. [PMID: 36992392 PMCID: PMC10056631 DOI: 10.3390/v15030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a Tobamovirus of economic importance affecting cucurbit crops and Asian cucurbit vegetables. Non-host crops of CGMMV, including capsicum (Capsicum annum), sweetcorn (Zea mays), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), were tested for their susceptibility to the virus, with field and glasshouse trials undertaken. After 12 weeks post-sowing, the crops were tested for the presence of CGMMV, and in all cases, no CGMMV was detected. Commonly found within the growing regions of cucurbits and melons worldwide are weeds, such as black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), wild gooseberry (Physalis minima), pigweed (Portulaca oleracea), and Amaranth species. Several weeds/grasses were tested for their ability to become infected with CGMMV by inoculating weeds directly with CGMMV and routinely testing over a period of eight weeks. Amaranthus viridis was found to be susceptible, with 50% of the weeds becoming infected with CGMMV. To further analyse this, six Amaranth samples were used as inoculum on four watermelon seedlings per sample and tested after eight weeks. CGMMV was detected in three of six watermelon bulk samples, indicating that A. viridis is a potential host/reservoir for CGMMV. Further research into the relationship between CGMMV and weed hosts is required. This research also highlights the importance of proper weed management to effectively manage CGMMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Lovelock
- Department of Jobs Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria Research, Agribio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Sharl J. L. Mintoff
- Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Biosecurity and Animal Welfare, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia; (S.J.L.M.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (S.P.)
| | - Nadine Kurz
- Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Biosecurity and Animal Welfare, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia; (S.J.L.M.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (S.P.)
| | - Merran Neilsen
- Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Biosecurity and Animal Welfare, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia; (S.J.L.M.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (S.P.)
| | - Shreya Patel
- Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Biosecurity and Animal Welfare, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia; (S.J.L.M.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (S.P.)
| | - Fiona E. Constable
- Department of Jobs Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria Research, Agribio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
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19
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Shi Y, Yang X, Yang L, Li Q, Liu X, Han X, Gu Q, Li H, Chen L, Liu Y, Shi Y. Interaction between cucumber green mottle mosaic virus MP and CP promotes virus systemic infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:208-220. [PMID: 36528386 PMCID: PMC9923391 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) of tobamoviruses play critical roles in viral cell-to-cell and long-distance movement, respectively. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a member of the genus Tobamovirus. The functions of CGMMV MP and CP during viral infection remain largely unclear. Here, we show that CGMMV MP can interact with CP in vivo, and the amino acids at positions 79-128 in MP are vital for the MP-CP interaction. To confirm this finding, we mutated five conserved residues within the residue 79-128 region and six other conserved residues flanking this region, followed by in vivo interaction assays. The results showed that the conserved threonine residue at the position 107 in MP (MPT107 ) is important for the MP-CP interaction. Substitution of T107 with alanine (MPT107A ) delayed CGMMV systemic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, but increased CGMMV local accumulation. Substitutions of another 10 conserved residues, not responsible for the MP-CP interaction, with alanine inhibited or abolished CGMMV systemic infection, suggesting that these 10 conserved residues are possibly required for the MP movement function through a CP-independent manner. Moreover, two movement function-associated point mutants (MPF17A and MPD97A ) failed to cause systemic infection in plants without impacting on the MP-CP interaction. Furthermore, we have found that co-expression of CGMMV MP and CP increased CP accumulation independent of the interaction. MP and CP interaction inhibits the salicylic acid-associated defence response at an early infection stage. Taken together, we propose that the suppression of host antiviral defence through the MP-CP interaction facilitates virus systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Juan Shi
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Ling‐Ling Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qing‐Lun Li
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Min Liu
- Institute of Cereal and CropsHebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesShijiazhuangChina
| | - Xiao‐Yu Han
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qin‐Sheng Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Hong‐Lian Li
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Lin‐Lin Chen
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Guangdong Baiyun UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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20
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Tatineni S, Hein GL. Plant Viruses of Agricultural Importance: Current and Future Perspectives of Virus Disease Management Strategies. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:117-141. [PMID: 36095333 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0167-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause significant losses in agricultural crops worldwide, affecting the yield and quality of agricultural products. The emergence of novel viruses or variants through genetic evolution and spillover from reservoir host species, changes in agricultural practices, mixed infections with disease synergism, and impacts from global warming pose continuous challenges for the management of epidemics resulting from emerging plant virus diseases. This review describes some of the most devastating virus diseases plus select virus diseases with regional importance in agriculturally important crops that have caused significant yield losses. The lack of curative measures for plant virus infections prompts the use of risk-reducing measures for managing plant virus diseases. These measures include exclusion, avoidance, and eradication techniques, along with vector management practices. The use of sensitive, high throughput, and user-friendly diagnostic methods is crucial for defining preventive and management strategies against plant viruses. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has great potential for detecting unknown viruses in quarantine samples. The deployment of genetic resistance in crop plants is an effective and desirable method of managing virus diseases. Several dominant and recessive resistance genes have been used to manage virus diseases in crops. Recently, RNA-based technologies such as dsRNA- and siRNA-based RNA interference, microRNA, and CRISPR/Cas9 provide transgenic and nontransgenic approaches for developing virus-resistant crop plants. Importantly, the topical application of dsRNA, hairpin RNA, and artificial microRNA and trans-active siRNA molecules on plants has the potential to develop GMO-free virus disease management methods. However, the long-term efficacy and acceptance of these new technologies, especially transgenic methods, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Tatineni
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Gary L Hein
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
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21
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Vaisman M, Hak H, Arazi T, Spiegelman Z. The Impact of Tobamovirus Infection on Root Development Involves Induction of Auxin Response Factor 10a in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 63:1980-1993. [PMID: 34977939 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause systemic diseases that severely impair plant growth and development. While the accumulation of viruses in the root system has long been established, little is known as to how viruses affect root architecture. Here, we examined how the emerging tobamovirus, tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), alters root development in tomato. We found that ToBRFV and tobacco mosaic virus both invaded root systems during the first week of infection. ToBRFV infection of tomato plants resulted in a significant decrease in root biomass and elongation and root-to-shoot ratio and a marked suppression of root branching. Mutation in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 increased the susceptibility of tomato plants to ToBRFV, resulting in severe reduction of various root growth parameters including root branching. Viral root symptoms were associated with the accumulation of auxin response factor 10a (SlARF10a) transcript, a homolog of Arabidopsis ARF10, a known suppressor of lateral root development. Interestingly, loss-of-function mutation in SlARF10a moderated the effect of ToBRFV on root branching. In contrast, downregulation of sly-miR160a, which targets SlARF10a, was associated with constitutive suppression root branching independent of viral infection. In addition, overexpression of a microRNA-insensitive mutant of SlARF10a mimicked the effect of ToBRFV on root development, suggesting a specific role for SlARF10a in ToBRFV-mediated suppression of root branching. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the impact of tobamoviruses on root development and the role of ARF10a in the suppression of root branching in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaisman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| | - Hagit Hak
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Tzahi Arazi
- Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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22
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Cai L, Liu J, Wang S, Gong Z, Yang S, Xu F, Hu Z, Zhang M, Yang J. The coiled-coil protein gene WPRb confers recessive resistance to Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:369-381. [PMID: 36179097 PMCID: PMC9806632 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is one of the major global quarantine viruses and causes severe symptoms in Cucurbit crops, particularly with regard to fruit decay. However, the genetic mechanisms that control plant resistance to CGMMV have yet to be elucidated. Here, we found that WPRb, a weak chloroplast movement under blue light 1 and plastid movement impaired 2-related protein family gene, is recessively associated with CGMMV resistance in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). We developed a reproducible marker based on a single non-synonymous substitution (G1282A) in WPRb, which can be used for marker-assisted selection for CGMMV resistance in watermelon. Editing of WPRb conferred greater tolerance to CGMMV. We found WPRb targets to the plasmodesmata (PD) and biochemically interacts with the CGMMV movement protein, facilitating viral intercellular movement by affecting the permeability of PD. Our findings enable us to genetically control CGMMV resistance in planta by using precise genome editing techniques targeted to WPRb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmin Cai
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ningbo Weimeng Seed Co. Ltd, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Shuchang Wang
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zihui Gong
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fengyuan Xu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongyuan Hu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China
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23
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He M, He CQ, Ding NZ. Evolution of cucurbit-infecting tobamoviruses: Recombination and codon usage bias. Virus Res 2023; 323:198970. [PMID: 36273733 PMCID: PMC10194277 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are seven cucurbit-infecting tobamoviruses comprising cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (KGMMV), cucumber fruit mottle mosaic virus (CFMMV), zucchini green mottle mosaic virus (ZGMMV), cucumber mottle virus (CMoV), watermelon green mottle mosaic virus (WGMMV), and Trichosanthes mottle mosaic virus (TrMMV). To gain more insights into their evolution, recombination analyses were conducted. Four CGMMV isolates and one KGMMV isolate were suggested to be recombinants. And there was an interspecies recombination event between CGMMV and ZGMMV. Phylogenetic incongruence was also observed for CGMMV and KGMMV. A probable ancestral pattern was inferred for the gene junction region between RdRp and MP. Codon usage bias analysis revealed that the viral genes had additional influence independent of compositional constraint. In codon preference, the seven viruses were both similar to and different from the host cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Moreover, the viruses were not deficient in CpG and UpA dinucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Cheng-Qiang He
- Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Nai-Zheng Ding
- Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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24
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Giesbers AKJ, Roenhorst A, Schenk MF, Westenberg M, Botermans M. African eggplant-associated virus: Characterization of a novel tobamovirus identified from Solanum macrocarpon and assessment of its potential impact on tomato and pepper crops. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277840. [PMID: 37053240 PMCID: PMC10101479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel tobamovirus was identified in a fruit of Solanum macrocarpon imported into the Netherlands in 2018. This virus was further characterized in terms of host range, pathotype and genomic properties, because many tobamoviruses have the potential to cause severe damage in important crops. In the original fruit, two different genotypes of the novel virus were present. The virus was able to infect multiple plant species from the Solanaceae family after mechanical inoculation, as well as a member of the Apiaceae family. These species included economically important crops such as tomato and pepper, as well as eggplant and petunia. Both tomato and pepper germplasm were shown to harbor resistance against the novel virus. Since most commercial tomato and pepper varieties grown in European greenhouses harbor these relevant resistances, the risk of infection and subsequent impact on these crops is likely to be low in Europe. Assessment of the potential threat to eggplant, petunia, and other susceptible species needs further work. In conclusion, this study provides a first assessment of the potential phytosanitary risks of a newly discovered tobamovirus, which was tentatively named African eggplant-associated virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K J Giesbers
- Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive plants and Plant health, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien Roenhorst
- Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive plants and Plant health, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn F Schenk
- National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Westenberg
- Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive plants and Plant health, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Botermans
- Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive plants and Plant health, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Tian Y, Fei J, Luo J, Chen L, Ye J, Du W, Yu C. Development of a reverse-transcription droplet digital PCR method for quantitative detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. Heliyon 2022; 9:e12643. [PMID: 36865460 PMCID: PMC9970901 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a re-emerging threat to the production of greenhouse cucumber and other Cucurbitaceae crops worldwide. This seed-borne virus can easily spread from a contaminated seed to seedlings and adjacent plants by mechanical contact between the foliage of diseased and healthy plants, causing extensive yield losses. An accurate method for detecting and quantifying this virus is urgently needed to ensure the safety of the global seed trade. Here, we report the development of a reverse-transcription droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR)-based method for specific and high-sensitive detection of CGMMV. By testing three primer-probe sets and optimizing reaction conditions, we showed that the newly developed RT-ddPCR method is highly specific and sensitive, with a detection limit of 1 fg/μL (0.39 copy/μL). The sensitivity of the RT-ddPCR method was compared with that of real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) using a series of plasmid dilutions and total RNAs extracted from infected cucumber seeds, and the detection limit of RT-ddPCR was 10 times higher than RT-qPCR with plasmid dilutions and 100 times higher than RT-qPCR for detecting CGMMV from infected cucumber seeds. The RT-ddPCR method was further assessed for detecting CGMMV from a total of 323 samples of Cucurbitaceae seeds, seedlings, and fruits as compared with the RT-qPCR method. We found that the infection rate of CGMMV on symptomatic fruits was as high as 100%, whereas infection rates were lower for seeds and lowest for seedlings. Notably, the results of two methods in detecting CGMMV from different cucurbit tissues showed the high consistency with Kappa value from 0.84 to 1.0, demonstrating that the newly developed RT-ddPCR method is highly reliable and practically useful for large-scale CGMMV detection and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Tian
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs District, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Jing Fei
- Technical Center for Industrial Product and Raw Material Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Customs District, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Jinyan Luo
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs District, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Wei Du
- Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Ningxia, Yinchuan 750001, China
| | - Cui Yu
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs District, Shanghai 200135, China,Corresponding author.
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26
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Zhao Z, Xiang J, Tian Q, Zhao W, Zhou T, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Development of one-step multiplex RT-PCR assay for rapid simultaneous detection of five RNA viruses and Acidovorax citrulli in major cucurbitaceous crops in China. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:696. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Sabra A, Amer MA, Hussain K, Zakri A, Al-Shahwan IM, Al-Saleh MA. Occurrence and Distribution of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Infecting Tomato Crop in Saudi Arabia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3157. [PMID: 36432886 PMCID: PMC9692878 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During the growing season of 2021-2022, a total of 145 symptomatic tomato leaf and fruit samples were collected from different locations in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia, showing a moderate-to-severe mosaic with dark green wrinkling, blistering, narrowing, and deformation with necrosis spot on tomato leaves, while irregular brown necrotic lesions, deformation, and yellowing spots rendering the fruits non-marketable were observed on tomato fruits. These samples were tested serologically against important tomato viruses using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the obtained results showed that 52.4% of symptomatic tomato samples were found positive for Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), wherein 12 out of 76 samples were singly infected; however, 64 out of 145 had mixed infection. A sample with a single infection of ToBRFV was used for mechanical inoculation into a range of different host plants; symptoms were observed weekly, and the presence of the ToBRFV was confirmed by ELISA and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total RNA was extracted from selected ELISA-positive samples, and RT-PCR was carried out using specific primers F-3666 and R-4718, which amplified a fragment of 1052 bp. RT-PCR products were sequenced in both directions, and partial genome nucleotide sequences were submitted to GenBank under the following accession numbers: MZ130501, MZ130502, and MZ130503. BLAST analysis of Saudi isolates of ToBRFV showed that the sequence shared nucleotide identities (99-99.5%) among them and 99-100% identity with ToBRFV isolates in different countries. A ToBRFV isolate (MZ130503) was selected for mechanical inoculation and to evaluate symptom severity responses of 13 commonly grown tomato cultivars in Saudi Arabia. All of the tomato cultivars showed a wide range of symptoms. The disease severity index of the tested cultivars ranged between 52% and 96%. The importance ToBRFV disease severity and its expanding host range due to its resistance breaking ability was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sabra
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed Amer
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Khadim Hussain
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Adel Zakri
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Shahwan
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Al-Saleh
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Guo H, Bi X, Wang Z, Jiang D, Cai M, An M, Xia Z, Wu Y. Reactive oxygen species-related genes participate in resistance to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infection regulated by boron in Nicotiana benthamiana and watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1027404. [PMID: 36438146 PMCID: PMC9691971 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1027404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) infection causes acidification and rot of watermelon flesh, resulting in serious economic losses. It is widely reported the interaction relationship between boron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in regulating normal growth and disease resistance in plants. Our previous results demonstrated that exogenous boron could improve watermelon resistance to CGMMV infection. However, the roles of ROS-related genes regulated by boron in resistance to CGMMV infection are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that CGMMV symptoms were alleviated, and viral accumulations were decreased by boron application in Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating that boron contributed to inhibiting CGMMV infection. Meanwhile, we found that a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with inositol biosynthesis, ethylene synthesis, Ca2+ signaling transduction and ROS scavenging system were up-regulated, while many DEGs involved in ABA catabolism, GA signal transduction and ascorbic acid metabolism were down-regulated by boron application under CGMMV infection. Additionally, we individually silenced nine ROS-related genes to explore their anti-CGMMV roles using a tobacco rattle virus (TRV) vector. The results showed that NbCat1, NbGME1, NbGGP and NbPrx Q were required for CGMMV infection, while NbGST and NbIPS played roles in resistance to CGMMV infection. The similar results were obtained in watermelon by silencing of ClCat, ClPrx or ClGST expression using a pV190 vector. This study proposed a new strategy for improving plant resistance to CGMMV infection by boron-regulated ROS pathway and provided several target genes for watermelon disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyue Bi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Green Agricultural Technology Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Green Agricultural Technology Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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29
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Mackie J, Kinoti WM, Chahal SI, Lovelock DA, Campbell PR, Tran-Nguyen LTT, Rodoni BC, Constable FE. Targeted Whole Genome Sequencing (TWG-Seq) of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Using Tiled Amplicon Multiplex PCR and Nanopore Sequencing. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2716. [PMID: 36297740 PMCID: PMC9607580 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and reliable detection tools are essential for disease surveillance and outbreak management, and genomic data is essential to determining pathogen origin and monitoring of transmission pathways. Low virus copy number and poor RNA quality can present challenges for genomic sequencing of plant viruses, but this can be overcome by enrichment of target nucleic acid. A targeted whole genome sequencing (TWG-Seq) approach for the detection of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) has been developed where overlapping amplicons generated using two multiplex RT-PCR assays are then sequenced using the Oxford Nanopore MinION. Near complete coding region sequences were assembled with ≥100× coverage for infected leaf tissue dilution samples with RT-qPCR cycle quantification (Cq) values from 11.8 to 38 and in seed dilution samples with Cq values 13.8 to 27. Consensus sequences assembled using this approach showed greater than 99% nucleotide similarity when compared to genomes produced using metagenomic sequencing. CGMMV could be confidently detected in historical seed isolates with degraded RNA. Whilst limited access to, and costs associated with second-generation sequencing platforms can influence diagnostic outputs, the portable Nanopore technology offers an affordable high throughput sequencing alternative when combined with TWG-Seq for low copy or degraded samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Mackie
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Wycliff M. Kinoti
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Sumit I. Chahal
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - David A. Lovelock
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Paul R. Campbell
- Horticulture and Forestry Science, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Brendan C. Rodoni
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Fiona E. Constable
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
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30
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Bi X, Guo H, Li X, Jiang D, Dong H, Zhang Y, An M, Xia Z, Wang Z, Wu Y. Suppression of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Infection by Boron Application: From the Perspective of Nutrient Elements and Carbohydrates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12270-12286. [PMID: 36126240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) infection causes "blood flesh" symptoms in watermelon fruits, which severely reduces yield and edibleness. However, the growth of watermelon fruits is strongly associated with boron (B), a trace element for improving fruit quality. In this study, B-gradient hydroponic experiments (B concentration: 0, 2.86, and 5.72 mg·L-1 H3BO3) and foliar-spray experiments (B concentration: 30 and 300 mg·L-1 H3BO3) were performed. We found that the B-supplement could inhibit CGMMV infection and especially relieve "blood flesh" symptoms in watermelon fruits. The nutrient element, soluble sugar, and cell wall polysaccharide contents and their metabolism- and transport-related gene expressions were determined in leaves and fruits of the watermelons in B-gradient hydroponic and foliar-spray experiments. We found that the accumulation and metabolism of nutrients and carbohydrates in cells were disrupted by CGMMV infection; however, the B-supplement could restore and maintain their homeostasis. Additionally, we uncovered that NIP5;1 and SWEET4, induced by B-application with CGMMV infection, could majorly contribute to the resistance to CGMMV infection by regulating nutrient elements and carbohydrate homeostasis. These results provided a novel insight into the molecular mechanism of B-mediated CGMMV suppression and an efficient method of B-application for the improvement of watermelon quality after CGMMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Bi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Huiyan Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
- Center for Biological Disaster Prevention and Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 58 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Liaoning Province Green Agriculture Technology Center, No. 39 Changjiang North Street, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Haonan Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
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31
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Rapid Quantification of Infectious Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Watermelon Tissues by PMA Coupled with RT-qPCR. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092046. [PMID: 36146852 PMCID: PMC9506375 DOI: 10.3390/v14092046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) belongs to the Tobamovirus genus and is an important quarantine virus of cucurbit crops. Seedborne transmission is one of the principal modes for CGMMV spread, and effective early detection is helpful to prevent the occurrence of the disease. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive and rapid method for detecting CGMMV nucleic acids, but it cannot distinguish between infectious and noninfectious viruses. In the present work, a propidium monoazide (PMA) assisted RT-qPCR method (PMA-RT-qPCR) was developed to rapidly distinguish infectious and inactive CGMMV. PMA is a photoactive dye that can selectively react with viral RNA released or inside inactive CGMMV virions but not viral RNA inside active virions. The formation of PMA-RNA conjugates prevents PCR amplification, leaving only infectious virions to be amplified. The primer pair cp3-1F/cp3-1R was designed based on the coat protein (cp) gene for specific amplification of CGMMV RNA by RT-qPCR. The detection limit of the RT-qPCR assay was 1.57 × 102 copies·μL−1. PMA at 120 μmol·L−1 was suitable for the selective quantification of infectious CGMMV virions. Under optimal conditions, RT-qPCR detection of heat-inactivated CGMMV resulted in Ct value differences larger than 16 between PMA-treated and non-PMA-treated groups, while Ct differences less than 0.23 were observed in the detection of infectious CGMMV. For naturally contaminated watermelon leaf, fruit and seedlot samples, infectious CGMMV were quantified in 13 out of the 22 samples, with infestation levels of 102~105 copies·g−1. Application of this assay enabled the selective detection of infectious CGMMV and facilitated the monitoring of the viral pathogen in watermelon seeds and tissues, which could be useful for avoiding the potential risks of primary inoculum sources.
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32
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ToBRFV Infects the Reproductive Tissues of Tomato Plants but Is Not Transmitted to the Progenies by Pollination. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182864. [PMID: 36139436 PMCID: PMC9496811 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), a newly identified Tobamovirus, has recently emerged as a significant pathogen of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). The virus can evade or overcome the known tobamovirus resistance in tomatoes, i.e., Tm-1, Tm-2, and its allele Tm-22. ToBRFV was identified for the first time only a few years ago, and its interactions with the tomato host are still not clear. We investigated ToBRFV’s presence in the reproductive tissues of tomato using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and RT-PCR. In infected plants, the virus was detected in the leaves, petals, ovary, stamen, style, stigma, and pollen grains but not inside the ovules. Fruits and seeds harvested from infected plants were contaminated with the virus. To test whether the virus is pollen transmitted, clean mother plants were hand pollinated with pollen from ToBRFV-infected plants and grown to fruit. None of the fruits and seeds harvested from the pollinated clean mother plants contained ToBRFV. Pollen germination assays revealed the germination arrest of ToBRFV-infected pollen. We concluded that ToBRFV might infect reproductive organs and pollen grains of tomato but that it is not pollen transmitted.
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Bi X, Guo H, Li X, Zheng L, An M, Xia Z, Wu Y. A novel strategy for improving watermelon resistance to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus by exogenous boron application. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1361-1380. [PMID: 35671152 PMCID: PMC9366068 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mode controlling cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV)-induced watermelon blood flesh disease (WBFD) is largely unknown. In this study, we have found that application of exogenous boron suppressed CGMMV infection in watermelon fruit and alleviated WBFD symptoms. Our transcriptome analysis showed that the most up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with polyamine and auxin biosynthesis, abscisic acid catabolism, defence-related pathways, cell wall modification, and energy and secondary metabolism, while the down-regulated DEGs were mostly involved in ethylene biosynthesis, cell wall catabolism, and plasma membrane functions. Our virus-induced gene silencing results showed that silencing of SPDS expression in watermelon resulted in a higher putrescine content and an inhibited CGMMV infection correlating with no WBFD symptoms. SBT and TUBB1 were also required for CGMMV infection. In contrast, silencing of XTH23 and PE/PEI7 (low-level lignin, cellulose and pectin) and ATPS1 (low-level glutathione) promoted CGMMV accumulation. Furthermore, RAP2-3, MYB6, WRKY12, H2A, and DnaJ11 are likely to participate in host antiviral resistance. In addition, a higher (spermidine + spermine):putrescine ratio, malondialdehyde content, and lactic acid content were responsible for fruit decay and acidification. Our results provide new knowledge on the roles of boron in watermelon resistance to CGMMV-induced WBFD. This new knowledge can be used to design better control methods for CGMMV in the field and to breed CGMMV resistant watermelon and other cucurbit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Bi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Huiyan Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
- Centre for Biological Disaster Prevention and ControlNational Forestry and Grassland AdministrationShenyangChina
| | - Lijiao Zheng
- Xinmin City Agricultural Technology Extension CentreShenyangChina
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
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Dhakar V, Geetanjali AS. Role of pepper mild mottle virus as a tracking tool for fecal pollution in aquatic environments. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:513. [PMID: 35864362 PMCID: PMC9303839 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The plant pathogen pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) has recently been proposed as a water quality indicator, it is a RNA virus belonging to the genus Tobamovirus in the family Virgoviridae that causes harm to the pepper crops. After consuming processed food products containing infected peppers, such as hot sauces, PMMoV is excreted in high concentrations in feces; therefore, this is the most common RNA virus, constantly found in the feces of humans. The fecal-oral pathway is emerging as an environmental problem. The presence of high concentrations of pathogens associated with human excreta in environmental waters or water reuse supplies poses a threat to public health. Due to the difficulty in determining the presence of pathogens effectively in water, attempts to monitor microbial water quality often use surrogates or indicator organisms that can be easily detected; therefore, PMMoV is used as a viral surrogate in aquatic environment. This paper describes the incidence and persistence of PMMoV in aquatic environments and in waste treatment plants and its usefulness for quantifying virus reductions by advanced water treatment technologies. In recent research, SARS-CoV-2 was reported to be found in wastewater and utilized for the purpose of monitoring coronavirus illness outbreaks. Since PMMoV is readily identified in the human feces and can also serve as an indicator of human waste, the determined PMMoV concentrations may be utilized to give the normalized report of the SARS-CoV-2 concentration, so that, the amount of human waste found in the wastewater can be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Dhakar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu India
| | - A. Swapna Geetanjali
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu India
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Delgado-Martín J, Ruiz L, Janssen D, Velasco L. Exogenous Application of dsRNA for the Control of Viruses in Cucurbits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:895953. [PMID: 35832223 PMCID: PMC9272007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.895953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recurrent emergence of viral diseases in intensive horticultural crops requires alternative control strategies. The topical application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules homologous to pathogens has been proposed as a tool for virus control in plants. These dsRNAs induce the silencing mechanism, the RNA interference (RNAi), that degrades homologous dsRNAs. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) represents a serious threat to cucurbit crops. Since genetic resistance to the virus is not yet available in commercial varieties, we aimed to control this virus by RNAi. For this purpose, we obtained constructions both for expressing dsRNA in bacteria to treat cucumber plants by topical application and for agroinoculation in experiments done in the growth chamber. Besides, greenhouse tests were performed in spring and in summer when plants were challenged with the virus, and differences in several parameters were investigated, including the severity of symptoms, dry weight, total height, virus accumulation, and virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). Spraying of plants with dsRNA reduced significatively CGMMV symptoms in the plants in growth chamber tests. Agroinfiltration experiments done under identical conditions were also effective in limiting the progress of CGMMV disease. In the greenhouse assay performed in spring, symptoms were significantly reduced in dsRNA-sprayed plants, and the development of the plants improved with respect to non-treated plants. Virus titers and vsiRNAs were clearly reduced in dsRNA-treated plants. The effect of protection of the dsRNA was less evident in the greenhouse assay carried out in the summer. Besides, we investigated the mobility of long (ds)RNA derived from spraying or agroinfiltrated dsRNA and found that it could be detected in local, close distal, and far distal points from the site of application. VsiRNAs were also detected in local and distal points and the differences in accumulation were compared. In parallel, we investigated the capacity of dsRNAs derived from genes of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), another economically important virus in cucurbits, to limit the disease in zucchini, both by agroinfiltration or by direct spraying, but found no protective effect. In view of the results, the topical application of dsRNAs is postulated as a promising strategy for CGMMV control in the cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josemaría Delgado-Martín
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria (IFAPA) Centro de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Leticia Ruiz
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria (IFAPA) Centro La Mojonera, Almería, Spain
| | - Dirk Janssen
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria (IFAPA) Centro La Mojonera, Almería, Spain
| | - Leonardo Velasco
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria (IFAPA) Centro de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Chen C, Du M, Peng D, Li W, Xu J, Yang X, Zhou X. A Distinct Tobamovirus Associated With Trichosanthes kirilowii Mottle Mosaic Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:927230. [PMID: 35801111 PMCID: PMC9253623 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.927230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthes kirilowii is one of the most important perennial herbaceous vines that have been used in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, a novel RNA virus was discovered in T. kirilowii plants showing leaf mottling and mosaic symptoms. The complete genome of this virus is 6,524 nucleotides long and encodes four open reading frames which are arranged in a manner typical of tobamoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome sequence revealed that the virus was clustered into a branch with the tobamoviruses whose natural host are plants belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. A full-length infectious cDNA clone was then constructed and demonstrated to establish a systemic infection with typical symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana, T. kirilowii, and five other cucurbitaceous crops including Cucumis melo, C. lanatus, C. sativus, Luffa aegyptiaca, and Cucurbita pepo via agrobacterium-mediated infectivity assays. Further experiments provided evidence that the rod-shaped viral particles derived from the infectious clone could be mechanically transmitted and reproduce indistinguishable symptoms in the tested plants. Taken together, the mottle mosaic disease of T. kirilowii is caused by a distinct tobamovirus, for which the name Trichosanthes mottle mosaic virus (TrMMV) is proposed. As the infectious cDNA clone of TrMMV could also infect five other cucurbit crops, this distinct tobamovirus could be a potential threat to other cucurbitaceous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Du
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wulun Li
- Service Center of Qianshan Plant-Products Industry, Qianshan, China
| | - Jingfeng Xu
- Service Center of Qianshan Plant-Products Industry, Qianshan, China
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuling Yang,
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Xueping Zhou,
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Survey of Viruses Infecting Tomato, Cucumber and Mung Bean in Tajikistan. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases are major constraints to tomato, cucumber and mung bean production in most areas where these crops are grown. To identify the viruses on the crops in Tajikistan, a field survey was conducted in 2019. Samples of cucumber, mung bean and tomato with virus-like symptoms were collected and the viruses present were diagnosed by RT-PCR and PCR. Across all the samples, a very high proportion of the samples were infected with viruses from the genera Cucumovirus and Potyvirus. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV; Cucumovirus) was very common in the collected samples of the three crops. As for Potyvirus, Potato virus Y (PVY) was detected in the collected tomato samples, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) was identified in the collected cucumber samples, and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) was detected in 53% of the mung bean samples. Over 68% of the collected samples were infected with two or more viruses, suggesting that mixed infections are common for the three crops. Due to the results that the most identified viruses for the three crops are transmitted by aphids, the management of aphids is extremely important for the production of tomato, cucumber and mung bean in Tajikistan.
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Ishikawa M, Yoshida T, Matsuyama M, Kouzai Y, Kano A, Ishibashi K. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus resistance generated by quadruple knockout of homologs of TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION1 in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:679-686. [PMID: 35262730 PMCID: PMC9157163 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging virus of the genus Tobamovirus. ToBRFV overcomes the tobamovirus resistance gene Tm-22 and is rapidly spreading worldwide. Genetic resources for ToBRFV resistance are urgently needed. Here, we show that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated targeted mutagenesis of four tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) homologs of TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION1 (TOM1), an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene essential for tobamovirus multiplication, confers resistance to ToBRFV in tomato plants. Quadruple-mutant plants did not show detectable ToBRFV coat protein (CP) accumulation or obvious defects in growth or fruit production. When any three of the four TOM1 homologs were disrupted, ToBRFV CP accumulation was detectable but greatly reduced. In the triple mutant, in which ToBRFV CP accumulation was most strongly suppressed, mutant viruses capable of more efficient multiplication in the mutant plants emerged. However, these mutant viruses did not infect the quadruple-mutant plants, suggesting that the resistance of the quadruple-mutant plants is highly durable. The quadruple-mutant plants also showed resistance to three other tobamovirus species. Therefore, tomato plants with strong resistance to tobamoviruses, including ToBRFV, can be generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplexed genome editing. The genome-edited plants could facilitate ToBRFV-resistant tomato breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ishikawa
- Crop Disease Research Group, Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Crop Disease Research Group, Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Momoko Matsuyama
- Crop Disease Research Group, Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kouzai
- Crop Stress Management Group, Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Akihito Kano
- Plant Breeding and Experiment Station, Takii and Company Limited, Shiga 520-3231, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Crop Disease Research Group, Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Pitman TL, Vu S, Tian T, Posis K, Falk BW. Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Global Isolates and Validation of a Highly Sensitive RT-qPCR Assay. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1713-1722. [PMID: 35134301 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2263-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen exponential growth in the international movement of seeds for annual food crops, from a gross U.S. import value of $349 million in 1999 to $1.05 billion in 2019. This has led to the proportionate growth of seedborne pathogens dispersed with seed stocks. One such viral pathogen is cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), a tobamovirus that infects cucurbit crops such as melon, watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin, and squash. The first CGMMV introduction to California occurred in 2013, with subsequent annual outbreaks or detections since then. Here, we describe the use of next-generation sequencing to characterize the full genomes of 25 CGMMV isolates collected between 2013 and 2020 in California, either from CGMMV field detections or seed lots identified as CGMMV positive. We sequenced an additional 31 CGMMV isolates collected in Europe, Israel, and southeast Asia that were provided by industry collaborators. We also performed an in silico nucleotide database search in GenBank for full genome CGMMV sequences to include in all in silico analyses. Based on conserved regions within the coat protein gene, we then developed a quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assay for the sensitive and specific detection of CGMMV in seed and plant samples. Finally, based on our sequence and phylogenetic analysis, our data support that CGMMV has been introduced multiple times into California.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Pitman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - S Vu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - T Tian
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA 95832
| | - K Posis
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA 95832
| | - B W Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Xinying Y, Xin L, Lili Y, Qiuyue Z, Yongzhe P, Jijuan C. Detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in low-concentration virus-infected seeds by improved one-step pre-amplification RT-qPCR. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:70. [PMID: 35619137 PMCID: PMC9134592 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seeds were an important medium for long-distance transmission of plant viruses. Therefore, appropriate, more sensitive methods for detecting low concentrations of virus-infected in seeds were crucial to ensure the quality of seed lots. In this study, we have developed a one-step pre-amplification reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay based on the TaqMan technology to detect Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in zucchini seeds. RESULT Seed powder samples with simulated CGMMV-infected at a low concentration were prepared (the mass ratio 1:900 and 1:1000), and their uniformity were verified using one-step pre-amplification RT-qPCR. We used one-step pre-amplification RT-qPCR to detect CGMMV in low-concentration virus-infected seeds and compared this method with universal RT-qPCR and double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent (DAS-ELISA) assay, the main methods used for virus detection in seeds. The minimum limit of detection (LOD) of the improved one-step pre-amplification RT-qPCR assays for simulated CGMMV-infected seeds in large lots seeds samples were 0.1%. CONCLUSIONS One-step pre-amplification RT-qPCR assays could reliably and stably detected a single CGMMV-infected seed in 1000 seeds and demonstrated a higher detection sensitivity than universal RT-qPCR (infected seeds versus healthy seeds 1:900) and DAS-ELISA assay (infected seeds versus healthy seeds 1:500). Our improved one-step pre-amplification RT-qPCR assay have proved to be very suitable for the analysis of large seed lots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xinying
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Li Xin
- Dalian Customs Technology Center, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Yang Lili
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Zheng Qiuyue
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Piao Yongzhe
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Cao Jijuan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Investigating the Longevity and Infectivity of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Soils of the Northern Territory, Australia. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070883. [PMID: 35406864 PMCID: PMC9003373 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a Tobamovirus of economic importance affecting cucurbit crops and Asian cucurbit vegetables. CGMMV was detected in the Northern Territory (NT) in September 2014, the first record for Australia, with 26 properties confirmed as of May 2016. Research was undertaken to determine virus longevity in soils in the NT and investigate the use of disinfectants to remove viable CGMMV from the soil. An in-field trial at 12 months post-quarantine at four properties, and bioassays from collected soils indicate that CGMMV remained viable in at least two of the properties 12 months after plant hosts were removed from the ground. The infectivity of CGMMV from soil was also investigated in two trials with 140 watermelon seeds and 70 watermelon plants sown into CGMMV infested soils with or without the application of the disinfectants VirkonTM (2%) and Bleach (1%). Watermelons grown in soil, not treated with the VirkonTM or Bleach, showed CGMMV infection rates of 4% and 2.5% respectively. When VirkonTM or Bleach was applied, no positive CGMMV detections were observed in the watermelons. This research highlights the importance of proper management of infested properties and the need for on-farm biosecurity to manage CGMMV.
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Asad Z, Ashfaq M, Iqbal N, Muhammad Usman Aslam H, Riaz H, Hameed A, Parvaiz F, Sadiq N, Ali Khan K, Ahmad Z. Genetic Diversity of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV) Infecting Cucurbits. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3577-3585. [PMID: 35844387 PMCID: PMC9280310 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), a well-known Tobamovirus, infects cucurbits across the globe. To determine its current status, molecular characterization, genetic recombination, gene flow and selection pressure, 10 districts from Punjab province of Pakistan were surveyed and a total of 2561 cucurbits samples were collected during 2019–2020. These samples were subjected to virus-specific double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for the detection of CGMMV. The results revealed that viral disease was prevalent in all surveyed districts of Punjab with an overall 25.69% disease incidence. ELISA positive samples were further confirmed through RT-PCR and sequencing of coat protein (CP) cistron. Sequence analysis showed that the present studied CGMMV isolates have 96–99.5% nucleotide and 94.40–99.50% amino acid identities with those already available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that understudied isolates were closely related with South Korean (AB369274) and Japanese (V01551) isolates and clustered in a separate clad. Sequence polymorphisms were observed in 663 bp of sequence within 31 CGMMV isolates covering complete CP gene. Total number of sites were 662, of which 610 and 52 sites were monomorphic and polymorphic (segregating), respectively. Of these polymorphic, 24 were singleton variable and 28 were parsimony informative. Overall nucleotide diversity (π) in all the understudied 31 isolates was 0.00010 while a total of 1 InDel event was observed and InDel Diversity (k) was 0.065. Haplotype diversity analysis revealed that there was a total 29 haplotypes with haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.993458 in all the 31 isolates which provide evidence of less diversity among Pakistani isolates. The statistical analysis revealed the values 2.568, 5.31304 and 4.86698 of Tajima's D, Fu, & Li’s F* and D*, respectively, which witnessed the population of CGMMV was under balanced selection pressure.
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Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, Capilla-Hernández MF, Gregorio-Jorge J. Viruses Infecting Trees and Herbs That Produce Edible Fleshy Fruits with a Prominent Value in the Global Market: An Evolutionary Perspective. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:203. [PMID: 35050091 PMCID: PMC8778216 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees and herbs that produce fruits represent the most valuable agricultural food commodities in the world. However, the yield of these crops is not fully achieved due to biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Viruses are capable of causing alterations in plant growth and development, thereby impacting the yield of their hosts significantly. In this work, we first compiled the world's most comprehensive list of known edible fruits that fits our definition. Then, plant viruses infecting those trees and herbs that produce fruits with commercial importance in the global market were identified. The identified plant viruses belong to 30 families, most of them containing single-stranded RNA genomes. Importantly, we show the overall picture of the host range for some virus families following an evolutionary approach. Further, the current knowledge about plant-virus interactions, focusing on the main disorders they cause, as well as yield losses, is summarized. Additionally, since accurate diagnosis methods are of pivotal importance for viral diseases control, the current and emerging technologies for the detection of these plant pathogens are described. Finally, the most promising strategies employed to control viral diseases in the field are presented, focusing on solutions that are long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - María Fernanda Capilla-Hernández
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Ciudad de Mexico 03940, Mexico
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44
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Xie Y, Wu J. Detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in Cucurbitaceous Crop Seeds by RT-PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2400:275-282. [PMID: 34905210 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1835-6_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus infections cause damages to all kinds of crops, and result in enormous economic and yield losses worldwide. Numerous reports indicated that many plant viruses are vertically transmitted through seeds, and cause severe disease symptoms on seedlings that again serve as secondary transmission sources in fields. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient methods to detect the seeds infected by viruses. Here, we describe a RT-PCR protocol for detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), a tobamovirus in cucurbitaceous crop seeds. This method can be easily adapted for diagnosis of other plant viruses such as Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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45
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Filipić A, Lukežič T, Bačnik K, Ravnikar M, Ješelnik M, Košir T, Petkovšek M, Zupanc M, Dular M, Aguirre IG. Hydrodynamic cavitation efficiently inactivates potato virus Y in water. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105898. [PMID: 34973580 PMCID: PMC8799611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne plant viruses can destroy entire crops, leading not only to high financial losses but also to food shortages. Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important potato viral pathogen that can also affect other valuable crops. Recently, it has been confirmed that this virus is capable of infecting host plants via water, emphasizing the relevance of using proper strategies to treat recycled water in order to prevent the spread of the infectious agents. Emerging environmentally friendly methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) provide a great alternative for treating recycled water used for irrigation. In the experiments conducted in this study, laboratory HC based on Venturi constriction with a sample volume of 1 L was used to treat water samples spiked with purified PVY virions. The ability of the virus to infect plants was abolished after 500 HC passes, corresponding to 50 min of treatment under pressure difference of 7 bar. In some cases, shorter treatments of 125 or 250 passes were also sufficient for virus inactivation. The HC treatment disrupted the integrity of viral particles, which also led to a minor damage of viral RNA. Reactive species, including singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, were not primarily responsible for PVY inactivation during HC treatment, suggesting that mechanical effects are likely the driving force of virus inactivation. This pioneering study, the first to investigate eukaryotic virus inactivation by HC, will inspire additional research in this field enabling further improvement of HC as a water decontamination technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijana Filipić
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tadeja Lukežič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Bačnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Meta Ješelnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Košir
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Petkovšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Zupanc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Dular
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ion Gutierrez Aguirre
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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46
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Wright AA, Shires MK, Beaver C, Bishop G, DuPont ST, Naranjo R, Harper S. Effect of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' Infection on Sweet Cherry Fruit. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2195-2202. [PMID: 33961495 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0106-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In sweet cherry (Prunus avium), infection by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' results in small fruit with poor color and taste, rendering the fruit unmarketable. Yet the disease pathology is poorly understood, particularly at the cultivar level. Therefore, in this study we examined the physiological effects of Ca. P. pruni infection across a range of cultivars and locations in eastern Washington. We found that infection could be separated into early and established stages based on pathogen titer, which correlated with disease severity, including fruit size, color, and sugar and metabolite content. Furthermore, we observed that the effects of early-stage infections were largely indistinguishable from healthy, uninfected plants. Cultivar- and location-specific disease outcomes were observed with regard to size, color, sugar content, and citric acid content. This study presents the first in-depth assessment of X-disease symptoms and biochemical content of fruit from commercially grown sweet cherry cultivars known to be infected with Ca. P. pruni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ann Wright
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - Madalyn K Shires
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - Christopher Beaver
- Viticulture and Enology, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354
| | | | | | | | - Scott Harper
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
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Miao S, Liang C, Li J, Baker B, Luo L. Polycistronic Artificial microRNA-Mediated Resistance to Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus in Cucumber. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212237. [PMID: 34830122 PMCID: PMC8620374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), as a typical seed-borne virus, causes costly and devastating diseases in the vegetable trade worldwide. Genetic sources for resistance to CGMMV in cucurbits are limited, and environmentally safe approaches for curbing the accumulation and spread of seed-transmitted viruses and cultivating completely resistant plants are needed. Here, we describe the design and application of RNA interference-based technologies, containing artificial microRNA (amiRNA) and synthetic trans-acting small interfering RNA (syn-tasiRNA), against conserved regions of different strains of the CGMMV genome. We used a rapid transient sensor system to identify effective anti-CGMMV amiRNAs. A virus seed transmission assay was developed, showing that the externally added polycistronic amiRNA and syn-tasiRNA can successfully block the accumulation of CGMMV in cucumber, but different virulent strains exhibited distinct influences on the expression of amiRNA due to the activity of the RNA-silencing suppressor. We also established stable transgenic cucumber plants expressing polycistronic amiRNA, which conferred disease resistance against CGMMV, and no sequence mutation was observed in CGMMV. This study demonstrates that RNA interference-based technologies can effectively prevent the occurrence and accumulation of CGMMV. The results provide a basis to establish and fine-tune approaches to prevent and treat seed-based transmission viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Miao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (J.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Jianqiang Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (J.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Barbara Baker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Laixin Luo
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (J.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (L.L.)
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Kwon SJ, Cho YE, Kim MH, Seo JK. A one-step reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay optimized for the direct detection of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in cucurbit seeds. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 60:101775. [PMID: 34673202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a seed-borne virus that causes significant economic losses in farms cultivating cucurbit plants. With the increase in global trade of cucurbit seeds, it is essential to develop a rapid, reliable, and convenient diagnostic method for the direct detection of CGMMV in these seeds for prevention and management of the disease. Here, we developed a one-step reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the direct detection of CGMMV in cucurbit seeds. To improve the efficiency of the one-step RT-LAMP assay, six primers were designed to target the most conserved regions of the gene encoding the movement protein of CGMMV. Our one-step RT-LAMP assay was optimized to improve specificity and sensitivity for CGMMV detection in individual seeds. A comparison of the detection sensitivity revealed that our one-step RT-LAMP assay was 100-fold more sensitive than the current reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay used for CGMMV quarantine in Korea. Collectively, the one-step RT-LAMP assay developed in the present study is appropriate for the direct detection of CGMMV in individual cucurbit seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jung Kwon
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwi Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Kyun Seo
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Genes Involved in Plant Defense Response to the Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Infection. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101064. [PMID: 34685435 PMCID: PMC8541684 DOI: 10.3390/life11101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved a complex multilayered defense system to counteract various invading pathogens during their life cycle. In addition to silencing, considered to be a major molecular defense response against viruses, different signaling pathways activated by phytohormones trigger the expression of secondary metabolites and proteins preventing virus entry and propagation. In this study, we explored the response of cucumber plants to one of the global pathogens, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), which causes severe symptoms on leaves and fruits. The inbred line of Cucumis sativus L., which is highly susceptible to CGMMV, was chosen for inoculation. Transcriptomes of infected plants at the early and late stages of infection were analyzed in comparison with the corresponding transcriptomes of healthy plants using RNA-seq. The changes in the signaling pathways of ethylene and salicylic and jasmonic acids, as well as the differences in silencing response and expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and transcription factors, were revealed. The results show that silencing was strongly suppressed in infected plants, while the salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were induced. The genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and the genes involved in the jasmonic acid pathway changed their expression insignificantly. It was also found that WRKY and NAC were the most sensitive to CGMMV infection among the transcription factors detected.
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50
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New early phenotypic markers for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease in cucumbers exposed to fluctuating extreme temperatures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19060. [PMID: 34561518 PMCID: PMC8463606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of early stages of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) disease have been recently focused on plant molecular responses. However, extreme diurnal environmental temperatures, characteristic of global climate changes, could affect plant susceptibility and disease phenotype progression. Our studies of CGMMV disease progression, under simulated extreme temperature waves, have revealed two new disease initiation phenotypes that developed gradually, preceding severe symptom manifestations of post-recovery CGMMV systemic infections. 'Early post-recovery stage' bright yellow islands (BYIs) with defined boundaries amid asymptomatic leaf blades were first emerging followed by 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs with diffused boundaries. A deduced CGMMV disease progression scheme, postulating BYI symptom occurrence time-windows, revealed BYIs in field grown cucumber plants exposed to extreme diurnal temperatures. Profiling ontology of cucumber differentially expressed genes in BYIs vs the associated dark-green surrounding tissues disclosed activation of jasmonic acid (JA) pathway in 'early post-recovery stage' BYIs. JA signaling was inactivated in 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs concomitant with increasing expressions of JA signaling inhibitors and downregulation of JA responsive phenylpropanoid pathway. Our results disclosed a new phenotypic description of CGMMV disease initiation, characteristic of cucumbers grown under extreme environmental temperature fluctuations. The BYI phenotypes could define a time-window for CGMMV disease management applications.
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